Practitioners In China Research Articles

The structural relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior in university faculty in China: the mediating effect of organizational commitment

The present study focuses on the relationship between university faculty members’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), affective organizational commitment, and organizational justice. OCB can be simply defined as extra-role behavior not prescribed in formal organizational rules or job descriptions that promotes organizational effectiveness. This study examined two dimensions of OCB at a university: OCB toward the organization and OCB toward individuals. Data were collected through a questionnaire returned by 257 university faculty members from one major university in Shandong Province, China. The results show a positive association in all three types of organizational justice: distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Affective organizational commitment is the most influential predictor for university faculty members’ OCB. Since human resources (HR) conditions at Chinese universities are relatively unknown, these findings and implications can give valuable insights for educational policy makers, university administrators, and HR-related practitioners in China.

Transforming a medical curriculum development into an education research

To the editor As family medicine educators and researchers in China, it was with a great anticipation we read the article of curriculum development framework by Jill Schneiderhan and Dobson.[1][1]...

Bridging the GP gap: nurse practitioners in China

Bridging the GP gap: nurse practitioners in China

Evaluation Tool for Traditional Chinese Medicine Students in China: A Competency Perspective

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important component of China’s medical system. How to educate TCM practitioners in China, therefore, has become a crucial issue. To contribute to this issue, the current research identified the competency model of TCM practitioners in China and developed an evaluation for TCM students. We combined Bloom’s taxonomy with our model construction to examine the current TCM practitioners’ requirements. Following the protocol of developing a measurement, we interviewed 20 TCM practitioners, conducted two rounds of surveys in China ( n = 220/ n = 489), ran exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and examined the correlation between the measurement and self-rated outcomes. The evaluation tool of TCM students consists of five factors: modern medical knowledge and skills, TCM medical knowledge and skills, professional ethics, communication and cooperation skills, and clinical practices. The reliability and validity of our evaluation tool were testified. Our work may contribute to TCM education in China.

Developing teacher agency and self-regulation in a professional training program: a case study in a rural and ethnic minority area of China

The research literature indicates that self-regulated learning can strengthen teacher agency in taking charge of their own learning and teaching, which is important when teachers encounter difficulties or challenges due to the requirements of educational and curriculum reform. This study explores how professional teacher development training activates rural teachers’ agency in transforming their practice and becoming self-regulated practitioners in China. Data were collected from two teacher mentors and seven primary school teachers, including classroom observation records, teachers’ narratives and reflections, and individual interviews. These participants’ self-regulated learning was found to develop through three phases: goal setting and assimilation; implementation of the teaching goal and the teaching methods being learned; and self-reflection. This process intertwined with and reciprocated other-regulated learning. The teachers’ agency shifted from initial resistance to adoption of the training, and then to innovation in practice, during which both their cognition and practices were transformed. Implications for teacher learning programs were also discussed.

Dentist-related factors influencing the use of vital pulp therapy: a survey among dental practitioners in China.

ObjectiveTo evaluate dentist-related factors associated with the use of vital pulp therapy (VPT) for the treatment of pulp exposures in permanent teeth.MethodsThis survey-based study sent an online questionnaire to collect data on the demographics of the respondents, the use of VPT and the choice of materials for VPT, to all members of the Society of Endodontology of Guangdong, China.ResultsA total 183 of 380 members responded (48.2%). The majority (89.6%; 164 of 183) had performed direct pulp capping (DPC) while 55.2% (101 of 183) had performed partial pulpotomy (PP) at least once. The most-cited reason for not performing VPT was unfamiliarity with the technique. Mineral trioxide aggregate was the most commonly used material for both DPC (67.1%; 110 of 164) and PP (73.3%; 74 of 101). Endodontists, compared with general practitioners, preferred to perform DPC and chose calcium silicate materials (CSMs) for VPT (odds ratios 5.81 and 8.07, respectively). DPC and CSMs for VPT were also favoured more by respondents who had practised for > 5 years. Senior respondents were more likely to use PP.ConclusionsSpeciality, years of practise and age of dentists influenced the decision making and the choice of materials for VPT. Continuing education is essential to promote the clinical use of VPT.

