Pragmatic Expression Research Articles

Effects of exposure to L2 input and language proficiency on pragmatic competence during study abroad

Developing second language pragmatic competence is crucial because it enables learners to effectively communicate and interact with native speakers of that language. It goes beyond mere grammatical and lexical knowledge, and encompasses the ability to comprehend and produce language in a way that is contextually appropriate and respectful. The quantitative study and group interviews were conducted to investigate the effects of exposure to L2 input and language proficiency on the comprehension and expression of indirect speech acts of 180 Chinese learners of English in Malaysia. The results showed that exposure to L2 input significantly contributed to learners’ pragmatic competence at all levels; interactive and instructive exposure to L2 input was more beneficial to the pragmatic improvement; pragmatic competence did not develop in parallel with language proficiency, and increased significantly only after language proficiency reached the intermediate level; pragmatic expression was more influenced by exposure to L2 input, while pragmatic comprehension was more significantly influenced by language proficiency.

The preventive in the horoscope text

The article studies the specifics of the semantics and structure of the preventive in the horoscope text, which is built according to the rules characteristic of any text. The horoscope possesses completeness, coherence, integrity, logic, etc., while it can have texts of different length: from two to three sentences to the full text including from 5 to 30 sentences. Volumetric horoscopes, as a rule, contain predictions for a year or a month, small horoscopes specialize in predictions for one day. The purpose of our work is to identify the specifics of representing the meaning of warning in television discourse. By making the syntactic level the focus of our attention, we clarify the definition of a warning as a special type of pragmatic expression of will. The article identifies the preventive model in television discourse. For this model, the concessive-contrastive semantics is relevant, which functions most often as implicit in various contexts. We describe the keywords, nominating the preventive in the horoscope, and the conditions for semantic substitutions of keywords. The main method of research is a discourse analysis of more than 1000 horoscopic texts functioning in the program “Good Morning” (TV I). The results of an anonymous survey of more than 2,000 people indicate that about 50 percent of respondents believe horoscopes.

Embracing dualities: Principles of education for a VUCA world

In the wake of profound social changes, which have been accelerated due to a global pandemic, educators reconsider the role and goals of education, and subsequently, how its pragmatic expression should look like in a VUCA-world. We address this challenge by offering basic tenets of education and principles that are tailored to the current reality. We concentrate primarily on the merits of embracing dualities, dilemmas and tensions, for engaging in deep learning and personal development. Jon Wergin’s theory of ‘deep learning’ and aspects of Etienne Wenger’s theory of ‘communities of practice’ provide a fertile framework for this endeavor. Arnett’s concept of ‘emerging adulthood’ provides an additional theoretical resource for connecting principles of education to a timely perception of personal development. Based on the notion of ‘emerging adulthood’, we offer four principles of education, articulated in the form of dualities, along with examples of how to implement these principles at college-level education.

Measuring Video Game Dedication: The Development and Validation of Casual Hardcore Assortment Scale

This paper investigates the pragmatic expression of attitudes by Twitter users in children related discourse in Nigeria. Data comprised 80 children-centered Nigerian-tweets, involving individuals and bodies, were screenshots from Twitter between July-August, 2019. These were analyzed through aspects of appraisal theory and pragmatic act theory. Findings showed that Nigerian-tweets on children manifest 85% of negative appraisal and 15% positive appraisal within the socio-cultural context. These affirm that Nigerian-Twitter users circulate more negative children issues than positive as shown in their language use that is characterized by lamenting, rebuking, condemning and commending. The paper concludes that Nigerian-Twitter users in different perspectives have continued to condemn social factors that affect children and advocate good welfare packages to ameliorate their suffering to reposition them for a better future.

