Pragmatic Relations Research Articles

The pragmatism of emotional-expressive words in Kazakh linguistics: A study of M. Auezov’s ‘The Way of Abai’

Abstract The issue of the research of emotional lexemes is conditioned upon pragmatic relations, which constitute an important basis in the definition of expressive language units. The purpose of the research is to analyse features of emotional and expressive linguistic units, considering the cognitive and linguistic nature of words in M. Auezov’s work ‘The Way of Abai.’ The methods used to achieve the research objectives were: generalization, axiomatic, content analysis, and comparative analysis. The results of the work have determined that using words depends on a different range of emotions, where a particular situation influences the traditions and perceptions of the period concerned, developing a linguistic picture of the world. The practical significance of the research is in using the results of the research by linguists, experts, and specialists in the field of pedagogy and linguistics.

Controlling the water: citizens’ place–related adaptation to landslides in mid-Norway

In light of an increasing frequency of climate change–related hazards such as landslides, climate adaptation is increasingly on the agenda of Norwegian municipalities. Nevertheless, municipalities face constraints in addressing these challenges, with smaller, remote municipalities being particularly susceptible. They often cover expansive geographical areas with high landslide risk, yet have limited financial resources, expertise, and personnel for climate adaptation. Consequently, the active involvement of citizens in adaptation plays an important role in these remote places. This paper investigates how citizens of three small remote communities deal with landslides, emphasizing the role of people–place relations in shaping adaptive practices. Grounded in assemblage theory, our analysis reveals that most citizens maintained a pragmatic relation to landslides, while only a few expressed concern. Regardless of the degree of concern, all citizens constructed landslides as integral element within their socio-material place assemblages, as part of their lives in the respective places. Furthermore, citizens developed various adaptive practices, including nature observation, reporting to authorities, and implementing practical preventive measures to control water that could trigger landslides. These practices are manifestations of socio-material assemblages that have evolved through citizens’ relations to their specific places. Importantly, irrespective of the level of concern regarding landslides, these practices were carried out as part of everyday life. Through these practices, enabled by experience-based, embodied, and often tacit local knowledge, citizens acted as community guardians. Thus, comprehensive people–place relations emerge as a pivotal factor for a community’s adaptative capacity in the face of climate change-induced hazards.

In Another Life Another Being: On Design and the Wages of Decoloniality

Despite the struggles for design disciplines to confront their colonial legacies and practices, the question remains: who can truly afford a decolonizing practice worthy of the name? This paper will investigate why Industrial Design, as a discipline, has been glaringly absent from the decolonial conversation, and the critical institutional gaps between decolonial thought and action. I will investigate the pragmatic relations between labor, value, care work, and social reproduction within the political economy of design that dissuade and constrain the discipline from articulating its responsibility to transform its social and material realities. In setting this provocation, I argue that if decolonizing design is to be anything more than an epistemological curiosity, moving beyond the niche corners of design academia, it will need a diverse ecology of accomplices—to imagine other lives for itself and become other beings.

Why Must Incompatibility Be Symmetric?

Abstract Why must incompatibility be symmetric? An odd question, but recent work in the semantics of non-classical logic, which appeals to the notion of incompatibility as a primitive and defines negation in terms of it, has brought this question to the fore. Francesco Berto proposes such a semantics for negation argues that, since incompatibility must be symmetric, double negation introduction must be a law of negation. However, he offers no argument for the claim that incompatibility really must be symmetric. Here, I provide such an argument, showing that, insofar as we think of incompatibility in normative pragmatic terms, it can play its basic pragmatic function only if it is symmetric. The upshot is that we can vindicate Berto’s claim about the symmetry of incompatibility but only if we, pace Berto, think about incompatibility, in the first instance, as a pragmatic relation between acts rather than a semantic relation between contents.