Relevance of big data to forensic accounting practice and education

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relevance of Big Data to forensic accounting practice and education by gathering opinions from a sample of academics and practitioners in China. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct a survey of academics and practitioners regarding the desired demand, importance and content of Big Data educational skills and topics for forensic accounting education to effectively respond to challenges and opportunities in the age of Big Data. Findings Results indicate that the demand for and interest in Big Data/data analytics and forensic accounting will continue to increase; Big Data/data analytics and forensic accounting should be integrated into the business curriculum; many of the suggested Big Data topics should be integrated into forensic accounting education; and some attributes and techniques of Big Data are important in improving forensic accounting education and practice. Research limitations/implications Readers should interpret the results with caution because of the sample size (95 academics and 103 practitioners) and responses obtained from academics and practitioners in one country (China) that may not be representative of the global population. Practical implications The results are useful in integrating Big Data topics into the forensic accounting curriculum and in redesigning the forensic accounting courses/programs. Social implications The results have implications for forensic accountants in effectively fulfilling their responsibilities to their profession and society by combating fraud. Originality/value This study provides educational, research and practical implications as Big Data and forensic accounting are advancing.

Training Pathways to Working as a General Practitioner in China

To achieve the goal of 300,000 general practitioners by 2020-an increase of 215,200 in a decade-China is utilizing multiple training pathways. To comprehensively illustrate general practitioner training strategies in China, this article introduces and describes these pathways. We used descriptive policy analysis. This involved taking an inventory of existing literature and source documents and developing a model to illustrate pathways for training general practice physicians. The rural doctor pathway represents rural clinicians who had only basic training and practiced multiple years prior to training reforms. The 3+2 pathway to assistant general practitioners requires 3 years of junior college and 2 years of clinical training. The transfer pathway for current physicians requires 1-2 years of training. The 5+3 pathway comprises 5 years of bachelor of science degree training in clinical medicine and 3 years of standardized residency training. Despite the development of advanced degree programs, their use remains limited. These pathways illustrate significant heterogeneity in training of general practitioners. Training ranges from a 2-year technical degree to a doctorate with research. Emphasis on the 5+3 track shows promise for China's goals of improved quality and new goal of 500,000 additional general practitioners by 2030.

Sustainability science revisited: Recent advances and new opportunities

During the past decade, sustainability science has rapidly developed into a globally well-recognized and important new science of the 21st century. However, sustainability science has not received much attention from scientists and practitioners in China where sustainable development and ecological civilization have been prominent themes. To promote the development of sustainability science in China, Wu, et al. (2014) published the first in-depth review on the subject in Chinese, entitled What is sustainability science? Here, we revisit the question, and discuss the relationship between sustainability science and sustainable development research, the scientific paradigm and the core research questions of sustainability science. Our review of the recent advances in this field reveals contrasting trends for the world versus China. On the one hand, the world is witnessing sustainability science maturing with global momentum to systematically advance sustainability research and education. On the other hand, China greatly lags behind developed countries and South Africa, albeit the great deal of new passion and desire for sustainable development. To promote the science and practice of sustainability in China, we propose a trinity strategy: 1) bringing in from the global community to guide Chinese practices in sustainable development; 2) reaching out to the global community to share Chinese wisdom of sustainable development; and 3) integrating traditional Chinese philosophy with western science to lead the development of sustainability science.

Number, distribution, and predicted needed number of general practitioners in China*

Objective We aimed to investigate the number and distribution of general practitioners (GPs) in China, and to predict the number of GPs needed in the future. Methods From China Health Statistics Yearbook 2014, China Health Statistics Yearbook 2016 and China Statistical Yearbook 2016, we obtained the number of GPs and the populations in China and each of its regions from 2012 to 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistical analysis. Grey model GM(1, 1) and the manpower-to-population ratio method were used to predict the number of GPs needed in China from 2016 to 2020. Results The total number of GPs in China was 109,794 in 2012, 145,511 in 2013, 172,597 in 2014, and 188,649 in 2015. The number increased by 78,855 from 2012 to 2015, and the average annual growth rate was 19.77%. By the end of 2015, of the GPs in all of China and in eastern, central, and western China, those who had achieved a GP qualification certificate following training accounted for 63.76% (120,285/188,649), 60.06% (62,474/104,015), 65.20% (29,565/45,344), and 71.89% (28,246/39,290), respectively, of the total. The number of GPs per 10,000 population in all of China and in eastern, central, and western China was 1.37, 1.83, 1.05, and 1.06, respectively, and the number of GPs needed for all of China and the eastern, central, and western parts would be 86,275, 9787, 40,764, and 34,976, respectively, calculated on the basis of the standard of two GPs per 10,000 population. Grey model GM(1, 1) predicted that, in accordance with the natural growth trend of GPs, the number of GPs in China would be 220,314 in 2016, 253,728 in 2017, 293,101 in 2018, 339,928 in 2019, and 396,228 in 2020. Moreover, the number of GPs in China in 2020 would be 277,000–415,500 if the calculated number of GPs to the population ratio is based on the standard of two to three GPs per 10,000 population. Conclusion In recent years, although the number of GPs has increased rapidly, GPs are still greatly needed in all of China and in eastern, central, and western China. Moreover, the distribution of GPs is not balanced, and the number of qualified GPs is far from enough. Therefore, team building for GPs should be strengthened, and the training system for GPs should be improved. Significance statement Analysis of the number and distribution of general practitioners in China from 2012 to 2015 based on China Health Statistics Yearbook 2014, China Health Statistics Yearbook 2016 and China Statistical Yearbook 2016. Grey model and manpower-to-population ratio approach to predict future demand of general practitioners in China from 2016 to 2020.

Legal reflections on the evolving role of general practitioners in China's primary care: an assessment of regulatory strategies.

AimTo assess the regulation of the Chinese healthcare system in assisting a nationwide implementation of general practitioner (GP) services. BACKGROUND: Along with the perennial problems of unaffordable and inequitable healthcare, a rapidly ageing population and the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases pose challenges to the Chinese healthcare system. Recognising these challenges and to satisfy people's demands for more and better healthcare, China has initiated a plan, named 'Healthy China 2030', based on the findings from a two-year joint study by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank Group (WBG) in collaboration with Chinese agencies. The Chinese healthcare plan, officially approved in 2016, is an attempt to use the people-centred, integrated care (PCIC) model recommended by the WHO and WBG to shape the Chinese healthcare system. In accordance with PCIC, China began the implementation of gatekeeping primary care by introducing GP services to local communities. METHODS: A comparative analysis was employed to point out the importance of introducing GP services. A systematic assessment was carried out to evaluate the regulatory sector of the Chinese healthcare system, including a critical review of related legal norms and a theoretical exploration of external impediments (eg, cultural attitudes, government capacity and interest groups).FindingsResults demonstrate that the current regulatory sector of the Chinese healthcare system needs to be improved in order to assist the nationwide implementation of GP services and to strengthen its gatekeeping role. Major deficiencies include the problematic relationship between legal norms and health policies, the lack of effective and consistent new legislation, the low rate of social acceptance, and lack of support from agencies. To address those challenges, this paper recommends that preliminary efforts be devoted, in part, to two changes in the legal structure: enacting a specific law, and creating an independent regulatory oversight body.

Comparing Knowledge, Accessibility, and Use of Evidence-Based Chronic Disease Prevention Processes Across Four Countries.

Background: Evidence-based chronic disease prevention (EBCDP) effectively reduces incidence rates of many chronic diseases, but contextual factors influence the implementation of EBCDP worldwide. This study aims to examine the following contextual factors across four countries: knowledge, access, and use of chronic disease prevention processes.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, public health practitioners (N = 400) from Australia (n = 121), Brazil (n = 76), China (n = 102), and the United States (n = 101) completed a 26-question survey on EBCDP. One-way ANOVA and Pearson's Chi-Square tests were used to assess differences in contextual factors of interest by country.Results: Practitioners in China reported less knowledge of EBCDP processes (p < 0.001) and less use of repositories of evidence-based interventions, than those from other countries (p < 0.001). Academic journals were the most frequently used method for accessing information about evidence-based interventions across countries. When selecting interventions, Brazilian and Chinese practitioners were more likely to consider implementation ease while the Australian and United States practitioners were more likely to consider effectiveness (p < 0.001).Conclusions: These findings can help inform and improve within and across country strategies for implementing EBCDP interventions.

Dental care utilization of immigrants in Chengdu, China

This study considered Chengdu, Sichuan, China as an example to investigate the dental service utilization by foreigners and its influencing factors. Results of the study can be referred by dental practitioners to explore international development of dental services and can be provided for health policy makers to formulate oral health policies for immigrants. A simple random sampling method with a questionnaire was designed based on Anderson's health utilization model and "Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults" by the World Health Organization. Oral health condition, consciousness, and demographic data were collected. Binary Logistic regression and stratified analysis with SPSS 20.0 were performed. A total of 654 immigrants repre-senting 75 countries participated in the study. Among all participants, 102 (15.6%) experienced dental problems while in residence in China but paid no visit to dentists. Female immigrants, who spent considerable time living in Chengdu, experienced oral problems in a year, used dental floss, and reported family members in Chengdu, were more likely to visit Chinese dentists. Participants who lived in Chengdu for at least 10.5 months were the threshold distinguishing differences in dental visits in the country. The policymakers in Chengdu should consider creating a convenient and conducive dental care environment for immigrants. Additional information related to urgent oral and routine care should be provided to short- and long-term living immigrants in China. Dental practitioners in China should also contemplate on collaborating with foreign dental insurance companies to ensure better dental care access for immigrant patients.

Research progress of nursing interventions for postintensive care syndrome

There were 30%-60% of patients undergoing postintensive care syndrome (PICS) after hospitalized stay in intensive care unit (ICU) , which seriously affected their qualities of life. The article aimed to review the current research status of physical and psychological nursing care approaches for PICS both in China and abroad, consider and prospect existing deficiencies, and provide academic suggestions for the establishment of physical and psychological care strategies to healthcare practitioners in China. Key words: Review; Rehabilitation; Postintensive care syndrome

Fissures between Human Rights Advocates and NGO Practitioners in China's Civil Society: A Case Study of the Equal Education Campaign, 2009–2013

AbstractThis article uses a case study to analyse the fissures between human rights advocates and NGO practitioners. Since 2009, the Open Constitution Initiative, an organization run by human rights advocates, has been campaigning for migrant children's right to attend local schools. While fragmented resistance on the same issue has long existed in activities organized by migrant community NGOs, there has been almost no cooperation between the two parties during the campaign. Based on ethnographic research, I elaborate on how these two groups of activists differ in their strategies and goals, and how their choices are related to their understanding of political struggle and political transformation. I contend that this case provides a new lens through which to view the recent decline in some human rights activism in China, and illustrates the importance of investigating the internal structure of civil society.

Paid, Earned, Shared and Owned Media From the Perspective of Advertising and Public Relations Agencies: Comparing China and the United States

ABSTRACTDespite the existence of the “great firewall,” advertising and public relations practitioners in China, much like in the United States, are embracing and enacting social media and digital strategies on behalf of their clients. In this study, we conducted 42 in-depth interviews with advertising and public relations practitioners in the United States and mainland China to explore how emerging media and integrated marketing communication (IMC) are impacting advertising and public relations agencies in the two countries. This cross-cultural comparison revealed several critical insights, which were examined through the lenses of IMC and dimensions of culture. We found that emerging media lead to converging trends in various aspects of agency performance. The blurring of paid, earned, shared, and owned media (PESO) was evidentially observed in how executives of both countries defined and used media. Chinese agencies were media agnostic, concerned more with effectiveness of media practices. The U.S. agencies embraced collaboration and information technology better compared to their Chinese peers. This research contributes to the body of knowledge in strategic communication via providing empirical evidence of how Chinese and U.S. agencies coordinate IMC and perceive PESO media relative and in response to emerging media practices.

The Present Situation and Countermeasure of Ad Hoc Post General Practitioners in China

Objective: To find out the existing problems and to put forward the corresponding suggestions through understanding the special training status of general practitioners in the special posts in four provinces of China. Methods: According to the general practitioners’ ad hoc post planning information collection system designed by the National Planning Commission of the Ministry, our team collected data about the general practitioners of four provinces for a long time. Then the data were qualitatively described. Result: The existing problems were the difficulty of losing and recruiting the talents. The implementation of “county management of townships and townships” had not been implemented yet, the remuneration level significantly fell below the expected income and the after-service roadmap was not clear. Conclusion: In order to promote the development of general practitioner posts, it is necessary to improve the remuneration of grassroots health workers, considering the problems of county administration and rural development within the framework of talent integration, actively promoting the localization of talents and improving the training pertinence.

Trilingual education for ethnic minority groups in China with special reference to trilingual CLIL education in Europe: an Exploratory Study

AbstractChina has long been a multiethnic and multilingual country, and the language of instruction at schools has always been of significance among all the issues concerning education for ethnic minorities. Members of each ethnic minority have to learn their minority language to maintain their culture identity, to learn the national language, Chinese, to set into the mainstream modern society and also to learn English to compete on the international stage. During last decades, the issue of trilingual education for ethnic minorities has gradually attracted the attention of policy-makers, researchers, and practitioners in China. Meanwhile, many issues and problems come along with the current implementation of trilingual education. It is suggested that it would be beneficial to find implications and solutions through the analysis of experienced and successful trilingual education system. Thus, this article aims at taking a case study of Uyghur minority trilingual education, analysing its issues and problems and generating the corresponding implications with reference to the successful minority trilingual education featured with the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) approach in the European Union.RésuméLa Chine est depuis longtemps un pays multiethnique et multilingue, et la langue d’enseignement dans les écoles a toujours été significative parmi toutes les questions concernant l’éducation pour les minorités ethniques. Les membres de chaque minorité ethnique doivent apprendre leur langue minoritaire pour maintenir leur identité culturelle, apprendre la langue nationale, le chinois, s’installer dans la société moderne et aussi apprendre l’anglais pour participer à la scène internationale. Au cours des dernières décennies, la question de l’éducation trilingue pour les minorités ethniques a progressivement attiré l’attention des décideurs, des chercheurs et des praticiens en Chine. Pendant ce temps, de nombreux problèmes se présentent avec la mise en œuvre actuelle de l’éducation trilingue. Il est suggéré qu’il serait bénéfique de trouver des implications et des solutions grâce à l’analyse d’un système d’éducation trilingue expérimenté et réussi. Ainsi, cet article vise à faire une étude de cas de l’éducation trilingue minoritaire Ouïghour, à analyser ses problèmes et à générer les implications correspondantes en référence à l’éducation trilingue minoritaire réussie présentée dans l’approche Apprentissage intégré du contenu et du langage (CLIL) dans l’Union européenne.

Guideline use behaviours and needs of primary care practitioners in China: a cross-sectional survey

ObjectivesClinical guidelines have been recognised as an effective way to improve healthcare performance. However, little is known about the uptake and implementation of guidelines by general practitioners in China. The...

Distribution and equity trends for general practitioners in China from 2012 to 2015

Objective This study aimed to identify the distribution and equity trends for general practitioners (GPs) in China from 2012 to 2015 and to provide evidence to guide the discipline’s development of general practice and for policy-making. Methods On the basis of data from the National Health Statistics yearbooks, the distribution and equity trends for GPs from 2012 to 2015 were analyzed with the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient as indictors of health equity. Results From 2012 to 2015 the number of GPs increased at rates ranging from 9.3% to 32.5%, while the number of registered GPs increased at rates ranging from 32.6% to 37.2%. In 2015 the average number of GPs was 1.38 per 10,000 people (among the 31 provinces the highest rate was 3.90 per 10,000 people in Zhejiang and the lowest rate was 0.50 per 10,000 people in Xizang) and 1.98 per 100 km2 (among 31 provinces the highest rate was 89.23 per 100 km2 in Shanghai and the lowest rate was 0.01 per 100 km2 in Xizang). From 2012 to 2015 the Gini coefficients weighted by population were 0.31, 0.29, 0.26, and 0.25 respectively, while the Gini coefficients weighted by geographical area were 0.74, 0.72, 0.72, and 0.72 respectively. Conclusion The number of GPs increased rapidly in China; however, the proportion of registered GPs was unsatisfactory, and there were inequities among the different provinces. The government should launch integrated strategies to encourage GP trainees to become registered GPs and optimize the distribution and equity of GPs.