The Profile of Task Performances for Cognitive-communicative Intervention in the Oldest-Old

Purpose: The “oldest-old” is the heterogeneous population compared with the younger-old in several cognitive-communication aspects. Accordingly, it is necessary to intervene in them discriminately. This study aimed to suggest the performance profiles by cognitive-communication tasks for intervention in oldest-old.Methods: Sixty-four oldest-old subjects aged 80 or older years performed 16 subtasks for the five cognitive-communication domains. And the performance profiles of group I (84.00 ± 2.62 years) and II (93.38 ± 1.61 years) were analyzed.Results: The main findings were as follows. Firstly, two groups had significant differences in performances of most tasks including working memory, reasoning, word fluency, and subjective communication. Secondly, five communication tasks were significantly correlated with all cognitive tasks and were predicted by the reasoning tasks like similarity in group I. Thirdly, word fluency and pragmatic expression tasks were significantly correlated with all cognitive tasks. Tasks including verbal problem solving were found to be the best predictors of confrontation naming in group II.Conclusion: Current study provides evidence-based information to support cognitive-communication intervention for the oldest-old. These results also can contribute to increase the efficacy of the cognitive-communicative intervention.

An Analysis of Pragmatic Expression on the Use of Chinese Korean Learners : Focusing on the Directive Discourse Functions of Grammatical Pattern Expressions

본 연구는 한국어 학습자가 표현문형을 사용하여 지시 화행에 속한 요구하기, 명령하기, 부탁하기의 세 가지 화용적 기능을 실현할 때 나타난 화용적 사용 양상을 분석하였다. 한국어 화용교육에 시사점을 얻고자 사용 양상이 나타난 원인을 분석하여 해결책을 제시하였다. 본 연구의연구 방법은 실험 도구(담화 완성 텍스트)를 개발하여 한국어 모어 화자와 중국인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 설문 조사 결과 분석 후 심층적으로 오류 원인을 밝히고자모국어 화자와 한국어 학습자 일부를 대상으로 사후 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 분석 도구는 IBM SPSS25를 사용하였으며 실험에서 얻은 데이터에 대해 X2 (교차분석)을 실행하였다. 분석 결과에의하면 본 연구에 설정한 8가지 담화 상황에서 한국어 학습자와 모국어 화자의 발화에 모두 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 차이가 나타난 원인은 주로 두 가지로 요약할 수 있다. 하나는 모국어의부정적 전이고 하나는 사고 방식 차이를 비롯한 언어문화 차이다. 이에 결론 부분에서 표현문형을교수하는 데에 이러한 화용 문제점을 해결하기 위한 해결책을 제시하였다.

An Analysis on Stylistic Features of Donald Trump’s Speech

For government or leaders, public speaking is an important way to show the statesmanship and eloquence. It is a means of attracting groups of people who come from different classes. As the president of the United States, Donald Trump’s speaking talent plays an important role in the general election. Stylistics, which uses theories of modern linguistics to solve problems, aims at studying linguistic features and revealing the effect and function of pragmatic expression. This article selected Donald Trump’s three typical speeches, which studies from the perspective of stylistics on three major aspects—language description, textual analysis and contextual analysis. The analysis yielded the following results, 1) Language description consists of lexical analysis and syntactic analysis. On lexical level, Trump tends to use more abstract nouns and first person plural pronoun to make the addresses persuasive and more acceptable. Syntactically, for the sake of expressing information effectively and attracting more support, simple sentences and declarative sentences are prevailing in the speeches; 2) On the aspect of textual analysis, Trump employs topical division, problem-solution division and chronological division in an overlapping way in main body of speeches and creates crescendo in closure; 3) Contextual analysis shows that language varies from situations and they are formal and highly-structured. In a word, to analyze Donald Trump’s speech on stylistic features is significant for us on observing the features of his speeches and word-using habits.

Predicting pragmatic discourse features in the language of adults with autism spectrum disorder.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulties in social aspects of communication, but the linguistic characteristics associated with deficits in discourse and pragmatic expression are often difficult to precisely identify and quantify. We are currently collecting a corpus of transcribed natural conversations produced in an experimental setting in which participants with and without ASD complete a number of collaborative tasks with their neurotypical peers. Using this dyadic conversational data, we investigate three pragmatic features - politeness, uncertainty, and informativeness - and present a dataset of utterances annotated for each of these features on a three-point scale. We then introduce ongoing work in developing and training neural models to automatically predict these features, with the goal of identifying the same between-groups differences that are observed using manual annotations. We find the best performing model for all three features is a feedforward neural network trained with BERT embeddings. Our models yield higher accuracy than ones used in previous approaches for deriving these features, with F1 exceeding 0.82 for all three pragmatic features.

The Syntactic Functions of Conversational Implicature Utterances with Academic Context: Pragmasyntactic Studies

Background:
 Pragmatic analysis has been widely developed through the use of an implicature. This paper tries to focus on the syntactical functions elaborated from an academic discourse as the focus of analysis. This study aimed to find the syntactic function of conversational interference spoken by speakers in academic contextual communication. The syntactical functions were identified in three parts: predicate, subject, and adverbs.
 Methodology:
 To achieve this objective, data in the form of oral statements with academic background were collected using note-taking techniques from 114 subjects through participant observation in lecture activities, online and offline meetings, discussions, final project consultations, and training. The data was analyzed using the Miles and Huberman flow technique through data reduction, data presentation, and the conclusion/verification of data analysis results.
 Findings:
 Results show that pragmatic expressions that can help the speaker to identify the intent of the speaker were positioned as fillers of predicates, subjects, and information. This pragmatic expression is the impact of the incomprehensibility or inconsistency of the narrator with the speaker who was previously the listener. For the sake of completeness, speakers add other pragmatic expressions with substitution strategies, additions, and conditional forms with an orientation that prioritizes politeness by avoiding direct speech with the negation of 'tidak (no),' 'belum (not yet),' 'bukan (not)' and 'jangan (not).

S116. PRAGMATIC COMPREHENSION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

BackgroundIndividuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) frequently show a severe and widespread impairment in the communicative-pragmatic domain. They exhibit difficulties in the comprehension of a wide range of communicative- pragmatic expressions, such as indirect speech acts (ISA), irony, metaphors, proverb and idioms. Communicative disorders play an important role in the in the social impairment experienced by these patients, and they are frequently associated with functional and social outcome. However, results of previous studies showed large variation across different samples, communicative phenomena and type of pragmatic task investigated. As a result, the state of the evidence for communicative difficulties in SCZ is not completely clear. We performed a systematic review of previous literature assessing pragmatic comprehension in schizophrenia, and a meta-analysis of the evidence. The aim of the meta-analysis was to: 1) investigate differences in pragmatic comprehension between individuals with SCZ and HC 2) compare differences in pragmatic comprehension across different phenomena, i.e. irony, figurative language (FL, idioms, proverbs and metaphors), and ISA.MethodsWe used the “PRISMA Statement” guidelines for transparent reporting of a systematic review, and the study was preregistered on Prospero Register of Systematic Review. We performed a systematic literature search on the following database: PyschInfo, Pubmed and Google Scholar. 1 2020 Congress of the Schizophrenia International Research Society Selection of the studies was conducted according to the following inclusion criteria: (a) empirical study, (b) quantitative measures of pragmatic comprehension of participants with SCZ, (c) sample including at least two individuals with SCZ (d) inclusion of a comparison group. Finally, 37 studies were identified as eligible for inclusion, and among these 27 studies provided enough data to be included in the meta-analysis. We used mixed effects regression models for each relevant pragmatic phenomena, i.e. FL, irony and ISA, to calculate summary effect sizes (Cohen’s d).ResultsThe results showed significant meta-analytic effects of schizophrenia in pragmatic comprehension of FL (22 studies, d: -1.74, 95% CIs: -2.49 -0.93, p < .001), irony (12 studies, d: -1.42, 95% CIs: -2.3 -0.5, p = .001,), and ISA (3 studies, d: -1.37, 95% CIs: -1.9 -0.8, p < .001). The standardized effect sizes were large, thus indicating that individual with SCZ have serious difficulties in the comprehension of the different communicative expressions compared to healthy individuals. The heterogeneity between studies was significant (FL: Q(32) =245.1, p < .0001, and ISA: Q(3) = 25.2, p < .0001). The rank correlation test indicated evidence for publication bias for figurative language (Kendall’s tau (K) = -0.35, p < 0.001), while was not significant for irony and ISA (Irony: K = -0.33, p = 0.13, ISA: K = -1.00, p = 0.08).DiscussionOverall, we found that individuals with SCZ showed clear difficulties in the comprehension of different pragmatic expression, i.e. FL, irony and ISA, compared to healthy controls. This result is in line with previous studies indicating pragmatic impairment as a core deficit in schizophrenia. The effects were large for all the pragmatic phenomena, with figurative expressions showing the largest effect followed by irony and ISA. However, we reported the presence of publication bias for studies investigating figurative language expressions. Heterogeneity between studies was large and significant for all the three phenomena, thus suggesting a large variability across studies in the characteristic of the tasks used to investigate pragmatic ability, and in the characteristics of the experimental samples assessed.

