Prague School Research Articles

ПОЕТИКА ОБРАЗНОСТІ ЕВГЕНА МАЛАНЮКА

The article examines a peculiar feature of the poetry by Evhen Malaniuk — the poetics of reiteration (in various versions) of certain images and tropes. Particular attention is paid to the semantic nests: metal (primarily iron), fire, blood, wind, storm, haze, distance (especially boundlessness, abyss and their time equivalent — eternity). The intertextual, geographical, historical-biographical and autopsychological genesis of modified semantic signs has been considered. The image variability is characteristic for E. Malaniuk (as for A. Pushkin and T. Shevchenko); to a great extent Malaniuk is a variational poet. In addition to external intertextuality, his poetry is characterized by internal intertextuality: autoreminiscences, imagery modifications, variants of repetitive images and tropes. Malaniuk’s interest in Gothic architecture generated in his poetry numerous tropes (epithets and metaphors), based on the semantics of Gothicism. At the same time, the determinant feature of Gothic structures – elongation above – was widely transferred to the plant world and anatomy of man, similarly it was projected onto celestial sphere (visible from the earth), or served as the basis for building abstract spiritual, philosophical, historical and culturological images. Gothicism can be defined as the dominant of Malaniuk’s spirit and poetic thinking – the direction to heavenly heights on the level of the spiritual impulse, and the semantics of imagery. Malaniuk was fascinated by the Catholic Gothic architecture, directed toward the sky and expressing the human impulse to God. He regretted that this strict style was not extending to Ukraine; there Baroque with its rounded, low forms was prevailing. There is a high probability that the most common in Malaniuk’s poetry semantic nests were to a certain extent reminiscent of the poetry of T. Shevchenko, P. Kulish, P. Tychyna, M. Rylskyi, M. Zerov, representatives of the «Prague School» Yu. Darahan, O. Stefanovych, Yu. Lypa, as well as other poets (A. Blok, Ju. Tuwim).

МЮНХЕНСЬКА СПОВІДЬ ВОЛОДИМИРА ЯНЕВА (до 110-ліття від дня народження)

Three major aspects of Volodymyr Yaniv’s life-creativity are described in the article: 1. biographical (his forma- tion as a creative person); 2. literary and art studies; 3. essayistic (author’s stories about the meetings with the perennial rec- tor of UFU). In parallel, there are “plots” about Volodymyr Yaniv as s historian of the church and Christianity, as a religious scholar, about his contacts with the Vatican, and in particular with His Beatitude Josyf Slipyj in the study. We can trace the “odyssey” of a young ascetic of the Galician revolutionary movement for the statehood and the unity of Ukrainian lands. A separate vision in the life of V. Yaniv is the magazine “Student’s Way”. He was fond of modern processes that took place in the cultural and artistic sphere. Studying poetry of European poets, poetry of Ukrainian creative youth, in particular B.-I. Antonych, V. Havrylyuk, O. Olzhych, poets of the Right-Bank Ukraine, Yaniv developed for himself the criteria for evaluating a literary work. The Lviv weekly “Towards” and the month “Dazhbog” and, of course, the poetry of the “Prague School” were played a special role for Yaniv as a poet. The famous Polish writers, supporters of the so-called “Ukrainian school”, Severin Goshchin- sky, Alexander Fredro, Leopold Staff, Jan Kasprovich, Maria Konopnitskaya whose creativity, undoubtedly, also influenced Volodymyr Yaniv lived and worked in Lviv. The ideological and thematic space of the poetry of Yaniv, in particular the collections “The Sun and the Lattices” and “The Foliage Fragments”, his prison poems, poetry about the Kruty heroes, are analyzed in the article. Lyro-epic creativity of V. Ya- niv in this thematic direction in her own way is biographical. The collection “Ways,” based on the scientific observations of the German, Polish and Czech theorists of psychoanalysis, is based on the ethno-psychoanalysis of the Ukrainian political prisoner. V. Yaniv is a scientist, psychologist, ethnic psychologist of the Ukrainian “soul”, sociologist and literary critic, art critic, organizer of Ukrainian science and church-religious life, public figure, professor of the Ukrainian Catholic University named after St Clemens, the Pope in Rome. The sacred motives are an organic page in poetry, literary criticism and, in general, in the works of Volodymyr Yaniv. The author used the bibliographic literature about the life and work of Volodymyr Yaniv, which, however, doesn’t allevi- ate his individual views.

