Practitioner Perspectives Research Articles

The impact of technology development upon art essence intricacy on arts: The perspective of art practitioners in Malaysia

This paper presents and discusses the relative issues of the development of modern technology that directly impact the creation of artwork. The artistic value has always been argued and discussed as the era changes occasionally. The artistic world has again learned the value of integrating and applying technology to artists' artworks. The technology enforcement, in alignment with the demands of the new generations, kept contextual and conceptual artworks secondary. This paper will elaborate on the relationship between technological applications and artworks' impact. As the digital era shifted rapidly, more advanced technological applications were valued more than conceptual value. Art appreciation has become more tangible rather than elaborate. Thus, it is important to simulate a conceptual framework to understand the phenomenon properly. Multiple understandings of the theory of the development of technological implications support the conceptual framework. This study conducted exploratory research by collecting primary data through a focus group interview with Fine Artists, Graphic Artists, and Hybrid Artists in an open session and discussing by elaborating on the topics mentioned. An underlying understanding of the conceptual framework has been achieved, and a new conceptual framework has been developed. This paper is limited to the technological implications of the value of artworks and the artist's experience. The advanced conceptual framework of the Art Intricacy Performance Model will define artwork to recognise the proper understanding of its value and direction.

Optimizing Subnational Warning Mechanisms: Community and Practitioner Perspectives on the 2018 Anak Krakatau-Induced Tsunami in Pandeglang, Indonesia

Optimizing Subnational Warning Mechanisms: Community and Practitioner Perspectives on the 2018 Anak Krakatau-Induced Tsunami in Pandeglang, Indonesia

Case Study: A Practitioner Perspective on Implementation of Sustainability Initiatives at the University of California, Davis

For over a century, the University of California (UC), Davis campus has been a living laboratory to innovate and implement scalable solutions to sustainability challenges. Four recent sustainability efforts reviewed in this case study include the first Fossil Fuel Free Pathway Plan in the UC, a Voluntary University Review of UC Davis’ contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals, the Big Shift project to lower the district heating carbon footprint, and the climate change-driven Living Landscape Adaptation Plan. Sustained engagement of all sectors of the campus community is critical to successful adoption of these initiatives. Key success drivers include: a) use of data-driven decision making; b) intensivecollaboration among many stakeholders, c) inclusion of faculty and students as active participants, and d) an emphasis on sharing best practices and findings

Barcoding and traditional health practitioner perspectives are informative to monitor and conserve frogs and reptiles traded for traditional medicine in urban South Africa.

Previous literature suggests that Indigenous cultural practices, specifically traditional medicine, are commonplace among urban communities contrary to the general conception that such practices are restricted to rural societies. We reviewed previous literature for records of herptiles (frog and reptile species) sold by traditional health practitioners in urban South Africa, then used visual confirmation surveys, DNA barcoding and folk taxonomy to identify the herptile species that were on sale. Additionally, we interviewed 11 IsiZulu and SePedi speaking traditional health practitioners to document details of the collection and pricing of herptile specimens along with the practitioners' views of current conservation measures for traditional medicine markets. The 34 herptile species recorded in previous literature on traditional medicine markets included endangered and non-native species. Spectrophotometry measurements of the DNA we extracted from the tissue of herptiles used in traditional medicine were an unreliable predictor of whether those extractions would be suitable for further experimental work. From our initial set of 111 tissue samples, 81 sequencing reactions were successful and 55 of those sequences had species-level matches to COI reference sequences on the NCBI GenBank and/or BOLD databases. Molecular identification revealed that traditional health practitioners correctly labelled 77% of the samples that we successfully identified with DNA barcoding in this study. Our mixed methodology approach is useful for conservation planning as it updates knowledge of animal use in Indigenous remedies and can accurately identify species of high conservation priority. Furthermore, this study highlights the possibility of collaborative conservation planning with traditional health practitioners.

Factors influencing the duration of untreated illness among patients with anorexia nervosa: A multicenter and multi-informant study.