WUJUD PRAGMATIK DEKLARATIF PEJABAT PUBLIK DALAM TINJAUAN FUNGSI BAHASA (STUDI KASUS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA CALON WALIKOTA BANDUNG TAHUN 2013)

The declarative and the pragmatic form of public services in the context of language function assessed controverse, not polite, and showed problems among individuals or groups are not consumted by public anymore. This research describes analytically the pragmatic expression of the public leader, the Bandung municipal candidate. The metode used is an analytic descriptive with the teqnic of data collection involved documentation study, the records of Bandung municipal candidate’s expressions in campange. This research showed that the politic statement of public leader becoming the Bandung municipal candidate has already completed the politeness of the languge. It connected with after the compange over there is no indication from public as the demonstrant. The form of the pragmatic and declarative has completed the politeness of the language. As the recommendation from the research are thelanguage communicated by the public leader having been polite is better kept or progressed. It showed public leaders are figure who will be imitated by the public in the case of language expressions (statements) Keywords: pragmatic, declarative, public leaders

A Study on Awareness of Pragmatic Expressions among Thai Korean Learners: Based on Grammatical Expressions and Conversation Expressions.

The purpose of this study is to examine awareness of pragmatic expression; grammatical expressions and conversation expressions, and to look for possibilities of pragmalinguistic failure that occurs due to differences between Korean and Thai languages. This study observes if Thai Korean Learners(TKL) perceive Korean pragmatic expressions like Korean Native Speakers(KNS). For this purpose, the pragmatic expressions were categorized into a) grammatical expressions, and b) conversational expressions. We surveyed samples of 45 TKL and KNS each on the awareness of pragmatic expressions, and carried out a Chi-squared test on their differences. Results showed that the pragmatic awareness of TKL was not much different from KNS when the speaker and listener are in equivalent social positions. However, when the listener is in a higher social position, TKS perceived the grammatical expressions as appropriate whereas KNS answered such expressions inappropriate to be used to someone in a higher social position. Moreover, the groups of TKS and KNS did not differ in awareness of conversation expressions. This may imply that the TKS acquired the non-literal meaning of conversation expressions, but post interviews with 5 learners showed that TKS made literal interpretations of non-literal meanings. The results of this study show that even though TKS are aware of the basic meanings of grammatical expressions, little know that they should be used differently according to the context and many try to literally interpret conversational expressions. Therefore, although beginners are taught the basic meanings of grammar and vocabulary, more explicit teaching on the expanded meaning or the situational use should be given to intermediate and advanced learners. (Prince of Songkla University, Ewha Womans University)

Modern Greek Ethno-Religious Nationalism

Since Greece’s independence in 1829, modern Greek identity has been perceived in both scholarly and popular accounts as the ideological interrelationship of Hellenic nationhood and Greek Orthodoxy. Through state-funded representations, this interrelationship has produced the ethno- religious identity of “Helleno-Christianism” shaping conceptions of the “Self” and the “Other” in terms of emic claims to a “lived” historical memory of topographical boundaries, cultural uniqueness, and national heritage. Rather than speak of Greek nationhood as an “imagined community” of the modernist constructions of the nation-state, in this study I argue that Greek nationhood is the product of a pre-modern process of geographical and ideological relocation of ethno-religious self-perception in response to the Sack of Constantinople by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, which reduced the Byzantine Empire to its “Hellenic” geographical space making it a Greek state of ethnic, cultural, and linguistic homogeneity. The theoretical contribution of this study is to examine how the nationalistic enterprise of modern Greek ethno-religious identity formation constitutes synchronic relations and diachronic extensions that involve the strategic sacralization of geographic space as a pragmatic expression of pre-modern nationalistic discourse promoting a notion of the “Self” as a resistance to the “Other.”

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TRAJECTORIES OF LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT IN AUTISM.

Deficits in semantic and pragmatic expression are among the hallmark linguistic features of autism. Recent work in deriving computational correlates of clinical spoken language measures has demonstrated the utility of automated linguistic analysis for characterizing the language of children with autism. Most of this research, however, has focused either on young children still acquiring language or on small populations covering a wide age range. In this paper, we extract numerous linguistic features from narratives produced by two groups of children with and without autism from two narrow age ranges. We find that although many differences between diagnostic groups remain constant with age, certain pragmatic measures, particularly the ability to remain on topic and avoid digressions, seem to improve. These results confirm findings reported in the psychology literature while underscoring the need for careful consideration of the age range of the population under investigation when performing clinically oriented computational analysis of spoken language.

Thing/Chiz/: Investigating the Pragmatic Functions of a Frequently Used Expression in Persian

The purpose of the present study was to analyze a Persian linguistic item pronounced as/chiz/(with the literal meaning thing), a pragmatic expression with various functions oriented to the interactional nature of the speech context. In order to examine the functions of/chiz/15hours of authentic conversations among Persian speakers were tape recorded and transcribed. The frequency of the pragmatic expression/chiz/was investigated. In addition, the functions achieved by the word/chiz/were examined. The results of the investigation demonstrated that/chiz/is a multi-functional word performing differently based on the context in which it is used.

Research on Stress Intensity Factor of Gear Crack and its Variation with Changes of Gear Parameters

Used the theory of linear fracture mechanics and FEM, the two-dimensional model of single-tooth gear is established under the environment of ANSYS. The stress intensity factor(SIF) is analyzed when gear crack occurs and the variation of SIFs is discussed with changes of crack length, gear module, number of teeth, load when gear crack emerges at the pitch circle and tooth root respectively, and the influence of different cracked directions on tooth root is studied; The pragmatic expression of SIFs KI, KII have been brought forth with the results obtained by FEM. These establishes a good foundation on the fracture analysis and diagnosis of gear

First and Second Language Pragmatics in Third Language Oral and Written Modalities

Abstract: This study examines the transfer of first language (L1) and second language (L2) pragmatic expression—realized in the request speech act—in oral and written modalities by Spanish‐speaking third language (L3) Portuguese learners (bilingual Spanish heritage speakers, native English speakers who are proficient in L2 Spanish, and native Spanish speakers). Research questions ask if learners differ in the transfer of pragmatic knowledge from the L1 or L2 in an oral versus written modality, and if the three learner groups differ in pragmatic expression in the two modalities. Results indicate that the groups respond differently in the two modalities, showing sensitivity to contextual constraints. Few instances of clear transfer are seen, mostly from Spanish at the single‐word level. A picture more complex than Kellerman's hypothesis emerges, addressing creative L3 pragmatic and lexical construction.

