Practice Of Early Marriage Research Articles

Pemenuhan Hak Kesehatan Reproduksi dan Seksual dalam Kerapuhan Sistem Pangan Komunitas di Perdesaan Indonesia

Women’s authority over their bodies is often ignored due to limited choices and access to resources. This study intends to photograph the failure of development governance, especially in the food and environmental sectors, which places women as the exploited party. This research uses the concept of feminist ecology as a rationale in studying women’s experiences and their relation to the fragility of the food system. The research method used in this research is a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews and observations in the area of Kampung Darim which is uniquely divided into the territories of Kendayakan Village and Puntang Village with a food-agricultural ecosystem background in Indramayu Regency, West Java. These two villages are one of the food barn areas and have a high tendency for the practice of early marriage to occur. The results of the study show that the commodification of natural resources, especially food, tends to reduce the function of food production to fulfilling daily needs. More than that, it also ignores cultural practices that are closely tied to the food system. This paper intends to raise the experience of women who are vulnerable to exploitation due to the failure of the food system. Apart from experiencing exploitation as a result of failure to manage natural resources, rural women in this study are also a group at high risk of experiencing sexual and reproductive health threats. The development of the food system needs to be improved by placing women as equal subjects

THE PLIGHT OF ATA-MANOBO SCHOLARS OF DATU JOSE A. LIBAYAO-DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

College life has always been challenging. Thus, college life may be the most difficult for an Indigenous scholar like the Ata-Manobo of DJAL-DNSC. This study delved into Ata-Manobo scholars' personal experiences, coping mechanisms, and insights as scholars. The study employed a qualitative research design using a phenomenological approach. Results revealed that Ata-Manobo scholars are brawling against their cultural practice of early marriage and now desire to teach education. Moreover, scholars showed difficulty in academics. Social and emotional distractions were also observed, like drinking alcohol with peers, calling and texting with a girlfriend; executing parental duties; lacking support from family; and worrying about the family at home.Commissioning someone as counsel who will guide them in their culture-related struggles and academic challenges may lighten their plight.

Adolescent Girls’ Early Marriage Intention and its Determinants in Eastern Ethiopia: A Social Norms Perspective

This study aimed to identify the association of perceived social norms with intention of early marriage practice among unmarried adolescent girls (13–17 years) in Kersa Demographic and Health Surveillance System. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted during September–November 2019. Adolescent girls’ marriage intention was assessed using social norm measuring tools. The log-binomial model was used to identify factors associated with girls’ intention. Adjusted prevalence ratio along with 95% CIs was executed to determine the association of main independent variables with girl’s intention. A total of 859 adolescent girls participated in the study. The prevalence of intention to marry before the age of 18 years among adolescent girls was 44.47% (95% CI [0.41%, 0.48%]). The intention for an early marriage was higher among those with positive attitude toward early marriage, in those who believe that most people in their reference group conform to early marriage norms (empirical expectation), in those who believe that most people in their reference group expect them to conform to early marriage norms (normative expectation) and who fear sanction related to early marriage practices. Moreover, residence in urban areas and high educational level by girls and their parents was associated with reduced prevalence ratio. There is strong social norm in the community that promotes intention for an early marriage among adolescent girls in the study area. Hence, interventions that aim to reduce early marriage need to address local social norms.

Macro-Level Correlates of Early Marriage in Asia

Although the practice of child or early marriage—defined as marriage by age 18—has been declining around the world, one in every five young women still marry as children. The majority of child brides live in Asia and that includes over 400 million women. Yet, no study to date has investigated cross-national differences in early marriage and its correlates in Asia. Using data from multiple sources, this paper describes the geographical distribution of early marriage in Asia, assesses the extent to which the exiting variation is related to demographic, economic, and gender-related factors, and examines the association between early marriage and health outcomes. The findings suggest that (1) the prevalence of early marriage varies widely among Asian countries; (2) the best single predictor of early marriage is the proportion of girls progressing to secondary school; and (3) early marriage is associated with poor health outcomes among women and children.