The duration of untreated illness (DUI), that is, the interval between the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN) symptoms and start of specialized treatments, has a strong influence on the prognosis. To quantify modifiable predictors of the DUI and to derive recommendations for secondary prevention strategies. Within a multicenter, multi-informant study, DUI was assessed in interviews with patients undergoing first specialized AN treatment. Modifiable factors were assessed perspectives of AN-patients, their relatives, and primary care practitioners [PCPs]) with the FABIANA-checklist (Facilitators and barriers in anorexia nervosa treatment initiation). The effect of FABIANA-items on the DUI for each perspective was calculated using Cox Regression (control variables: age, eating disorder pathology, health care status, migration background, body mass index [BMI]). We included data from N = 125 female patients with AN (72 adults, 53 adolescents, Mage = 19.2 years, SD = 4.2, MBMI = 15.7 kg/m2 , SD = 1.9), N = 89 relatives (81.8% female, 18.2% male, Mage = 46.0 years, SD = 11.0) and N = 40 PCPs (Mage = 49.7 years, SD = 9.0). Average DUI was 12.0 months. Watching or reading articles about the successful treatment of other individuals with AN (patients' perspective) and regular appointments with a PCP (PCPs' perspective) were related to a shorter DUI (HR = 0.145, p = .046/ HR = 0.395, p = .018). Patients whose relatives rated that PCPs trivialized patients' difficulties had a longer DUI (HR = -0.147, p = .037). PCPs and relatives rated PCPs' competence higher than patients did. It is recommended (a) to incorporate treatment success stories in prevention strategies, (b) to inform PCPs about potential benefits of regular appointments during the transition to specialized care, and (c) to train PCPs in dealing with patients' complaints. Many individuals with AN seek treatment very late. Our study shows that a promising approach to facilitate earlier AN treatment is to inform patients about successful treatments of affected peers, to foster regular appointments with a PCP and, to motivate these PCPs to take individuals' with AN difficulties seriously. Thus, our study provides important suggestions for interventions that aim to improve early treatment in AN.

Improving the undergraduate human resource development curriculum in South Africa

ABSTRACT The Human Resource Development (HRD) curriculum is under-researched at the undergraduate level in tertiary education institutions, particularly in South Africa (SA). This article addresses the need for research on HRD undergraduate education in SA. Using a qualitative case study approach; the researchers interviewed HRD practitioners who have all completed an undergraduate HRD curriculum to determine the deficits in the curriculum under study and what to include in a new HRD curriculum. Findings revealed that the degree title was limited to learning and development only, there were concerns about the faculty that housed the degree, and that the degree replicated lower-level skills certificates. HRD practitioners recommended what to include in a new HRD curriculum that would be relevant and considered credible in practice. The article identifies the implications of the findings for HRD theory, practice, and research. It offers HRD practitioners perspectives on what they consider relevant in an undergraduate HRD curriculum to carry value in the workplace.

Microlearning in corporate settings: practitioner perspectives

ABSTRACT Organisations are seeking to adopt training strategies that support quick, but effective, learning for Gen-Z and millennials. The recent pandemic triggered the need for a hybrid/remote workplace where employees’ learning and development expectations are oriented more towards a need-based and short content-based learning. Though few organisations have initiated the process of micro-learning adoption as part of their learning and development practices, there are quite a number of roadblocks and challenges. In this perspective article, the authors have used their core experiences and learnings from the L&D units of multinational corporations to address key questions such as (1) How micro-learning can be adopted as a general practice in the corporate L&D settings? (2) What are the key success factors of such adoptions? (3) What is the future roadmap of micro content-based learning? The authors also suggested a few directions to pursue the goal of creating a microlearning environment in corporate settings.

Exploring the perspectives of pharmaceutical experts and healthcare practitioners on senolytic drugs for vascular aging-related disorder: a qualitative study.