Functional Sentence Perspective in Translator Training

This paper highlights the need for raising translation studentsʼ awareness of issues related to the thematic structure of source and target texts. This is a problematic area which significantly affects the quality of translations, especially from English into Polish, the latter having more flexible word order and thus opening more syntactic possibilities. An especially useful tool that may help to address this issue is the theory of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) developed by the Prague School. Despite the fact that it is quite elaborate, it may be trimmed to fit more practicallyoriented translation classes. Based on examples from student translations, the paper shows that such notions as communicative dynamism, context dependence/independence, competitors of the verb, setting vs. specification, Presentation Scale vs. Quality Scale, and potentiality can help trainee translators to correctly identify the hierarchy of carriers of communicative dynamism in their source texts and then make informed translation choices.

Wspomnienie o matce Joannie Marii Korytko (1887-1958) Przyczynek do historii poznańskich karmelitanek bosych

The remembrance of Mother Joanna Maria Korytko (1887-1958), a Discalced Carmelite nun was written by one of her fellow sisters at the Carmelite convent in Poznań, Sister Maria Józefa Szweda. Until recently it was only in manuscript version. The text represents a literary trend known as convent writings which has a long and rich tradition among Discalced Carmelites. Mother Joanna Maria of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus (Teresa Korytko) came from a landed gentry family in Podolia. After obtaining an education at the Sacré-Coeur boarding school in Prague and Zbylitowska Góra as well as at the school run by Jadwigi Zamoyska in Kuźnice, in 1907 she joined the convent of Discalced Carmelites in Kraków at Łobzowska Street. In the years 1920-1940 she lived at the newly founded convent in Poznań at Niegolewskich Street. She spent the period of German occupation in Kraków and after the end of the Second World War returned to Poznań where she served as mother superior of the community of nuns. Faced by the loss of the previous residence she organized a convent at a new location at St. Adalbert Street. She fulfilled the responsibilities of mother superior for twelve years distinguishing herself by her deep spiritual life and aithfulness to the charism of St. Teresa of Jesus.

TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN GOENAWAN MOHAMAD’S POEM COLLECTION “ON GOD AND OTHER UNFINISHED THINGS” (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POEM 33)

It has been acknowledged among translators that translating literary texts poses some difficulties. The translators have to make a decision among other choices related to diction. Not only diction, the inherent literary elements must also be rendered adequately in order to achieve literariness. Although the debate whether maintaining literary elements in a way that does not deviate from the source text or creating the elements anew is far from over, it is also worth noting that the essence of translation activity is not creating an original text, but it is a re-creation of meaning, a result of translators interpretation. Researches on literary translation are mostly about to what extent the translation is able to deliver a similar literary value, the strategies applied by the translators, and how the target text readers respond to the new creation of such texts. The elaboration of how the literary translation undergoes changes or shifts is not quite an issue in the field of literary translation research because it is considered too linguistic. However, in light of the Prague School tradition which examines shifts not only on surface level, but also on discourse level, the discussion on the shifts occurring in literary translation is worth conducting.This paper tries to take a look at the translation shifts occurring in the English version of Goenawan Mohamads poem collection entitled On God and Other Unfinished Things which is translated from Bahasa Indonesia Tuhan dan Hal-hal Yang Tak Selesai, especially poems 33 by comparing the literary elements in Bahasa Indonesia and English versions. The analysis departs from category shift in micro-level analysis to the semantic, textual, pragmatic, rhetorical, and stylistic components. The result shows that there are some significant distinctions concerning the linguistic and non-linguistic discrepancies found in Gunawan Mohamads poems and their English translation.Keywords: literary text, translation shift

The influence of situational information on pupils’ achievement in additive word problems with several states and transformations