HUNGARY AND THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

In the article, the author attempts to analyze the features of the Hungarian approach to the conflict in Ukraine, which only partially meets the general concerns of Central European countries and does not fit into the logic of Brussels. The concern, as in the case of other Central European countries, is related to historical concerns about Russia, in the case of Hungary, bearing the burden of the «strangler of freedom», which Hungarians sought in the middle of the 19th and 20th centuries. However, Hungary also has its own concerns, which are related to the presence in Ukraine of a considerable Hungarian diaspora, which is at the same time the indigenous population of the Transcarpathian district. The presence of the Hungarian diaspora in the border region, in Vojvodina, if we recall the war in Yugoslavia, determined Hungary’s position not only during the entire conflict, but was also accepted by NATO as a convincing explanation for Budapest’s unwillingness to take part in its 1999 campaign. If we talk about contradictions with Brussels, then Viktor Orban’s position can again be explained by two points, one of which at the first place is the desire for autonomy in decision-making within the framework of Euro-Atlantic integration. The second, but not the least important place is occupied by pragmatic relations with Russia, carried out through personal contacts between the two leaders. Between the last two motives there is an undeniable link akin to the origins of the Hungarian policy of «Opening to the East». Thus, the Hungarian approach to what is happening in the east is a rather complex combination of fears, aspirations and pragmatism.

“When I see a sale, I say: ‘Ah! But when will this expire?’”: Pragmatic Relations in the Practices of Reading Expiration Dates by Older Women Literacy Students

“When I see a sale, I say: ‘Ah! But when will this expire?’”: Pragmatic Relations in the Practices of Reading Expiration Dates by Older Women Literacy Students

Ways to enhance the Position of the Arabic Language between Originality and Challenges an Analytical

For linguists, language is a system of abstract phonetic, phonological, lexical, synthetic, semantic, and pragmatic relations, and a tool for communication and expression. It is knowledge, culture, literature, civilization, and behavior. Therefore, language is considered the pillar of the nation and an important foundation for its civilization that expresses its entity and culture. The Arabic language is one of the basic constants of the Arab and Islamic nation, as it is the symbol of its identity and the tool of its artistic creations, and a landmark of its intellectual and literary production. Thinking about the present and future of the Arabic language is one of the most important interests that attract elites among linguists, thinkers and writers, and is closely related to the sovereignty of the Arab-Islamic nation, its culture and thought. Believing in the importance of the Arabic language, this study aims to highlight the challenges that Arabic faces in the twenty-first century: most notably the threat of cultural globalization, the growing role of the English language in most disciplines and sectors, in addition to the challenge of linguistic duplication in colloquial dialects; Then, he discussed how to advance the Arabic language and enhance its status and role in facing these currents and their challenges. In order to reach the goal, the research was divided into three sections, the first of which defined the language and the Arabic language and its status, the second talked about the most important contemporary challenges, and the third dealt with ways to confront these challenges and ways to enhance the Arabic language with all means of support and capabilities. It will have the greatest impact on her assuming the prestigious position that befits her primacy, originality and precedence.

Image-text coherence and its implications for multimodal AI.

Human communication often combines imagery and text into integrated presentations, especially online. In this paper, we show how image-text coherence relations can be used to model the pragmatics of image-text presentations in AI systems. In contrast to alternative frameworks that characterize image-text presentations in terms of the priority, relevance, or overlap of information across modalities, coherence theory postulates that each unit of a discourse stands in specific pragmatic relations to other parts of the discourse, with each relation involving its own information goals and inferential connections. Text accompanying an image may, for example, characterize what's visible in the image, explain how the image was obtained, offer the author's appraisal of or reaction to the depicted situation, and so forth. The advantage of coherence theory is that it provides a simple, robust, and effective abstraction of communicative goals for practical applications. To argue this, we review case studies describing coherence in image-text data sets, predicting coherence from few-shot annotations, and coherence models of image-text tasks such as caption generation and caption evaluation.