Objective: The field of targeting cellular senescence with drug candidates to address age-related comorbidities has witnessed a notable surge of interest and research and development. This study aimed to gather valuable insights from pharmaceutical experts and healthcare practitioners regarding the potential and challenges of translating senolytic drugs for treatment of vascular aging-related disorders. Methods: This study employed a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews with healthcare practitioners and pharmaceutical experts. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes from the interview transcripts. Results: A total of six individuals were interviewed, with three being pharmaceutical experts and the remaining three healthcare practitioners. The significant global burden of cardiovascular diseases presents a potentially large market size that offer an opportunity for the development and marketability of novel senolytic drugs. The pharmaceutical sector demonstrates a positive inclination towards the commercialization of new senolytic drugs targeting vascular aging-related disorders. However potential important concerns have been raised, and these include increasing specificity toward senescent cells to prevent off-site targeting, thus ensuring the safety and efficacy of these drugs. In addition, novel senolytic therapy for vascular aging-related disorders may encounter competition from existing drugs that treat or manage risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Healthcare practitioners are also in favor of recommending the novel senolytic drugs for vascular aging-related disorders but cautioned that its high cost may hinder its acceptance among patients. Besides sharing the same outcome-related concerns as with the pharmaceutical experts, healthcare practitioners anticipated a lack of awareness among the general public regarding the concept of targeting cellular senescence to delay vascular aging-related disorders, and this knowledge gap extends to healthcare practitioner themselves as well. Conclusion: Senolytic therapy for vascular aging-related disorders holds great promise, provided that crucial concerns surrounding its outcomes and commercial hurdles are effectively addressed.

Breadth versus Depth: A Gap Analysis of Technology Requirements from the Perspective of Academics and Practitioners

SYNOPSIS Technology is transforming the role of entry-level accountants as the body of accounting knowledge continues to grow. Academics, practitioners, and policymakers must collaborate to balance knowledge of accounting and technology for entry-level accountants. However, whether the demands of the accounting workplace and professional certifications require accountants to have a deep understanding of a few key technologies, broad exposure to many technologies, or a combination of both is unclear. This study contributes to the literature by exploring the breadth versus depth of entry-level accountants’ technological preparedness from the perspectives of academics and practitioners. The results show that the breadth of technological knowledge is highly valued, with only a few technologies requiring in-depth learning. The study offers suggestions for future research and implications for practitioners, academics, and policymakers.

Expanding the Core Competences of Librarianship through Designing a Credit-Bearing Information Literacy Course for Social Work

In contemporary knowledge society, the impact of library and information professions has expanded to practical workforce preparation in many adjacent fields, including social work, that heavily rely on information competencies to promote community well-being and public good.This poster adds a practitioner perspective to the ongoing conversation about the need to reimagine LIS education to better align curricular priorities with the demands of the increasingly interconnected information landscape. Through a tale of a subject librarian and Social Work faculty partnership to develop a tailored credit-bearing information literacy course for Social Work pre-majors, the author illuminates the evolving role of librarians who are called upon to educate members of other information-intensive professions in the use of general and subject-specific resources essential for their field. The poster highlights the shared values that inform the practice of both librarianship and social work in response to the issues faced by communities in times of uncertainty and change. Built around the ALA’s Core Competences of Librarianship and the Social Work Competencies established by the Council on Social Work Education, the project reflects on the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating information literacy education into a domain where advanced information literacy skills are an indispensable component of the current professional practice. Finally, the project discusses several implications for LIS programs keen on creating a better connection between the LIS foundational values and other professional competency frameworks today’s librarians lean on, particularly in such vital areas as user services, lifelong learning and continuing education, and social justice.

Living with the scepticism for qualitative research: a phenomenological polyethnography

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how an academic researcher and a practitioner experience scepticism for their qualitative research.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies Olt and Teman's new conceptual phenomenological polyethnography (2019) methodology, a hybrid of phenomenology and duoethnography.FindingsFor the researcher-participants, the essence of living with scepticism means feeling a sense of injustice; struggling with the desire for simplicity and quantification; being in a circle of uneasiness; having a survival mechanism; and embracing healthy scepticism. They experience the essence differently and similarly in varied cultural contexts. Through duoethnographic conversations, they acknowledge that while there can be scepticism of their work, it is important to remain sceptical, persistent and curious by challenging traditional concepts. Theoretical and practical advances in artificial intelligence (AI) continue to highlight the need for clarifying qualitative researcher roles in academia and practice.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the debate of qualitative versus quantitative research. Its originality is in exploring scepticism as lived experience, from an academic and practitioner perspective and applying a phenomenological polyethnography approach that blends two different traditional research paradigms.