Research has shown that word problem difficulty is influenced by various linguistic, numerical and general variables, but results in this area are inconsistent. This paper focuses on the question of how the order of numerical data, the context, the position of the unknown transformation, and the length of the statement in an additive word problem, influence the achievement and reasoning of primary pupils. These variables were varied in two word problems requiring additive reasoning and these variants were solved by pupils in Grades 4 and 5 from four Prague primary schools. Item Response Theory was used both for the division of the pupils into four equally able groups each solving a different variant of the word problem, and for the quantitative interpretation of data. The pupils’ solutions were also analysed in a qualitative way. For a complex additive problem with several states and transformations, we noticed a significant influence of the order of data and the position of the unknown transformation on the pupils’ achievement and types of mistakes. No such influence of context (with which the pupils do not have immediate experience) or the length of the text (prolonged by superfluous information) was found. Some implications for teaching mathematics and preparing tests are given.

ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ ПОЕЗІЙ ОЛЕКСАНДРА ОЛЕСЯ ТА ОЛЕГА ОЛЬЖИЧА У ТВОРЧОСТІ БОГДАНИ ФІЛЬЦ: СУСПІЛЬНО-КРЕАТИВНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The primary task of the creative intelligentsia is the upbringing of the nation, work for the growth of its cultural and intellectual level. The social and creative aspect of musical culture is at this stage in the adoption of a national idea – the idea of state independence, in the incarnation of the unity of the nation as a guarantee of Ukrainians as a guarantee of the development of the state.The awareness of the need for the consolidation of all intellectual forces around the national idea, set forth in the poems of the representatives of the “Prague School” Oles and Olzhich, resonates with contemporary thoughts and ideas of Ukrainian society. The struggle for the nation’s spiritual sovereignty is based on the preservation of history and traditions, the advocacy of national identity. The composer’s work B. Filts is based on the principles of musical nationalism, which is in the national consciousness and expressed in creativity, based on national cultural values.The motive force of national progress in the poetry of Olesia and Olzhich is optimism, amplified by the musical interpretation of Bohdan? Filts. The creativity of Bohdan Filts is directed primarily at the education of the nation, on the establishment of its belief in itself, in its state.The article is devoted to the analysis of vocal compositions of Ukrainian composer Bohdan Filts for the words of representatives of the “Prague School” by Oleksander Oles and Oleh Olzhich in the context of national culture. The intelligence focuses on the embodiment of the national idea in the new vocal works of Bohdan Filts on the basis of an analytical approach to literary and musical expressions. The specificity of composer thinking is explored, social and creative aspects of creativity B.Filz are considered, directions of development of national musical culture are determined.

Morphosyntaktische Variation in Verbalkomplexen des Verbslassenund der Modalverben im Infinitiv II. Eine Analyse aus der Perspektive von Zentrum und Peripherie

AbstractThis paper deals with a morphosyntactic variable of German verb clusters containing a full verb and an infinitive perfect of the verblassenor of modal verbs (gelassen haben, gekonnt haben). The corpus-based analysis draws upon the concept of center and periphery as it was developed by the Prague School. The main research question underpinning the synchronic analysis concentrates on the use of the IPP (infinitivus pro participioequivalent to the German termErsatzinfinitiv) and the word order of the auxiliary verb within the cluster. In total, there is empirical evidence for four variants in which this variable is realized. Two of them fully correspond to the system of German infinitive constructions (full verb +gelassen/gekonnt haben, orhaben+ full verb + IPPlassen/können). However, these systemic constructions are used (much) less frequently in contemporary written German than the other two constructions (past participle of full verb +haben+lassen/können, or full verb +haben lassen/können). Whereas the former ones can be counted to the center of the German infinitive system from the structural point of view, the latter ones are classified as peripheral, because they are not derivable from the rules of this system. In spite of that, the paper explores one of identifiable epicenters within the periphery of the system, arguing with the highest frequency and further regularities of the third type of the construction (past particple of full verb +haben+lassen/können). The structural analysis takes the functional equivalency of subordinate clauses and the corresponding infinitive constructions into consideration. This contributes to better clarification of both morphology and word order of the elements creating the analyzed verb clusters.

The Prague School’s Early Concept of Distinctive Features in Multilingual Texts: A Chapter in the History of Structuralist Phonology

The Prague School’s Early Concept of Distinctive Features in Multilingual Texts: A Chapter in the History of Structuralist Phonology

Smart Enough to Talk With Us? Foundations and Challenges for Dialogue Capable AI Systems

Smart Enough to Talk With Us? Foundations and Challenges for Dialogue Capable AI Systems

Dějiny pražské sociologické školy v období mezi dvěma světovými válkami

After some years of complete silence on the subject, work on the history of Czechoslovak has started again. While past years have seen the publication of several articles dealing with A. Blaha and the Brno the other trend, represented by the group of empirical sociologists, has not hitherto received the same attention. The present article presents the first view of the development of this school to be published in Czechoslovakia. In her interoduction the author delimits and states her objections to the term Prague sociological school, because the group was not a school in the sense of a school of learning, but merely an association of some sociologists led by Prof. Josef Kral around the journal Socialni prob1emy. Alongside the journal and Prof. Kral’s personality, the link was a common interest in sociological methods and empirical sociology. The author employs the term ,.Prague school“ nevertheless, because with its empirical orientation, the group was in a way a complement to the Brno school an the continues to characterise it primarily by its difference from the group of sociologists led by Arnost Blaha in Brno. The leading members of this group were, in addition to Prof. Kral, Otakar Machotka, Jan Mertl, Zdeněk Ullrich, A. Bohac, J. Voracek, Korcak and later Dědek. The main reason for the divergent development of in and Brno is considered by J. Siklova to be that after T. G. Masaryk and E. Benes had left to devote themselves to politics, no dynamic personality equal to that of Blaha appeared in the field of at the Philosophical Faculty and consequently there was a stronger leaning towards western in place of a working out of some specific conception. Prof. Břetislav Foustka, who was T. G. Masaryk’s immediate successor, was not such an outstanding personality and so many gifted young sociologists tended to look abroad for their examples. Josef Kral, who had the capacity to provide an integrating influence, was working at the time in Bratislava. The advantage of this specific development was the increased attention to foreign sources and the transfer of what were then the latest methods of empirical to Czechoslowakia. Following a review of the main writings by members of this group, the author calls attention to their empirical research; she compares the Sociologicka revue and the journal Socialni problemy, pointing to the polemic about objectivism in sociology; in her concluding evaluation she suggests that treatment of these two schools involves not merely a Prague–Brno dispute, but also the conflict between empirical and interpretive (balancing) and that thereby it undoubtedly oversteps the bounds of locality and should not be confined to them. Assessment of the schools can, therefore, be undertaken solely from the points of view of their specific contributions to Czechoslovak in their day and in the present, that is from the standpoint of their historical role in the progress of this branch of Jearning in their country. Bearing in mind that in the past historiography, philosophy, literary studies and several other branches of learning were obliged to fill the breach in other fields of public life, the author considers it to have been an advantage that this group refused the label of Czech sociology and wished to follow the course of empirical, non-interpretive – although this involved errors typical for this trend. Nevertheless, it contributed new findings to Czechoslovak sociology, laying the foundations for the further progress of empirical work in this field.

Antonymous Adjectives Markedly Used


 The concept of “markedness in the work of Prague school linguists refers to relationships between two complementary or antonymous terms which can be distinguished by the presence of a feature (+a versus -a). Such a position can occur at various linguistic levels. Markedness contrasts for example, can arise at the morphological level, when one of the two words is derived from the other and therefore contains an explicit formal marker such as a prefix (profitable - unprofitable). Markedness contrasts also appear at the semantic level in many pairs of gradable antonymous adjectives, especially scalar ones.

ЧИ ІСТОРІЯ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ МОВИ Є ІСТОРІЄЮ МОВИ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ?

Whilemost western linguists prefer the term “standard language”, the older term “literary language” still prevails in Ukrainian studies (as in other fields of Slavic studies). Although the expressions are theoretically synonymous, it is obvious that the traditional term “literary language” often creates serious problems. Particularly, this applies to various “Histories of the Ukrainian Literary Language,” which often turn out to be histories of the Ukrainian language of literature instead. Particularly, these works pay very scarce attention to the historical development of those factors that are decisive for the status of a “literary” or “standard language” as described, inter alia, by the Prague Linguistic Circle or Einar Haugen. Against the background of the theses that were suggested by the Prague Linguistic circle, histories of the Ukrainian “literary language” should provide considerably more information regarding the codification of Ukrainian and the dissemination of the codified language, the development of the multifunctionality and superregional outreach of Ukrainian and, to a certain extent, its stylistic diversification. The same is true if we look at our “Histories of the Ukrainian Literary Language” from Einar Haugens perspective (which is, after all, very similar to the Prague School theses) and want to know more about the processes of selection, codification, dissemination, and elaboration in their historical dimension. Unfortunately, the focus of the “Histories of the Ukrainian Literary Language” is clearly on the language of fine literature, although this sphere is in fact just one out of many that should be much more carefully studied in new monographs devoted to the history of the Ukrainian literary (or standard) language in the real meaning of the word. The present study offers a critical approach to the most widely used “History of the Ukrainian Literary Language” by Vitalij Rusanivskyj, which basically is a history of the Ukrainian language of literature.

The Prague school, teleology and language as a dynamic system

The present article deals with the concept of “purposefulness” in the goal-oriented linguistic model developed by the Prague Linguistic Circle and presented in the Thèses (1929). This approach is often classified as a teleological viewpoint on language. Teleology being incompatible with the present-day scientific framework (both in the humanities and the natural sciences), this part of the Prague linguistic heritage has only rarely been dealt with in depth and has been almost forgotten in recent years. Patrick Sériot speaks of “allusions likely to be negligently skipped over today because they no longer make sense to the contemporary reader” (Sériot, 2014, 20). Here, I present the notion of “purposefulness” in a different light, avoiding teleological thinking and reinterpreting “purposefulness” in a more plausible way for a contemporary reader. The choice of the term “purposefulness” itself might have originated due to a lack of suitable terminology and might be reconstructed in connection with contemporary dynamic approaches in linguistics.

The Influence of Prague’s Lusatian Seminary on the Sorbian National Revival

The Catholic Lusatian Sorbs are today the most important element of the Sorbian ethnic group and their national culture. After the Reformation, they found themselves in a minority and in a highly negative situation. For the Catholic Sorbs, the opening of the Lusatian Seminary in Prague in 1728 was a significant source of strength and encouragement. Over the nearly two centuries of its existence, the Lusatian Seminary became a national institution for Catholic Sorbs, and Prague was considered their second capital after Budyšin (Bautzen). The Sorbian seminarians, who usually attended the German grammar school in Prague’s Lesser Town before going on to study theology at the city’s university, were taught by leading figures of Czech science such as Josef Dobrovský, Václav Hanka, Karel Jaromír Erben, and the Slovak Martin Hattala. The Sorbs thus received their education not only in their native language but also expanded their knowledge of other Slavic tongues. The seminary and the Sorbian youth association Serbowka, founded in Prague in 1846, significantly helped to spread education among the Sorbs, to strengthen their Slavic identity, and to develop their efforts at a national revival. Over its nearly 200-year-existence, the Lusatian Seminary was attended by many leading figures of the Sorbian national revival, including Slavist, magazine editor, and leading figure of the Sorbian national revival Jan Pětr Jordan; priest, editor, linguist, and long-standing chairman of the Maćica Serbska Michał Hórnik; and author and editor Jakub Bart-Ćišinski, considered the most important Sorbian poet.

A cognitive pragmatic approach to punctuation

A cognitive pragmatic approach to punctuation

John Deely’s Influence on Prague Semiotics

In this paper, we give account of how the present shift in thought of the Prague School of Semiotics towards the history of semiotics (including, perhaps most notably, the exegesis of Peirce’s work) has been initiated and shaped by the ideas of John Deely. We discuss how works of John Deely were “discovered” in Prague, and how they found their way into our scholarly work and curriculum. We concentrate on the two Deely’s ideas which influenced us the most: his method of the “archaeology of concepts” applicable to the study of the history of semiotics, and his historical account of what constitutes a sign in its proper being, which not only makes semiotics and its historiography possible, but also advances a new conception of philosophy considered as semiotics.

УКРАЇНСЬКА ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВА В КОНТЕКСТІ СТИЛІСТИЧНИХ ДИСКУСІЙ ХVІ МІЖНАРОДНОГО КОНГРЕСУ СЛАВІСТІВ

The article analyzes "state and status" of functional stylistics in Ukraine in the beginning of the 21st century in the categories and concepts of modern linguistics. The research context of the analysis is determined by comparison with the stylistic issues of the XVI International Congress of Slavists, held on August 20-27, 2018 in Belgrade (Serbia). Issues of synchronization of scientific consciousness with time of culture, its chronological sections, configurations of development, evolution of cultural consciousness, changes of cultural verbalized patterns and reasons for emergence of new ideas and non-standard intellectual reflection in the scientific knowledge of linguistic consciousness are being actualized. It is stated that the triad "human - science - time of culture" is dominant in linguistics, defining at the same time the peculiarities of the information age: the synthesis of humanistic tradition and new, paradoxical scientific ideas is quite representative for world linguistics, which is clearly represented in Ukrainian stylistics. The author unfolds the thesis about the formation of scientific consciousness as an existential search for the spiritual affinity of researchers. Thus, in the development of functional stylistics, one can observe continuity from F. de Saussure to the linguists of the XXI century, where the Geneva, Baden or Prague schools ideologically formed various national scientific discourses. The problematic aspects in the development of modern stylistics with their projection into Ukrainian linguistics are considered: the systematic nature of operational stylistic terminology, the diffusion of the objectivity of various areas of linguistics, in particular, functional stylistics, communicative linguistics and genomics, logics of formation of neolinguistics as a subject area that relies on synthesis of linguistic functionalism and other branches of human sciences, etc. The criteria of the Ukrainian research perspective in modern stylistics are formulated.

Stav antropometrických parametrov a telesného zloženia u detí mladšieho školského veku

The aim of our observation was to measure selected anthropometric characteristics and to analyze actual body composition in children of younger school age from elementary schools in Prague. The group consisted of a total of 222 probands, boys (n-117) and girls (n-105) aged 8–11 years (average boys age = 9.0 ± 1.0 years, body height = 139.9 ± 8.6 cm, body weight = 32 ± 7.5 kg, BMI = 16.3 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). Average age girls = 8.9 ± 0.9 years, body height = 137.3 ± 8.8 cm, body weight = 30.5 ± 7.3 kg, BMI = 15.9 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). The BIA 2000 M multi-frequency apparatus (whole-body bioimpedance analysis) was used to analyze the body composition. Children of younger school age showed higher TBW values – total body water (boys 65.5 ± 6.0%, girls 66.6 ± 6.5%), low body fat (boys 16.1 ± 2.4%, girls 16.5 ± 2.9%) and higher ECM/BCM coefficients (boys 1.0 ± 0.13, girls 1.02 ± 0.11). The authors draws, attention to the importance of monitoring other body composition parameters. The percentage of fat-free mass (FFM) and the share of segmental distribution of body fat and muscle mass on individual parts of the human body.

Intellectualization through Terminology Development

The term intellectualization was famously used in the Prague School to describe a process that a language undergoes in its development and refinement. In our South African context intellectualization entails a carefully planned process of hastening the cultivation and growth of indigenous official African languages so that they effectively function in all higher domains as languages of teaching and learning, research, science and technology. This article critically examines the terminology development process that is being driven at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (henceforth UKZN) as one of the key agents of language intellectualization. The article critically evaluates the UKZN terminology development model that is used to harvest, consult and authenticate isiZulu terminology for Administration, Architecture, Anatomy, Computer Science, Environmental Science, Law, Physics, Psychology, and Nursing disciplines. Outflow platforms for the terminology in this development model are loosely listed as the 'database' and the 'development platform' but there is no clear end-user platform for students and lecturers, who seem to be the main end-user-targets of the whole terminology development initiative. The article will propose an improved model to cater for AnyTime Access, which is convenient for student needs between lectures, and improve the harvesting mechanism in the existing model.