Public Procurement Practices Research Articles

Criteria and Sustainability Practices in Public Procurement: An Analysis From the Perspective of UNB'S Procurement Agentes

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the adoption of sustainability criteria and practices in public contracting processes at University of Brasília (UnB) based on the perception of purchasing agents. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework consists in relevant research on the topic and recent studies applied to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), highlighting main findings, identified barriers and proposed solutions. Method: Adopted documentary research and questionnaires. The data obtained through the application of the aforementioned instruments were transferred to an electronic spreadsheet and analyzed using descriptive methods. Results and Discussion: Show a complex scenario, where the majority of UnB's purchasing agents have advanced training and seek information about sustainability, but there are still significant gaps in the knowledge and application of the institution's environmental policies. The perception about sustainability at UnB is divided, reflecting the need for greater communication, training and strategic alignment to promote more sustainable organizational culture. Research Implications: This research deals with a relevant and current topic in the context of public administration, by demonstrating the practices adopted and potential for improvements. Originality/Value: This study contributes to literature by delving deeper into a new topic, which consequently requires further studies and analyzes for advances in the technical and scientific field, since the results identified through evidence and findings can add gains for Public Administration.

Hiding when you're not green: An empirical analysis on green public procurement

IMPACT This article highlights the significant influence of respondent bias on green public procurement (GPP) practices. After surveying the largest contracting authorities in the Czech and Slovak Republics, the authors found that non-respondents to GPP surveys typically adopt fewer green practices. This finding underscores the need for improved monitoring and institutional pressure to enhance GPP implementation. The article presents actionable insights for increasing GPP uptake which will be valuable for practitioners in public procurement, sustainability management and policy development. The authors advocate for tailored control and incentive mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of organizational performance monitoring. This article is particularly relevant for professionals in countries with developing GPP frameworks or those operating within imperfect institutional environments. By addressing these biases and enhancing monitoring, practitioners will be able to drive more effective and sustainable procurement practices.

Public Procurement Practices for Cereal Products in Polish Educational Institutions: Analysis and Implications for Nutrition Policy.

Public procurement of food is crucial for ensuring proper nutrition and the provision of high-quality products in public institutions like schools and kindergartens. It should be seen as an investment in health promotion, particularly for young children. Notably, when no quality criteria are specified, the cheapest and often lowest-quality products are typically selected. This study analyzed 1126 public procurement orders processed by schools and kindergartens in Poland between November 2022 and March 2023, with a focus on cereal products and their derivatives. Of these orders, 197 met the inclusion criteria, yielding a total of 5084 cereal products for detailed analysis. The study assessed the quantities ordered and the quality characteristics specified in the procurement documents. The results revealed that the most commonly described criteria pertained to product composition, especially typical characteristics and the absence of additives. Sensorial characteristics such as consistency and color were also frequently specified, while sustainable public procurement criteria were mentioned the least, indicating their marginal importance in current procurement practices. This underscores the critical importance of establishing minimum standards for describing cereal products in terms of sensorial characteristics, composition, and sustainability. Such standards are essential for improving the quality of grain products supplied to public institutions and ensuring that these institutions actively contribute to promoting healthy eating habits among children.

Environmental Sustainability in Public Procurement Processes: A Study Guided by The Paradigms of The New Law on Tenders and Contracts

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the incorporation of environmental sustainability criteria in public procurement processes, aiming to assess the impact of these criteria on the effectiveness of procurements under the New Public Procurement and Contracting Law. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on concepts of environmental sustainability and sustainable public procurement. Theories of sustainable development and principles of sustainability in public administration are highlighted, providing a solid foundation for the analysis. Method: The methodology adopted for this research includes a qualitative approach, using the deductive method. Data collection was conducted through a critical analysis of bibliographic materials indexed on platforms evaluated by Capes, as well as legislative documents and relevant doctrines on the subject. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the New Public Procurement and Contracting Law presents significant advances in integrating sustainability into public procurement processes through the explicit inclusion of environmental sustainability criteria. However, the effective implementation of these criteria faces important challenges, mainly related to the training of public agents and the adaptation of existing structures to new demands. The discussion contextualizes these results in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the identified implications and relationships. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of public procurement. These implications encompass areas such as public policies, professional training, and sustainable development. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the relevance of the New Public Procurement and Contracting Law in promoting sustainable practices in public procurement. The originality of the research lies in the critical analysis of the challenges and advances provided by the new legislation, highlighting its potential impact on sustainable development.

Challenges of sustainable public procurement in Chinese higher education institutions: a Delphi study

PurposeThe importance of sustainable public procurement is growing in many countries and industries, including higher education institutions (HEIs) in China. However, in China, the practice of sustainable public procurement is currently limited due to various reasons. This study aims to identify the main challenges faced by Chinese HEIs when it comes to sustainable public procurement. The identification of the challenges encountered by HEIs in sustainable public procurement practices not only has practical significance in terms of improving efficiency, sustainability, competitiveness and guiding policymaking but also has theoretical significance in terms of enriching the knowledge body, facilitating the dissemination of sustainability and supporting international comparative research. To identify these challenges, the study gathered data from a small sample of procurement supervisors, experts and commissioners in HEIs using the Delphi method. The study concludes that Chinese HEIs can address the challenges of sustainable public procurement through measures such as fundraising, technology and equipment upgrading, supply chain optimization, regulatory compliance and raising awareness and providing training.Design/methodology/approachTo pinpoint the challenges of sustainable public procurement faced by HEIs in China, this study began by obtaining data from a small sample of procurement supervisors, experts and commissioners in HEIs who are knowledgeable about the issue through the Delphi method. Secondly, the collected challenge factors were also subjected to a literature review to identify the most common challenges in recent papers published around the world. Thus, it was possible to assess the relationship between the challenges mentioned by researchers in China and other countries.FindingsThe main challenges faced by HEIs in China in implementing sustainable public procurement are the focus on economic efficiency, the experience and awareness of procurement staff, policy ambiguity as well as culture, management mechanisms and leadership attitudes in the organizations. The study concludes that Chinese HEIs can effectively overcome the challenges of implementing sustainable public procurement through a variety of measures, including fundraising, technology and equipment upgrading, supply chain optimization, regulatory compliance and awareness raising and training.Research limitations/implicationsSome limitations should be considered in this study. Judging by the sample size, it is clear that the results of the study are limited. Although the number of experts involved in the study is required, caution should be exercised when generalizing the results, as this may not be representative of the entire population. In future studies, the use of a larger sample size could be considered to overcome this problem. Related to this limitation is the uneven geographical distribution of the sample, and this study only considered the situation of HEIs in Jiangsu Province, China, which is not representative of the national region.Practical implicationsThe practical significance can be seen in two aspects. First, accurately identifying challenges can help HEIs optimize the implementation of their sustainable purchasing policies, leading to more efficient resource allocation and reduced unnecessary resource consumption. Second, by addressing these challenges, HEIs can better fulfill their social role in sustainable development, contributing to the triple bottom line of the economy, environment and society. Implementing sustainable procurement strategies not only enhances the social image of HEIs but also attracts a broader student base and financial support, ultimately improving their competitive position in the education market. A deeper understanding of these challenges provides policymakers with a basis to develop a more operational and targeted policy framework to support sustainable procurement in HEIs.Social implicationsThis study succeeded in answering two research questions that provide practical implications for public procurement practitioners, researchers and policymakers. Although HEIs in China do not practice sustainable public procurement at a high rate, however, with the spread of sustainability and environmental awareness, more and more HEIs are beginning to realize the importance of sustainability and are gradually taking it into account in their procurement.Originality/valueThe findings of the study not only significantly enrich the existing body of knowledge on sustainable public procurement, but also support the selection of challenge variables that must be addressed first to facilitate the application of sustainable procurement in China’s HEIs.

The predicting role of sustainable supplier selection on lead-time performance in public procurement: relational capability as a moderator

PurposeWith increasing concerns regarding the performance of public procurement, especially concerning timely delivery, this study aims to investigate the predictive role of sustainable supplier selection (SSS) in enhancing lead-time performance in public procurement, while also examining the moderating effect of relational capability.Design/methodology/approachThe study collected primary data from 179 accredited public organizations in Tanzania through structured questionnaires and used partial least squares structural equation modeling for data analysis.FindingsThe results reveal that SSS and relational capability influence lead-time performance in public procurement. Regarding the moderating effect of relational capability, the study establishes that relational capability strengthens the influence of SSS on lead-time performance. Therefore, based on the collected data from surveyed public organizations, relational capability positively moderates the relationship between SSS and lead-time performance in public procurement.Social implicationsThe study offer valuable implications for public procurement practitioners, academics and other stakeholders. Public organizations should consider contemplate integrating sustainability aspects into supplier selection processes. Furthermore, the study contributes to advancing efforts toward achieving sustainable development goals (i.e. SDG12) within Tanzania, particularly by advocating for sustainable public procurement practices aligned with national policies and priorities.Originality/valueThis study not only enhances the understanding of public procurement performance by investigating lead-time improvement, incorporating considerations of SSS and relational capability, but it also offers empirical evidence of the moderating role of relational capability within the unexplored Tanzanian context.

Javna nabava inženjerskih konzultantskih usluga

The process of public procurement of services and goods and the assignment of construction and/or execution of works in the Republic of Croatia is permanently accompanied by complaints from both public contracting authorities and economic operators. Contracting authorities understand the result of the public procurement process by coercion, and bidders too often challenge the result of public procurement by appeals through which they seek the protection of their rights, which, according to them, are violated in the public procurement process. Occasionally, voices from both positions can be heard saying that the application of the Public Procurement Act produces results that generate further misunderstandings about the assessment of the quality of the existing Act. Particularly drastic indicators are expressed by the processes of public procurement of engineering consulting services, where the application of the principle of the most economically advantageous tender is distorted to the point of absurdity, which, as a result, directly or indirectly, causes societal damage. This paper explores and analyses current legislation, confronts the provisions of individual laws that create the space for performing engineering consulting services, and analyses the practice of public procurement on illustrative examples. Proposals for possible improvement of both the legislation and the behaviour of public procurement participants in everyday practice are also presented.

The Role of the Principal-Agent-Client Model in Understanding Corruption in the Public Procurement Sector in Malaysia

Corrupt practices in public procurement in Malaysia are explained in this paper using a principal-agent model. The government leaders, who are typically politicians, ministers, or their relatives, are referred to as the" principal" while the officials who carry out their duties are referred to as "agents". The actors in the model who constitute the third party — the other actor in the cycle of corruption — include clients, customers, and the public at large. The principal-agent-client framework was applied to 18 selected corruption cases in Malaysia to describe and analyse the actors involved in the transgressions and illegal acts in these cases. The cases were investigated by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) from 2014 to 2019, charged and found guilty by the courts in Malaysia. The findings show that all the actors in the role of agent were public officials, while the actors in the role of client were from the private sector, and the actors in the role of principal were high-ranking government officials, their relatives, and politicians.

Современные проблемы организации и управления закупочной деятельностью в системе здравоохранения и пути их решения.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of key problems and challenges in the field of public procurement for healthcare institutions. T h e r e l e v a n c e of the work is determined by the critical importance of ensuring the quality and safety of medical products, as well as the need to optimize procurement processes in the face of limited budgets. The research subject is the issues of public procurement activities in healthcare institutions with a focus on process optimization, legal and economic aspects, and the application of modern technologies within an interdisciplinary approach. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the most acute problems in the field of healthcare procurement and develop proposals for their solutions. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . The research includes a comprehensive analysis of literary sources, generalizations of practical experience and expert assessments. Methods of comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of the obtained data are used to identify key problems and challenges. The research r e s u l t s indicate a number of problems in the procurement sphere, including: the risk of acquiring counterfeit or substandard medical products, the need to improve the qualifications of procurement specialists, and difficulties in developing detailed technical specifications. Measures to improve the situation are proposed, including the development of detailed technical specifications in collaboration with medical experts, training of specialists, and strengthening quality control of products. The c o n c l u s i o n s of the study highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to solving procurement issues in healthcare, including improving the qualifications of specialists, strengthening interdepartmental cooperation, and implementing innovative technologies. The research results can be applied to improve the legislative framework and practice of conducting public procurement in the healthcare sector. T h e s c o p e o f t h e r e s u l t s . The results of the work can be used to improve the practice of public procurement in the healthcare system at the level of public medical institutions, and also provide a basis for further scientific work in this field.

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN BULGARIA: DO WE GET VALUE FOR THE TAXPAYER’S MONEY?

The article provides insights of the public procurement practices in Bulgaria within the European Union context. Through an examination of key indicators, trends, and challenges, the study offers a general understanding on how public procurement generates value for the taxpayers’ money with focus on competition. While Bulgaria demonstrates a strong commitment to transparency, challenges persist on national level, aligned with the overall regional trends. The prevalence of single bidding in certain sectors and negotiated procedures without open competition highlights key areas for improvement. Policymakers and stakeholders could enhance competitiveness and fairness in procurement practices, ultimately driving better outcomes for citizens and promoting sustainable development by prioritization targeted interventions and leveraging the available data.

CIRCULAR APPROACHES: THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

The future of public procurement is increasingly interconnected with the principles of circular economy as governments face pressing ecological, economic, and social challenges that deplete their financial resources. The adoption of circular public procurement practices represents a significant shift towards sustainability and offers significant benefits to government contractors, businesses, and citizens alike. This approach drives innovation and creates added value as it focuses on extending product lifecycles, reducing waste, and promoting resource efficiency throughout supply chains. If public entities prioritize circularity in their purchasing, they could enhance trust and reputation through the creation of a sustainable and resilient procurement ecosystem. This paper explores the concept of circular public procurement and how it could be implemented by public entities to advance sustainable development goals and ensure long-term socio-environmental benefits.

Overview and Lifecycle Management of Generic Pharmaceutical Drugs in Mexico, Guatemala and Brazil

Objective: The generic pharmaceutical markets in Mexico, Guatemala, and Brazil are influenced by distinct regulatory frameworks, production and distribution dynamics, and marketing strategies, which shape lifecycle management. Regulatory policies, market competition, and healthcare initiatives impact accessibility, affordability, and quality, presenting both challenges and opportunities for enhancement in these areas. Summary: This thesis offers an in-depth examination of lifecycle management strategies in the generic pharmaceutical markets of Mexico, Guatemala, and Brazil. Generic drugs are crucial for increasing access to affordable healthcare, especially in emerging economies. Through comparative analysis, this research explores the regulatory frameworks, market dynamics, and key challenges in the development, approval, marketing, and post-marketing surveillance of generic drugs in these three Latin American countries. The study starts with an overview of the regulatory landscape for generic pharmaceuticals in Mexico, Guatemala, and Brazil, highlighting similarities and differences in registration requirements, approval processes, and post-approval obligations. It investigates the roles of regulatory agencies like COFEPRIS, DIGEMID, and ANVISA in ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of generic drugs throughout their lifecycle. Additionally, the research delves into the strategies used by pharmaceutical companies for lifecycle management of generic drugs, including variations, biowaivers, and labeling changes. Real-world case studies illustrate post-approval changes and their regulatory implications in each country, providing insights into the complexities of managing generic drug portfolios in different regulatory environments. The thesis also examines the market dynamics affecting the availability, pricing, and accessibility of generic drugs in Mexico, Guatemala, and Brazil. Factors such as patent expirations, competition, healthcare policies, and public procurement practices are analysed to understand their impact on market entry, competition, and the affordability of generic drugs. Furthermore, the study addresses the challenges and opportunities in pharmacovigilance and post-marketing surveillance of generic drugs, emphasizing the need for robust systems to detect and manage adverse drug reactions and ensure patient safety. Conclusion: The key findings highlight regulatory frameworks, market dynamics, and lifecycle management strategies in the generic pharmaceutical markets, identifying challenges and opportunities. The study reflects on implications for stakeholders and suggests areas for future research to enhance accessibility, affordability, and quality.

Implementing public procurement of green innovations: Does structural alignment matter?

This study contributes to the theory and practice of public procurement by examining the role of structural alignment in the implementation of public procurement of green innovations. Structural alignment is defined as the coherence and harmonization between strategic aspects of an organization. The organizational aspects examined in this study are strategic goals, structural and control mechanism, and adequacy of resources. The study draws on secondary survey data collected from 379 public-sector organizations in Norway. The analysis was conducted using a novel approach that combines partial least squares structural equation modeling and necessary condition analysis. There is a positive and significant relationship between strategic goals and structural and control mechanism; between structural and control mechanism and adequacy of resources; and between the adequacy of resources and the attainment of public procurement of green innovations. The findings support the structural alignment hypothesis in that the presence of strategic goals results in the implementation of the public procurement of green innovations if structure, control, and adequate resources are in place. Finally, the results show that strategic goals are a necessary condition for enacting a corresponding structural and control design and that structural and control design are a necessary condition for allocating resources, which are themselves a necessary condition for the increased implementation of the public procurement of green innovations.

Green Hospitals: A a remedy for the Climate Change Burden on the Polish Healthcare System

The global healthcare sector faces challenges, including an aging population and climate change concerns, contributing 4.4% to global greenhouse gas emissions. The Polish healthcare system, surpassing global averages in environmental impact, grapples with demographic challenges and disproportionate carbon emissions. This study explores the potential of green hospitals, integrating sustainable practices, to reduce the sector's environmental footprint. Recommendations for policymakers and healthcare stakeholders focus on energy, water management, and waste/recycling practices. The brief emphasizes water conservation in healthcare, citing successful case studies like the French Nephrocare network. Energy-efficient solutions, exemplified by the Philips BlueSeal MRI coupled with SmartSpeed acceleration engine, offer cost savings despite upfront expenses, aligning with Green Public Procurement (GPP) practices. Sustainable waste management practices – crucial for healthcare units – require training programs and recycling initiatives in green hospitals to minimize environmental impact. Despite challenges, green hospitals offer a promising avenue for the future of healthcare, contributing to improved patient outcomes, reduced costs, and a sustainable healthcare infrastructure. The brief emphasizes the need for immediate action, encouraging stakeholders to advocate for green hospital policies to minimize climate change's impact on public health.

Enhancing BIM implementation in Spanish public procurement: A framework approach

The European Union supports the use of technology to improve public procurement, acknowledging Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a catalyst for cost-effective public works and innovation. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate BIM implementation practices in Spanish public procurement. The methodology used in this study is a mixed research method involving a questionnaire survey and semi-structured expert interviews. The findings reveal market maturity as a barrier to BIM adoption in Spanish public procurement throughout the asset lifecycle. Selecting the right instrument for implementation proves challenging for public organizations. This study has contributed to the development of more practical and effective strategies to ensure full adoption of BIM within the public procurement sector of Spain. It proposes a framework approach for the pre-contractual phase, helping contracting authorities to make the optimal instrument selection. Two criteria are considered: the maturity of the public client and sector, and the economic value classification of tenders.

Lessons for a Fairer, More Transparent, and More Competitive Public Procurement in the European Union

Public procurement is one of the main instruments of State action and resource allocation and it is used in a wide range of public policies. It is a particularly vital tool for social, environmental and innovation policies. However, it entails many challenges, as public funds are expected to be used to obtain maximum profitability; and market development opportunities must be seized to strategically contribute to innovation, social inclusion, and financial and environmental sustainability of a country. This article, eminently macro-conceptual, discusses the topic of public procurement, characterizing it as a framework for boosting contracting activity in public bodies across Europe, and highlighting the evolution of this practice and its corresponding regulation. Attention will then turn to its main implementation instruments, considering the fundamental principles of public procurement and the EU law restrictions that underpin them. Draws lessons on issues of systematic monitoring of public procurement performance in various European countries, with a view to the concerted practice of public procurement, in compliance with the principles of fairer, more transparent, and more competitive Public Administration.

The Impact of Globalization on Innovative Public Procurement: Challenges and Opportunities

Incorporating circular economy principles into forward-thinking public procurement strategies enhances sustainability through the promotion of resource efficiency, sustainable sourcing, and extended producer responsibility. This approach not only encourages innovation and collaboration among suppliers but also drives the development of solutions aligned with circular economy goals. The ultimate result is a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly outcome in procurement. This article seeks to investigate the intersection of circular economy principles within the framework of an innovative public procurement system. The study explores the influence of globalization on this innovative public procurement paradigm, addressing both the challenges and opportunities inherent in the process. The study conceptualizes Innovative Public Procurement (IPP) as a strategic approach where public entities acquire goods, services, works, and utilities, emphasizing an optimal balance between price and quality. The central goal is to generate innovative benefits for both entities and society, all while minimizing adverse environmental effects. Employing traditional research methods, including the monographic method, document analysis, and comparison, the study illustrates how public procurement practices can be opened to innovators, including start-ups and innovative SMEs. The findings shed light on the challenges faced by these entities in navigating the procurement landscape, while emphasizing the potential opportunities arising from the synergy between innovative procurement practices and the circular economy. By adopting a holistic perspective that considers the full lifecycle costs and environmental impacts of goods and services, procurement decisions can prioritize options offering superior long-term value. This contributes to the broader transition towards a circular economy, effectively minimizing adverse effects on the environment...

IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Purpose: This study attempts to present the Implementation of green public procurement (GPP) along with obstacles and solutions in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) Design/methodology/approach: The method employed is a qualitative approach using interview discussions supported by documentation on the website of three HEIs. Ten stakeholders, including procurement staff, participated in the study, providing diverse perspectives. The research takes place from October 2023 until January 2024, with the research locus in the three HEIs in Indonesia. Findings: GPP is directed to support green campus programs, including sanitation and infrastructure, waste management, water saving, transportation with low emissions, renewable energy, and education and research. Leadership style, ability to innovate, and support from all academics in higher education determine the success of implementing GPP. Obstacles in implementing the GPP consist of regulatory, resource, and provider constraints that meet the requirements of the GPP. The solution that can be given to overcome these obstacles is to create strict regulations regarding the Implementation of GPP, create environmentally friendly procurement plans, make energy-saving and resource-saving movements, and look for providers that comply with GPP. Research implications: This research provides implications for the practice of green public Procurement in higher education governance. Originality/value: This ground-breaking empirical study concentrates on GPP in State Islamic Higher Education Institutions (SI-HEIs).

Проблемы правового регулирования и пути совершенствования контрактной системы государственных и муниципальных закупок

In this article, the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the legislation and practice of public procurement in Russia, taking into account the changes made to Federal Law No. 44-FL. The author identifies the main problems associated with the instability of legislation, the lack of strategy and planning for the long term, as well as the high costs of specialists in this field. The article proposes a number of solutions, including dividing procurement into mass and complex procedures, introducing competitive dialogue, expanding the use of non-cost criteria when evaluating proposals, and the possibility of uniting customers for joint procurement. In addition, the author discusses the problems associated with the registry of unscrupulous suppliers and suggests improved approaches to limiting access to procurement.

Institutional Transformation of Proactive Environmental Characteristics of State Procurement into Imperative Ones: The Regional Case

Ensuring sustainable economic development, environmental protection, and conservation of natural resources are the top priorities of the new edition of the "National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation". One key aspect highlighted in the strategy is the significance of green public procurement, which plays a crucial role in reducing the environmental impact of human activities and promoting environmentally responsible behavior among companies. The lack of established regulatory mechanisms and the ongoing debates surrounding the concept of "green procurement" have prompted the research objective of identifying the factors influencing the successful implementation of green public procurement through econometric modeling. The goal is to assess how well public contractors are currently implementing green procurement practices and to develop strategies to enhance their adherence to these practices by 2023, particularly within the Southern Federal District. An analysis of existing literature has revealed gaps in scientific knowledge, particularly in the realm of comparing the actualization of green economy institutions in regional strategies and monitoring the implementation of green procurement within the Southern Federal District. These research issues will guide the comparative assessment of green economy institutions, monitoring of green procurement practices, and structuring of data within the study. The study will rely on statistical data obtained from the Unified Information System for procurement, using keywords related to the environmental sustainability of purchased goods to analyze the trends in green public procurement practices. Through this research, recommendations for the institutional transformation of green procurement practices into a must-follow standard for public contractors will be developed.