Primary Care Pracitioner Perspectives on the Role of Primary Care in Dementia Diagnosis and Care

Although the barriers to dementia care in primary care are well characterized, primary care practitioner (PCP) perspectives could be used to support the design of values-aligned dementia care pathways that strengthen the role of primary care. To describe PCP perspectives on their role in dementia diagnosis and care. In this qualitative study, interviews were conducted with 39 PCPs (medical doctors, nurse practitioners, and doctors of osteopathic medicine) in California between March 2020 and November 2022. Results were analyzed using thematic analysis. Overarching themes associated with PCP roles in dementia care. Interviews were conducted with 39 PCPs (25 [64.1%] were female; 16 [41%] were Asian). The majority (36 PCPs [92.3%]) reported that more than half of their patients were insured via MediCal, the California Medicaid program serving low-income individuals. Six themes were identified that convey PCPs' perspectives on their role in dementia care. These themes focused on (1) their role as first point of contact and in the diagnostic workup; (2) the importance of long-term, trusting relationships with patients; (3) the value of understanding patients' life contexts; (4) their work to involve and educate families; (5) their activities around coordinating dementia care; and (6) how the care they want to provide may be limited by systems-level constraints. In this qualitative study of PCP perspectives on their role in dementia care, there was alignment between PCP perspectives about the core values of primary care and their work diagnosing and providing care for people living with dementia. The study also identified a mismatch between these values and the health systems infrastructure for dementia care in their practice environment.

Physical Therapists' Social Responsibility in the Philippines Entails Adopting a Societal Practice Framework: A Qualitative Study.

The study's objective was to explore Filipino physical therapists' views on social responsibility and the competencies it entails. This study employed a constructivism-based qualitative design to inquire into the perspectives of physical therapist leaders and practitioners in the Philippines on Filipino physical therapists' social responsibility. Leaders were invited for their macro perspectives and influence on the profession; practitioners were invited to provide more practical viewpoints. Participants were interviewed one-on-one online. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and subjected to thematic analysis. Sixteen participants agreed to share their perspectives. Six themes were generated. Participants viewed the social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines as a professional duty that requires altruistic and social justice motivations. Socially responsible actions should address pressing issues affecting Filipino people's access to physical therapy and experience of health. The social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines entails engaging in roles aside from clinical practice to contribute to Filipino people's attainment of health. This calls for the expansion of their ethical and practice frameworks to include addressing not only client issues, but also the wider societal barriers to equitable access to physical therapy and better experiences of health. This study contributes to professional discourse on the increasing importance of social responsibility in the physical therapist profession amidst increasing rehabilitation needs and growing concerns on health inequity locally and globally, especially as worsened by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It informs the development of a societal practice framework for physical therapists in the Philippines and the desired changes in physical therapist policies and education to facilitate fulfillment of their societal obligations.

Structural and cultural competencies in maternity care for ethnic minority and migrant women: practitioner perspectives from Aotearoa New Zealand

PurposeWith global migration, the number of ethnic minority and migrant women receiving maternity health care in dominantly Anglo-European societies has increased significantly but they consistently have among the worst pregnancy and maternal outcomes. This paper aims to analyse gaps in structural (migration-related inequalities) and cultural (responsiveness to ethno-cultural practices) competencies among maternal health practitioners in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ).Design/methodology/approachUsing a semi-structured interview guide, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 maternal health practitioners in NZ. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis framework.FindingsThe results highlight significant barriers around language and communication, cultural stereotyping by professionals, ethnic women’s own constraints around family and cultural expectations and their lack of knowledge about reproductive health. In addition, practitioners’ own ethnic differences are inseparable from their approach to structural and cultural competencies; there were instances of ‘over-’ or ‘under-’ reading of culture, practitioner constructions of ideal pregnancies and anti-racism concerns that shaped maternal care practices that were sensitive to, but also marginalised, ethnic migrant women who attended maternity services.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the only study in NZ that examines the impact of complex dynamics of migration and culture on knowledge, beliefs and values of practitioners, in context of their own personal biographies. Identifying strategies to improve the way diversity is practiced in hospital settings can be transformational in improving maternal outcomes for ethnic migrant women in NZ.