On the ‘subject’ honorific <em>-si-</em> in Korean

Korean is one of several languages that has a system of honorification, whereby a speaker can express (their desired interpretation of) their relative social standing with respect to others via morphosyntactic marking. Alongside the question of what honorification means (what it contributes to the communicative content of an utterance), there is another, less well-studied question: how is the target of honorification identified? Often this is taken to be a syntactic question, where honorification is treated as a kind of agreement. We present several arguments as to why this is not the correct approach. Instead, we advocate for a semantic/pragmatic solution. We take as our case study one marker of honorification in Korean, the morpheme -si-, which is often called a ‘subject honorific’ because it supposedly targets/honors the subject of the verb it appears on. It is well known, however, that this is an inadequate characterisation, and here we present further evidence that this cannot be the correct description of its role. Instead, we argue that the target of -si- is the human referent which is ‘closest’ to the subject in terms of the pragmatic relation of PROXIMITY, thus accounting for both the canonical uses and other potentially puzzling uses.

HUNGARIAN POLICY AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE RUSSIAN SMO

The Author analyses position of Hungary at the background of an active phase of Russian special military operation in Ukraine. The research is being based on facts as well as on the analyses of public speeches of leading Hungarian politics and publications of known national experts. Like in other Central European countries, Hungary has been worried by Russian propositions to bring back the system of European security to the contours of 1997. Still Victor Orban did not refuse from the visit to Moscow traditionally scheduled to February. In general, position of Hungary ion 2022 can be estimated as neutral to both sides of the conflict. Both special geopolitical situation of the country as well as quite successful pragmatic relations with Moscow. In describing the conflict as well as reaction to it, the author sticks to terminology used in political space of Hungary and Visegrad region.

War and Peace on the Rio Grande Frontier, 1830–1880

Miguel Ángel González-Quiroga's War and Peace on the Rio Grande Frontier, 1830–1880 is an important work of synthesis and original research concerning Anglo-American, European immigrant, and Mexican relationships on the US-Mexico borderlands. African Americans and Native Americans are also included in the study; however, the former receives limited attention and the latter are depicted as villains in the way of economic progress.González-Quiroga inserts his work within the historiographical debate over whether the Anglo-American and Mexican relationship was mainly one of conflict or cooperation. David Montejano's Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986 (1987) is the standard for grappling with this question. Montejano used an economic paradigm to understand shifting race relations over time and geography. Ranching economies led to more harmonious relationships and farming led to harsher ones. Eventually, a merchant and consumer economy helped end Juan Crow segregation. For González-Quiroga, binational trade and unity in subduing Native Americans through “cooperative violence” led to pragmatic relations that were ruptured at times by Anglo-American racist violence against Mexicans. Cooperative violence also occurred during rebellions and foreign invasions. Eventually, by 1880, both nation-states gained further control over the border regions, which allowed for binational economic integration and led to greater harmony between both groups.Gonzáles-Quiroga untangles the socioeconomic, political, and racial history of the borderlands through nine chapters using both a chronological and thematic approach. He follows a standard Texas history chronology, following the Texas Secession Movement, the Republic of Texas Era and War of North American Aggression of 1846–48, 1850s statehood, the US Civil War and French Intervention, and the defeat of Native Americans by 1880.Chapters 1 and 2 examine the tumultuous period of 1830–48, with the related conflicts of the Texas rebellion and the United States invasion of Mexico. Through diligent investigation, Gonzáles-Quiroga finds many examples of political and economic cooperation between Anglos and Mexicans that contrast with studies that solely focus on conflict. Chapters 2 and 3 examine strengthening ties between both groups during the 1850s, and chapters 4 and 5 look at how both the Civil War and the French Intervention led to cooperative violence in both conflicts as well as the cross-border economic opportunities that arose from the conflicts.The last three thematic chapters focus on the period of 1868–80. In “A Most Violent Decade,” González-Quiroga examines both state-sanctioned and extralegal violence to describe the period of the 1870s. He centers his description as an economic competition for land and cattle between Anglos, Mexicans, and Native Americans. He rightly notes labeling Mexicans as cattle thieves was a trope to justify violence and theft against them as noted by the Comisión Pesquisidora. González-Quiroga's use of the commission's research and findings is an important corrective to the historiographical distortion of the Cattle War / Skinning War trope that discursively hides the state-sanctioned violence against Mexicans in the Nueces Strip. As Armando Alonzo's Tejano Legacy (1998) has shown, statistical data concerning Mexican economic dominance bears out that most of the wealth in the late nineteenth century was held by Mexicans. Despite the violence, migration to the border region increased as González-Quiroga describes in “Between Hate and Harmony,” with population growth of US citizens in Mexico and Mexicans nationals in Texas. The final chapter, “Pacification and Economic Integration,” describes Porfirio Díaz's recognition of the United States after the Revolution of Tuxtepec (1876), a military defeat of Native Americans that led to the development of a transnational railroad network connecting both nations’ expanding economies.As noted in the introduction, the main weakness of González-Quiroga's work is his depiction of Native Americans as obstacles to economic progress because they are never afforded the same complex analysis given to Anglo-Americans, European immigrants, and Mexicans. Nonetheless, this book provides a nuanced examination of conflict and cooperation between Anglo-Americans and Mexicans that is often missing in other works.