みんなの日本語 I 第１課から第15課までの会話における言語行動の使用分析 (THE USE OF SPEECH ACT IN CONVERSATION OF MINNA NO NIHONGO I)

In conceying something we need so many expressions called manners. There are four kinds of manners: (1) Assertive manners, (2) Cognitive manners, (3) Expressive manners, and (4) Directive manners. The objective of this study is to describe the manners in Minna no Nihongo I’ book. The technique used in this study is done by collecting data related to activities of manners. Based upon the data, it could be concluded that in conveying something in conversation one has to use imperative expression, permissive expression and pragmatic expression. Key word : manner

Eric James and the ‘Utopianist’ Campus: Biography, Policy and the Building of a New University during the 1960s1

The building of the English new universities during the 1960s symbolized the liberating possibilities of higher education. New institutions for a new age, their campuses were arguably part of a wider ‘utopianist’ movement for community that sought to challenge academic elitism and conservatism. This paper considers the era of university expansion as conceived and implemented during the early development of the University of York. Taking a biographical perspective, it examines the influence of the University’s first vice‐chancellor, Lord (Eric) James of Rusholme, on the complex process of institution building. Although one of the most prominent educationists of the period, James’s vision for York was as much backward as forward looking, harking back to an older collegiate model of community for living as well as learning. What emerged in the meadows to the east of the old Cathedral city was far from utopian but a clear and highly pragmatic expression of how James believed the university, as a liberal and liberating institution, might be refashioned to meet the challenges of a new age of science and technology, mass democracy and education for leadership. 1 This paper is based on research into records held at the Borthwick Institute, University of York, and National Archives (NA), formerly Public Record Office (PRO), Kew. Lady Cordelia James and the University of York granted permission to consult the James Papers and Vice‐Chancellor’s Papers held at the Borthwick. Thanks are due to them and to the British Academy for funding the initial research on which the paper is based (“Lord James of Rusholme: An Educational Life”, Award No. SG‐32493). The author would also like to thank Lady James, Dr Janet Coles, Professor Ian Lister, Professor Harold Silver and anonymous referees for comments on previous drafts of the paper. Any remaining deficiencies are due entirely to the author.

Onset of non-linearity in zonal elution separators: The concept of effective analyte concentration

When an analyte injected in a zonal separation method (chromatography, capillary zone electrophoresis, field-flow fractionation) is not highly diluted in the carrier fluid, the retention ratio, R – or ratio of the cross-sectional average migration velocity of the analyte to that of the carrier fluid – depends on the local concentration, c, of the center of mass of the analyte zone, and the zone migration occurs in non-linear conditions. Because the zone broadens as it moves along the separator, R varies continuously from the inlet to the outlet of the separator. That concentration, c eff, for which R( c eff) is equal to the length-averaged apparent retention ratio, R app, is called effective concentration, and that distance, z eff, from the separator inlet, for which c( z eff) is equal to c eff, i.e. for which R( z eff) is equal to R app, is called effective position. Assuming that near the onset the non-linear behavior, R( c), is a linear function, values of R app, c eff and z eff have been computed in a wide range of operating conditions which are typical of situations encountered in capillary zone electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, or field-flow fractionation. Computations have been performed both in presence and in absence of the dispersion arising from the concentration dependence of the analyte migration rate (called thermodynamic dispersion in chromatography or electromigration dispersion in capillary zone electrophoresis). It is found that, whatever the range of analyte concentration covered from inlet to outlet of the separator, c eff is always close to two times the analyte concentration, c out, at the outlet of the separator, and z eff between one-fourth and one-third of the separator length. As c out is easily determined from the peak recorded by a concentration-sensitive detector, a simple pragmatic expression is given for the estimation of c eff. This effective concentration is the appropriate concentration to be used for comparing predictions of theoretical models of R( c) with experimental retention data. This is of particular interest for validating such models in field-flow fractionation.