Enterprise and Entrepreneurship Education: Exploring a new Dynamic Model to Integrate Sustainability within Curricula

This paper recognises sustainability’s role as a core competence of all entrepreneurs and reviews and discusses the drivers for and challenges of integrating ‘Education for Sustainable Development’ (ESD) within entrepreneurship curricula. The authors have contributed to this literature and have discussed at length the development of the field from both academic and practitioner perspectives. The paper includes reference to policy initiatives promoting the integration of ESD within Higher Education, and the competencies that all graduates are expected to achieve, and discusses the challenges faced by HE providers and Enterprise Educators in particular. Building on the contributions of Moon (2022) and Moon et al. (2022) the authors posit that a new dynamic model based on Passion for the subject, Pride in the university, Personal contribution, and Performance impact, is a novel approach for recognising some of the challenges faced but also the cross-cutting and transdisciplinary benefits of a renewed focus on Impact – using the UN Sustainable Development Goals as a framework – and building on identity as a foundation.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia: A qualitative interview study exploring disease impact from patient and practitioner perspectives

PurposeImprovements in chronic myeloid leukaemia treatment mean it is now relevant to examine the experiences of living with this cancer over a lifetime. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the impact of chronic myeloid leukaemia, from patient and healthcare practitioner perspectives. MethodsThe research was set within the UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network; a population-based cohort of patients newly diagnosed with blood cancer, treated at one of fourteen hospitals. Purposive sampling led to interviews with seventeen patients and thirteen health care practitioners. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. ResultsTwo analytical themes, “Significant impact of disease and treatment” and “Mediators of the impact of disease and treatment”, and six sub-themes, were derived from patient interviews and supported with data from practitioners. Chronic myeloid leukaemia was described by patients as having significant widespread impact, which could be mediated by their knowledge, social support, and the quality of healthcare systems. Practitioners reflected patient accounts, but could underestimate the impact of this cancer. They generally viewed chronic myeloid leukaemia as less complex, severe and impactful than acute blood cancers; a message that reassured patients at diagnosis, but could later unintentionally contribute to difficulties discussing side effects and struggles to cope. ConclusionChronic myeloid leukaemia may significantly impact individuals, particularly as it is experienced over the lifetime. Greater understanding and discussion of the breadth and extent to which patients are affected, including potential mediators, could enhance clinical care.

19 General practitioners’ perspectives on advance care planning: a qualitative study

Abstract Background An Advance Care Plan (ACP) outlines patient preferences for future treatment for a time when capacity is lacking. With our ageing population and rising dementia prevalence, ACPs are of increasing relevance and importance; however, very few are created each year. This study aims to explore General Practitioner (GP) perspectives on ideal timing, facilitators, and barriers to ACPs. Methods To date, ten GPs with a range of clinical experience have been purposely sampled from the Irish College of General Practitioners database. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by phone, video call, or in person, concurrently recorded, and subsequently transcribed. The Braun and Clarke method of thematic analysis was utilised, and coding was performed using NVivo software. Results All GPs spoke to the importance of ACPs for care of those with dementia and believed GPs are ideally placed to have these discussions. Two themes arose regarding timing of discussion: (1) routine proactive discussion prior to potential cognitive issues arising and (2) discussion within a few appointments of diagnosis. Identified barriers to ACP include: (1) lack of patient awareness of ACPs, (2) lack of GP education on ACPs, (3) difficulty predicting disease progression, (4) poor family dynamics, (5) short appointment times, and (6) lack of remuneration. Identified facilitators include: (1) patient’s acceptance of death and understanding of diagnosis, (2) use of an established template to guide discussion, (3) presence of a trusted family member, (4) long appointment times and (5) remuneration. Conclusion There was universal agreement on the importance of ACPs. Inclusion of ACP teaching in the curriculum for undergraduate medical education and postgraduate GP training should be strongly considered. There is need for heightened public awareness of the Assisted Decision-Making Act and ACPs. Further qualitative and quantitative research is needed to explore this issue nationally and identify how it has been resolved internationally.