An Investigation of Lexical Cohesion in Kurdish EFL Students Emails

Cohesion, the most important principle and criterion of textuality, is theconnection or the connectedness manifested when the interpretation of onetextual element, i.e., a word located in one sentence is dependent onanother element in the text.
 Cohesion is thus one of the text properties that contribute to theorganization of discourse. Coherence has to be clearly distinguished fromcohesion. Hence, cohesion refers to the overt semantic relations in the text,whereas coherence refers to semantic and pragmatic relations between theparts of the text.
 The three main categories of cohesion are referential cohesion(anaphoric chains), relational cohesion (connectives and ellipsis) andlexical cohesion. Lexical cohesion, which is the focus of this researchpaper, contributes to the ideational (semantic) structuring of discourse. Itrefers to the semantic relations between the lexical items in the text; thus itprovides information about the way lexemes are organized in the discourse.
 Lexical cohesion is the dependency relationship between wordsbased on associative relations in common knowledge. Lexical coherenceplays a dominant role in text structure. However, the lack of cohesion inwriting is a problem that plagues many EFL students. The present papergoal is to help students to overcome this problem in which it has been achallenge to EFL teachers and researchers alike. Thus, the present researchpaper aims at analyzing Kurdish EFL students' emails for the purpose offinding out their tendency towards using lexical cohesion devices, i.e., theextent to which they use or avoid using these d

IRAN AND TALIBAN: FROM ENMITY TO PRAGMATISM

The Taliban’s seizure of the reins of power in Afghanistan has a significant impact on regional and international political processes. During years negotiations between US and regional States with Taliban was aimed at involvement of the moderate part of Taliban in the political life of the country. Taliban’s return to power went dramatically differently from the planned agreement. Along with the accelerated withdrawal of the international coalition forces, Taliban conquered almost all the provinces of the country without a fight. They took the presidential palace and returned to power. The new reality created in Afghanistan led regional and international actors to change their positions more or less. The Iranian government is actively involved in the ongoing events in neighboring Afghanistan. After the Taliban’s takeover of Kabul, Iran has adopted a flexible policy toward the group, the elements of which are non-confrontation, pragmatism, necessary cooperation and opposition to rapid recognition. During the Taliban’s first reign in power Iran was among the group’s key adversaries. Iran and Taliban were almost led into war in 1998 following the killing Iranian diplomats and journalist by the group after the capture of Mazar-e-sharif. In 2001 Iran supported the overthrow of the Taliban by the US-led international coalition. Iran is concerned about the presence of ISIS on its eastern border and Tehran’s major reason in relation with Taliban is to counter the threat posed by IS-K. Taliban’s current cabinet largely excludes minorities and Iran supports the formation of an inclusive government in Afghanistan with the participation of all ethno-religious groups. Tehran seems to be supporting the National Resistance Front led by Ahmad Massoud. After Taliban’s return to power negotiations were held between Taliban and Ahmad Massoud in Tehran. There is a problem of refugees – Iran already hosts about 3, 5 million of Afghans. They are not popular in Iran, they are suspected of terrorism. Islamic Republic’s harsh behavior has stirred controversy in Afghanistan, protests erupted outside the Iranian consulate in Herat. The issue of drug trafficking is not a new problem. The Taliban officially banned the production and export of opium, but it has continued. The water problem also has important influence on Iran-Afghanistan relations. For years Iran has accused Afghanistan of violating 1973 water-sharing treaty. This problem is relevant under the Taliban. In early 2022 Protesters in Iran’s southeast attacked Afghan trucks due to the alleged lack of water. Iran’s relations with the Taliban became more conciliatory in past decades. Nowadays Tehran is trying to maintain balance in bilateral relations with the group. The Continuation of the current pragmatic relations between Iran and Taliban depends on the way the Taliban decides to rule. The strengthening of radical elements within Taliban’s ranks makes serious confrontation with Iran possible on ideological grounds.

Discourse Markers in an Online Community of Buhînën People

One of the language communication challenges is how it works as speakers use it. Some words may not change their semantic meaning, but when it is meant to say on speaker’s intention, it impacts the context; these particles are discourse markers. It has been used in everyday interaction, face-to-face communication, writing, and an online environment. This compels the researcher to investigate further the occurrences of the discourse markers in Buhînën People in an online community. This study centralized how discourse markers maintain their status of cohesion and interpersonal in computer-mediated communication. This qualitative study was based on Gustilo and Palacio’s (2016) study on discourse particles. Discourse markers were categorized into two: textual and relational categories. The corpus of 2,000 Facebook posts, primarily texts, was the data collected from the most numbered population on the Facebook online group of Buhînëns. Then, the survey was conducted to gather data about the pragmatic relation of relational discourse markers. The data revealed that the most hits were the discourse marker ‘na’ for the textual category, whereas ‘po’ for the relational category. It also revealed that more textual discourse markers were found. The functions proved the idea of metalingual function (Maschler & Schiffrin, 2015), as it has many functions in both categories, including the micro-function of relational discourse markers. Furthermore, the study also answered the importance of the discourse markers in pragmatics and computer-mediated communication, through which they served both their primary roles as structural and interpersonal.

EMOTIONAL UNITS IN ABAY WORLD ASSESSMENT

The article for the first time offers the linguistic analysis of evaluative-significant judgments that deeply investigated and evaluated the personality, works, and creativity of the great poet Abai Kunanbaev. The scientific claims of native and foreign scientists about Abai are taken as an object of the analysis. The structure of the texts of statements consists of evaluative-significant sentences that describe the emotional state. Consequently, in the process of research, the specifics of linguistic consciousness and the national worldview of scientific judgments are considered. The cognitive character, pragmatic relations, stylistic coloring, lexical and semantic features of worlds, and communicative functions of function words that acquire emotional meaning are analyzed in this linguistic analysis. To trace the difference between the national worldview and linguistic consciousness, the table presents the words that have the main emotional meaning and expressive connotation in the texts of judgments of native and foreign scientists. The results of the study showed the need for a broad study of evaluatively significant sentences as indicators of national values and national cultures.

2022 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN HUNGARY

The Hungarian parliamentary elections of 2022 for the fifth time in the recent history of the country brought victory to the FIDESZ party, including the fourth with a constitutional majority of 2 /3 of parliamentary mandates. At the same time, during the current election campaign in Hungary, the system of preliminary election of a single candidate (by the type of primaries) among opposition parties and movements was tested for the first time. However, this did not save the multi-party coalition from another failure. Nevertheless, the recent elections have further strengthened the trend towards the formation in Hungary, as in a number of other Central European countries, of a two-party political system with a small layer of a «third force». The surprise of the elections was the passage to Parliament of the extreme nationalist party «Our Fatherland», which partially broke away from the Jobbik party after the 2018 elections. Now, within the walls of parliament, former right-wing radical party members will meet with the renewed Jobbik party, which performed in the last elections in a coalition with left-liberal forces. This campaign took place against a very unfavorable international background – the war in Ukraine and increased pressure on Hungary from Brussels and from neighboring states that do not agree with the aspirations of the Orban cabinet to prevent the use of Hungarian territory for military purposes. This circumstance made the task extremely difficult for Viktor Orban, the permanent leader of the FIDESZ party since its foundation, and at the same time played in favor of the opposition, as another reason for criticism of the foreign policy pursued by the Prime Minister, a significant element of which since 2011 has been the strengthening of pragmatic relations with Russia.

Prospects for Russian-Mongolian cooperation in the eyes of the citizens of the two countries

The paper analyzes the results of sociological research conducted in Russia and Mongolia in order to identify the views of citizens of the two countries on the Russian-Mongolian relations and the prospects for the Greater Eurasian Partnership. In Mongolia, a field survey was conducted in 6 aimags (n=692); in Russia, an Internet survey was conducted (n=624), which was supplemented by expert views (n=27). The results showed high indices of mutual positive perception of Russians and Mongols (⁓81) among the countries of Eurasia. The study revealed a high level of interest and awareness of Mongols about Russia. Highlighting the priorities of economic development, the respondents named them based on the specialization of their country: for Russia – industry, science, tourism, energy; for Mongolia – animal husbandry, industry, tourism, education. It shows the objective need for rapprochement and establishment of trade, transport and energy cooperation on the basis of the international division of labor. It is the pragmatic and friendly relations as a result of long-term ties that serve as the basis for intercivilizational interaction between Russia and Mongolia in the context of integration processes in Eurasia.

To see as a marker of contextual salience in romance languages : evidence from Acadian French and Brazilian Portuguese

This paper discusses constructions found in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and Acadian French (AF), in which the equivalents of to see accompanies a second verb in imperative utterances. In these constructions in BP and AF to see emphasizes the command expressed by the other verb. The BP construction can also have an additional interpretation, in which ve ‘seeimperative,2,singular’ has the meaning ‘to verify’. It is proposed that BP constructions can be associated to two different structures. The constructions with the ‘to verify’ meaning are treated as biclausal structures in which the verb ver ‘to see’ selects for a CP headed by the complementizer se ‘if’. As for the analysis of the emphatic order meaning associated to the BP and AF constructions, we adopt the proposals put forth in Speas & Tenny (2003) and Hill (2007, 2014) according to which conversational pragmatics is encoded in syntax as a predicative structure (Speech Act Projection - SAP) above CP. Following these ideas, we analyze BP and AF emphatic order constructions as monoclausal structures, where ve in BP and voir in AF are injunctive pragmatic markers that are externally merged into the SA head in order to encode a pragmatic relation.

FORMATION AND SPREAD OF SALAFISM

The “Arab Spring” led to the rise of Islamists and the influx of Islamic movements throughout the region. Islamists have debated democracy, pluralism, and personal freedom. In this regard, it is important to understand the emerging concept of Islam among them and how the players in this game perceive themselves. The article provides a brief description and identification of modern Islamists. Features of Islamic political parties are described. The authors provide a definition of the most modern trends in neo-Islamism, including areas such as non-traditional religiosity, gradualism, modernization in Islam, nationalism, and pragmatic relations with the West.

On Realizing the Pragmatic Potential of Educational Prescripts

The article analyses the new Federal Educational Standards in Linguistics, the basic regulatory document for higher education which formulates norms and prescriptions with the goal of effective implementation of its objectives and requirements. It is common knowledge that the efficiency of such implementation depends on how accurately these prescripts are worded so that there are no inconsistencies or conflicting interpretations. It means that the authors of these Standards must provide for the optimal transfer, reproduction, and regulation of these prescripts and competencies and thus foresee the pragmatics of the educational discourse. The aim of the study is to identify the extent to which the Educational Standards’ pragmatic potential can be realized. The study is based on the fundamental principles of pragmatics as an instrument for combining ideal formulas with real factors that contribute to their implementation. Using content, discursive, and interpretive analysis, the authors find that there are significant contradictions between the Standards’ prescripts and the feasibility of the required results. One of the reasons for this discrepancy lies in the ambiguity of wording and interpreting of the basic categories and the resulting conflict between overlapping or complementary categories — all of which inevitably leads to differences in how they are perceived. Universities could actualize the educational discourse pragmatic potential much more effectively, if the pragmatic relations and educational objectives were more transparently defined and intercorrelated to finally implement a related pragmatic adaptation regarding types of competencies.