The Effect of Indonesian Anti-Dating Movement (Gitp) on Early Marriage

In order to improve the morals of the younger generation of Islam, many organizations have sprung up that target teenagers to migrate so that a youth movement has formed to act as agents of change. This organization is able to influence of Islamic youth, with the methods of delivery and the style of the preachers who are very up-to-date, and they often carry out da'wah via social media, so that they can increase the closeness between the congregation and the preachers. This research used a qualitative method was chosen in this study with a literature study approach to see the influence of the Indonesian movement anti-dating on early marriage through research analysis that had been carried out by previous researchers and then explained in a narrative. Based on the results of GITP's research, it is very influential and useful to be an agent of change in instilling noble characters or morals in young Muslims. This organization influences early marriage with the Indonesian movement without dating. The aim of this movement is very positive so that young people can avoid adultery, but the understanding of the preachers and congregations who are still not in this movement makes the practice of early marriage even more prevalent. To prevent this, it is necessary to provide counseling and awareness to the younger generation regarding the dangers of early marriage or marriage at a young age as well as supervision and collaboration with hijrah youth organizations.

Effects of Early Marriage on the Health of Female Adolescents

The main aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of early marriage and examine its effects on the health of adolescent mothers. The research was conducted at BanakariyaTol of Manahari rural municipality, Makawanpurin the year of 2023. Simple random sampling technique (lottery method) was applied to select 97 respondents out of 235 households. Chi-square and Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyse the data. It is found that educational attainment among locale was significantly associated (p-value=0.01) with early marriage practices. Apart from educational attainment, other variables are unassociated. Significant association was found between age of marriage and effects on health while bearing child in early ages χ2 (2, N = 97) = 12.908, p < .001.Low level of education as well as the socio-cultural practices of the people were the main factors for high preference and prevalence of early marriage among female adolescents. The concern people, government and other agencies should formulate the suitable plan and policies to create awareness towards the reproductive health problems of adolescent mothers as well as to protect their reproductive health rights and uplift them for proper decision-making capacity and self-dependency.

Cultural Pedogamy: Towards an Eco-Cultural Theory of Early (Child) Marriage

Early marriage, particularly (early) girl-child marriage, is prevalent in many indigenous ethnic and cultural communities around the world and in Cameroon. In spite of this, and despite the fact that studies have continued to be carried out on the phenomenon to elicit its causes and effects on individuals and practicing communities, no study has attempted to develop a psychological theory of the practice based on the practice itself. Most of the theories that have informed studies on early marriage practices have either been mainstream psychological theories; only one Africentric theory so far, namely the social ontogenetic theory of development, has made a contribution to explaining the practice from an African point of view. The theory of cultural pedogamy is developed from findings from the study titled “Early girl-child marriage: An exploration of its psychosocial practices and effect in four cultural communities in Cameroon.” The communities sampled included the Mbororo-Fulani communities of Sabga and Ndawara, the Moghamo cultural community, the Nwe Mundani, and the Lower Mboh. This study utilized the sequential exploratory design and data were collected from four cultural communities using questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focused group discussions. Data collected from interviews were analyzed using the process of thematic analysis with the support of Atlas.ti version 5.2 software (Atlas Ti GMBH 2006). Findings from the study revealed that the practice of early marriage is deeply rooted in cultural beliefs, norms, values, perceptions and expectations as well as in socio-economic conditions and has psychosocial, socio-economic and educational limitations on the girl-child. Quantitative data revealed that of the 36 respondents in the sub-sample of child-wives and former child-wives, 44.4% were in forced early marriages; 52.8% were completely dependent on their husbands financially and materially; none of them was in a legally registered marriage; 88.6% did not know the legal age for marriage in Cameroon; 85.7% said their husbands did not treat them as equals; 63.3% reported that they lacked decision-making rights in their marital homes; 94.1% had attempted school but all of them were currently dropouts as none was schooling while in marriage; 74.2% had ended school before the age of 15 years; 85.6% of them were illiterate and all expressed the willingness to return to school if given the opportunity. Furthermore, a significant 94.1% of this sample perceived early marriage as a violation of the human rights of the girl-child and above 90.0% indicated that they lacked happiness and fulfillment in their marriages. The theory of cultural pedogamy argues that cultural pedogamy results largely from several endo-ethnic-cultural factors which include cognitive cultural factors (cultural belief systems, cultural norms and values, and culture-determined perceptions), and sociocultural factors (socio-cultural expectations, cultural practices and traditional/cultural institutions). These cultural factors have developed through a cognitive causal sequence. The interaction between the cognitive endo-ethnic-cultural factors and between the cognitive and non-cognitive factors determines the strength of the practice and its endurance over time.

Socio-Demographic and Health Status of Women in Nepal

Health is the primary responsibility of the government of every nation. A country with healthy citizens achieves success in the socio-economic development of the nation. The development of the nation does not mean the development of one class but the development of all classes. This study, tries to describe the socio-demographic and health status of women in Nepal. This study is completely based on secondary data sources and the data has been taken from various reports. The sex ratio of Nepal according to preliminary reports of census 2021 is 96. Currently literacy rate of women is 57 percent. Still, the practice of early marriage of women is culturally rooted in Nepal. Women get married earlier than men. Around 16 percent of women have children before the age of 20 years. Similarly, 17 percent of women are underweight and 22 percent are overweight. This indicates the problem of malnutrition is a serious problem in Nepal. Iron deficiency or anemia is a serious health problem for women in Nepal. The Nepal demographic and health survey 2016 has shown that 41 percent of women aged 15-49 years are anemic. Approximately 6 percent of pregnant women do not receive antenatal care, and 41 percent give birth at home, which can be dangerous for both the mother and the child. Women’s participation is essential for overall development. The government should pay attention to the development of the country by improving the overall health condition of women and coordinating every aspect of development.

Exploring Iraqi people’s perception about early marriage: a qualitative study

Background and objectiveEarly marriage is prevalent in Iraq, but the factors related to this behavior, especially people's attitudes about it, have not been well studied. It has been proven that early marriage seriously threatens young girls' lives and health. This study aimed to explore the perception of people about early marriage in the Iraqi Kurdistan region.MethodsA qualitative method was employed to carry out this study in 2020. Data were collected through 16 focus group discussions in different health centers in Erbil, Iraq. Each focus group included 8–12 participants who had the experience of early marriage. The transcripts of the focus groups were analyzed through the six methodological activities of Van Manen. The trustworthiness of the data was confirmed by using qualitative data evaluation criteria.ResultsDifferent themes and subthemes regarding the ideal age of marriage, attitudes toward marriage, reasons for early marriage, advantages and disadvantages of early marriage, and practice of early marriage in the community emerged from focus group discussions. Most participants identified early marriage as inappropriate social behavior that should not be practiced. Reasons for early marriage included poor economic status, protection of girls and boys, low educational level, and respect for old traditions of the community. Divorce and violence against women were the main disadvantages of early marriage.ConclusionThere is a generally negative attitude towards early marriage, and the practice's disadvantages and health and psychological consequences are well recognized in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. However, different social, traditional, economic, educational, and religious factors encourage early marriage in the region. Further research is recommended in other governorates in the area to have a more precise and representative idea about the topic.

Child Marriage in Tarai Region of Nepal

This article is on the causes and consequences of child marriage in Dhanushadham Municipality of Dhanusha District that is in provision-2, Tarai Region of Nepal. Child marriage is not a new phenomenon in Nepal. The problem of child marrige was seen in Tarai region of Nepal, especially it was seen in rural area among lower caste people like; Dalits(Mushahar, Chamar & Dom) and also in some higher caste like;Yadav, Sah and Brhaman. My argument in this article is; Child marriage is socially constructed , although the scenary has some changed that youths have been found responsible for doing early marriage for the self sufficient of sexual relation. This study relies on qualitative disscussion and researcher applied purposive sampling method for collecting details information on both primary as well secondary data. Findings of the study show that marriage is not a biological event like birth or death; rather it is a social event that is determined by the society. One of the major factors for child marriage is dowry practice in Tarai that badly affected life of girls and women violence has increased due to early marriage and dowry practice. It highly shows that less dowry demand in child marriage and it incase of higher education demand high dowry. Furthermore, the study requires further study in whole province-2 and awareness among people. It highly demands to give quality and higher education for both son & daughter for ending child marriage and dowry practices. Government need to effective monitoring and strong rules and policies to decrease women violence in Tarai.

Impact of Early Marriage: Knowledge and Health Practice

This paper based on "Impacts of Early Marriage: knowledge and health Practice" is representative of the Nepalese community. The aim of the paper is to find out the impact of teenage marriage: knowledge and health practice. It was an analytical as well as descriptive research design and used in primary and secondary data. It is based on the snowball sampling method. A total of 156 married women who had married between 15-19 years aged and had at least one child during the time of the survey and a structured questionnaire was used throughout the data collection. Poor economic condition is not enough for the fulfilment of basic needs and other activities. Most of the mothers didn't Anti a natal check during their pregnancy. Most of the babies were delivered at home with the assistance of their family members, sudheni and elder women of the community. In complicated cases, most of them consult with Dhami, Jhakri. Postnatal care was also poor in the area. Some complications were also occurring in the study area, e.g. anaemia, bleeding, weakness etc. Children suffered from low birth, weight and diseases. There was a greater son preference. Early marriage, early pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, low birth space, and complications during and after pregnancy were the most prevailing problems. After considering all of the findings the study indicates that early marriage practice in this area was highly influenced by lack of education, low socioeconomic status, traditional beliefs, no knowledge about early marriage and legal age at marriage and awareness about health education.

Efektivitas Aturan Batas Minimal Usia Perkawinan Dalam Meminimalisir Permohonan Dispensasi Kawin Di Pengadilan Agama

One of the problems that never met the solution is the number of cases of underage marriage that occur in Indonesia. Even after there is a Law that regulates the minimum age of marriage is also considered to still have loopholes that can be utilized, that is, the community can still apply for marriage dispensation to the relevant Court. So this study focuses on the opinion of judges regarding the effectiveness of article 7 of Law No.16 of 2019 which determines the minimum limit that a person can hold a marriage in the Demak Class IB Religious Court. This research is a qualitative type with data search techniques through interviews with judges and documents. This study also compiled data on marriage dispensation applications before the enactment of Law No.16 of 2019 and after in the Demak Class IB Religious Court. As we know that Law No.16 of 2019 is a change from Law No.1 of 1974 on marriage which regulates the minimum age of marriage, where previously it was 19 years for men and 16 years for women then changed to 19 years for men and women. The purpose of enacting Law No.16 of 2019 is to minimize early marriage in Indonesia. But this is contrary to the data of marriage dispensation applications at the Demak Class IB Religious Court. That is, since the enactment of this regulation, the application for marriage dispensation in the Class IB Demak Religious Court has increased. This shows that this regulation is less effective in suppressing the practice of early marriage in Indonesia.

Scoping Review: Dampak Kesehatan dan Sosial dari Pernikahan Dini pada Perempuan di Negara Berkembang

Early marriage is a form of violence and violations of children's rights, this is because the practice of early marriage occurs at the age of <18 years which triggers violence such as sexual violence. Early marriage occurs in many developing countries such as Africa, India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Nepal and Indonesia. This study aims to examine the previous literature to collect data on “The Impact of Early Marriage on Women from Health and Social Aspects in Developing Countries”. This study employed a scoping review method with the Arskey and O'Malley framework. A systematic review was carried out using online databases, namely PubMed, Willey, ProQuest, and using Gray Literature with predetermined keywords, then the articles were filtered based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 25 articles that met the criteria. This study identified that early marriage had a serious impact on women's health and social life such as the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases, cervical cancer, preeclampsia and complications during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as mental health disorders such as stress and anxiety. The impact of the social aspects found in the literature review was the existence of gender discrimination, dropping out of school, domestic violence, and low autonomy in decision making. In addition, in the review of the article, it was found that the factors that influence the practice of early marriage experienced by women were education, economy, culture, parents and marriage by accident (MBA). The existence of complications during pregnancy and childbirth is the impact of early marriage that is often experienced by women. In addition, gender discrimination is often felt by women who marry at the age of <18 years in various developing countries.

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN PENDEWASAAN USIA PERKAWINAN PADA REMAJA DI SMAN 2 MUKOMUKO

Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that 16 million births occur to mothers aged 15-19 years or 11% of all births in the world, the majority (95%) occurring in developing countries (Sariani, 2020). The practice of early marriage in the world is most prevalent in Africa and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, data shows that around 10 million children under the age of 18 are married, while in Africa it is estimated that 42% of the child population, married before they were 18 years old. In general, child marriage is more common in girls than boys, about 5% of boys marry before they are 19 years old. In addition, it was also found that women were three times more likely to marry early than men. The purpose of this community service is to increase the knowledge of adolescents about maturing age at marriage. The target of this community service is 40 teenagers of SMAN 2 Mukomuko. This service begins with the provision of a pre-test questionnaire, then conducts counseling and then administers a post-test questionnaire.

The Village Savings and Loans Association pathway – feminist solidarity groups leverage COVID-19 to have their voices heard

abstract This article profiles the Village Savings and Loans Association (VSLA) model as a platform and foundation for women to raise their voices and collectively advocate for change. It examines how women in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria leveraged feminist solidarity through VSLAs to advocate for, support, and establish women’s leadership in crisis. CARE, working hand in hand with rural women in Niger, gave birth to the VSLA model in 1991 to serve as a model for women’s empowerment, public participation, and gender transformation. VSLAs have served as a powerful launch pad for individual and collective feminist advocacy. At a foundational level, members of VSLAs benefit from improved livelihoods and social and financial safety nets in times of distress. From a community perspective, VSLAs ignite feminist solidarity which has sparked collective action such as the building of schools, holding of local government officials to account, and influencing leaders to change the practice of early marriage and devaluing of girls’ education. In 2020, during the global COVID-19 pandemic, VSLA women-led solidarity groups became a tool of effective action for expanded leadership and feminist political advocacy. This collective feminist advocacy was motivated by a leadership void created by the pandemic and a lack of policies that actively and effectively safeguarded women. This article examines the power of this collective voice and advocacy. It further examines the lessons that can be learned from the transformation of VSLAs as a source of social safety nets and economic power to a catalyst for collective voice and feminist advocacy.

The Reconstruction of Aisyah’s Marriage Age as a Resolution For Child Marriage Practices Phenomenon

The Reconstruction of Aisyah’s Marriage Age as a Resolution For Child Marriage Practices Phenomenon. The marriage of Aisyah bint Abu Bakr at a young age with the Prophet Muhammad is often used to legitimize the permissibility of marrying small children in the Islamic world. This is what makes the practice of child marriage difficult to eradicate in Muslim-majority countries. This study aims to see how the impact of child marriage on children, the efforts of Muslim scientists in eradicating the practice of child marriage through the reconstruction of Aisyah's marriage age as well as the government's efforts to eliminate the practice of child marriage during the pandemic. This study is library research using a qualitative approach. The results show that Aisyah's marriage at the age of 6 years was not relevant to the existing evidence. Second, it is true that Aisyah bint Abu Bakr married the Prophet Muhammad at a very young age of 9 or 10 years, but that age was considered appropriate for marriage in the cultural context of people around the world at that time. Third, the government's action to increase the age of marriage to 19 years for men and women is something that is in line with the objectives of Islamic law (maqāshid al-sharī'ah). Based on these findings, the practices of early child marriage should be prevented, and even prohibited because it is against Islamic Law.

Early Marriage among young girls in Eastern Ethiopia: trend during 2008-2018.

Early marriage practices undermine girls'autonomy and seriously affect their physical and mental wellbeing. Monitoring the trendsand understanding the drivers is essentialininterveningagainst early marriage. However, many studies on early marriage in Ethiopia are cross-sectional,focusing only on the magnitude at a single point in time.Hence, we extracted data of girls of 10-17 years from Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Kersa HDSS) database for the period of 2008-2018 in order to examine the trends of early marriage.In this data note we provide the details of a research database of 24,452 girls in the age group of 10-17 years.The extracted data include date of marriage andthegirls'socio-demographic variables. Other variables considered to be potentially associated with timing of marriage were also extracted.The purposeof this publicationisto describe the dataset for external researchers who may be interested in making use of it as a secondary use of their routinely collected data.This datasetis available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.15034812.

English

This study aims to find how parents influence early marriage among girls in Momba District. Households’ socio-economic characteristics were explored as factors influencing parents to marry off their daughters early. Cross-sectional design was adopted in the collection of data from 120 respondents in Momba District. Multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. Results showed that age, occupation, and household size were significant factors influencing parents to marry off their children early. The study recommends that the parents and community should be educated to discourage early marriage. Education can also help them to make informed decisions. Households should diversify their economic activities as majority in the area rely on farming which is a very sensitive occupation. Parents should also maintain small family sizes and see girls as having equal rights to education and growth as boys. The government should enforce policies that prohibit early marriage and set up strict laws to end early marriage practices in society.   Key words: Early marriage, parental influence, Momba District.

PENGARUH PERNIKAHAN DINI TERHADAP KUALITAS PENDIDIKAN INFORMAL PADA KELUARGA HINDU DI KOTA MATARAM

Abstract
 This study aims to analyze the quality of informal education in the Hindu family environment of early marriage perpetrators in the city of Mataram. Departing from the phenomenon that many early marriages take place due to matchmaking factors, promiscuity, or blind love which often causes problems for the perpetrators in living household life. The problem is not only felt by the husband/wife, but the children born in the family also feel the impact through parenting that is accepted as a form of informal education. This study uses qualitative methods with data obtained through observation, interviews and documentation studies. The research focuses on six sub-districts, Ampenan, Sekarbela, Mataram, Selaparang, Cakranegara and Sandubaya, all locations are located in Mataram City. From the results of the study, it was found that the people of Mataram had a less favorable perception of the practice of early marriage. This is inseparable from the fact that many families who do early marriage experience problems financially, emotionally and in readiness. Then related to the psychological impact, the psychological impact is more likely to be felt by the wife (woman) and children. For the wife, the psychological impact felt in the form of anxiety, stress, emotions became unstable and made marriage a burden. Meanwhile, for children, the psychological impact felt in the form of not being able to control themselves, being introverted, not daring to innovate and not daring to make decisions. While related to the quality of informal education in Hindu families who do early marriage, it is illustrated that the informal education process is less than optimal, the cultivation of religious values, character, ethics, morals, manners and social skills is lacking as a result of permissive parenting.

Adolescent girls trapped in early marriage social norm in rural Ethiopia: A vignette-based qualitative exploration.

BackgroundEarly marriage is not uncommon in Ethiopia, particularly for adolescent girls in rural settings. Social norms are among the factors believed to perpetuate early marriage practices. This qualitative study explores social norms surrounding adolescent girls’ marriage practices in West Hararghe, Ethiopia.MethodsThis study used the qualitative inquiry method to explore social norms in rural Ethiopia. Focus group discussions were conducted with purposively sampled married and unmarried adolescent girls, adolescent boys, and parents. A total of 158 individuals participated in the study, comprising 95 adolescents and 63 parents. Data were collected using locally developed vignettes. A thematic framework analysis approach using the Social Norms Analysis Plot (SNAP) was employed to diagnose and understand social norms.ResultsAdolescent girls’ marriage was found to be mainly influenced by their peers who conform to prevailing social norms. Marrying one’s first suitor was considered an opportunity not to be missed and a symbol of good luck. Relatives, neighbors, and marriage brokers facilitate adolescent girls’ marriage in accordance with the local social norms. Girls usually accept the first marriage proposal regardless of their age, and they are highly expected to do so by their peers, parents, and influential others. Exceptions from the early marriage social norm include adolescent girls determined to continue their education and those having supportive teachers.ConclusionsIn this study context, social norms strongly encourage early marriage and are mainly perpetuated by peers of adolescent girls and influential adults. A strong determination to continue education on the part of girls, strong school performance, and supportive schoolteachers are important conditions for circumventing social norms on early marriage. As social norms evolve slowly, we recommend periodical assessment in order to develop locally appropriate interventions against early marriage.