“Setting Down Roots”—Developing Formerly Incarcerated Student Programs Through Advocacy and Network Building

ABSTRACT This study examines formerly incarcerated student programming from practitioner perspectives at California community colleges. The following research questions guide the study: 1) How has the pandemic and concurrent sociopolitical contexts influence the way staff, faculty, and administrators approach their work? 2) How do practitioners describe their experiences supporting formerly incarcerated students? 3) How are challenges and opportunities toward sustaining their programs described? I used a basic qualitative approach to collect interview data with 15 staff, faculty, and administrators. Once data were transcribed, I engaged in open and axial coding to capture participants’ words, which developed into categories and emergent themes. Faculty and staff expressed profound care for students and their programs and acted on this care by challenging deficit-perspectives and advocating for students’ needs. Despite many programs’ funding concerns, participants shared how they gain support for currently and formerly incarcerated students by developing webs of support toward a more inclusive campus environment. Findings reveal how practitioners respond to and meet students’ personal and academic needs by allocating and sharing relevant resources like housing support and advising services. Staff often assume a case management role for students and advocate for their programs’ needs such as funding and physical meeting spaces. Findings affirm the need for colleges to expand their support for formerly incarcerated students and develop intentional spaces toward empowerment and desistance.

Bitcoin market networks and cyberattacks

This paper assesses the interconnectedness across Bitcoin trading platforms leading to and in the aftermath of large-scale cyberattacks using a network topology and daily data over the period 1 January 2015–31 May 2019. We find significant volatility spillovers, especially when the frequency and the magnitude of cyberattacks rise. While this suggests the presence of informational inefficiencies, these are not uniformly distributed, as the observed heterogeneity in volatility spillovers depends on the size of the cyberattack. Moreover, cyberattacks appear to change the network structure of Bitcoin trading platforms. Specifically, while the Bitcoin in U.S. dollar platform remains systemically important, the Bitcoin trading platforms of the Yen and Australian dollar have become more relevant in recent times. From a practitioner and market professional perspective, our results suggest that an informed investment strategy can exploit such volatility spillovers to generate abnormal returns. From a policy point of view, the easing of Bitcoin regulation in Asia seems to be linked with the increasingly prominent importance of the trading platforms of the Yen and Australian dollar.

The applicability of Islamic crowdfunding as an alternative funding for micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse potential models of Islamic crowdfunding as an alternative financing option for micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. While crowdfunding has gained traction as an alternative funding source for businesses, it is unclear how far this concept can benefit a group of micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a qualitative research approach by using data collected through semi-structured interviews with several experts and practitioners in crowdfunding, Shariah and entrepreneurship. Prior to discussing the facets of the findings, the data were analysed based on a thematic approach.FindingsThe findings reveal that while previous works of related literature suggest crowdfunding as a viable alternative financing option for entrepreneurs and their businesses, in reality, its practical implementation presents challenges. Numerous micro-entrepreneurs need more training in the areas of management and marketing. Such concerns raise questions about their ability to attract potential project backers. With the proper selection of Shariah contracts and several approaches to risk management, Islamic crowdfunding can potentially become an alternative funding source for microbusinesses.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the exploratory nature of this study regarding the applicability of Islamic crowdfunding as an alternative fund for micro-entrepreneurs, its findings may not fully encompass Malaysia’s context because of the limited number of participants involved.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study offer guidelines on how to implement Islamic crowdfunding for micro-entrepreneurs. Consequently, Islamic crowdfunding has the potential to alleviate the government’s burden of providing funds for micro-enterprises and enhance their skills and mentality to be more independent, creative and able to promote their products.Social implicationsWhile Islamic crowdfunding can be an alternative opportunity for business enterprises and community-based projects, it promotes the spirit of cooperation and collaboration within society.Originality/valueAlthough Islamic crowdfunding is a topic that has been discussed previously, empirical investigations in this area remain scarce, mainly through qualitative approaches. Distinguishing from prior literature, this study analyses several potential models of Islamic crowdfunding from the perspectives of experts, practitioners and related agencies for micro-entrepreneurs. Moreover, this study bridges insights from related literature so that they offer practical applications to support micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia.