Practice Of Breast Self-examination Research Articles

A Scoping Review of the Knowledge and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Women in Nigeria

Over 19 million cases of breast cancer were reported among women in 2020, surpassing lung cancer to become the leading cause of cancer worldwide. Women in developing countries have higher mortality rates than women in developed countries. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a simple procedure carried out by women themselves to determine any changes in their breasts and if needed seek further medical attention. This scoping review aimed to assess the available evidence on the knowledge and practice of BSE among women in Nigeria. This scoping review was conducted by searching African Journals On-Line (AJOL), ProQuest, PubMed and Science Direct databases for eligible studies. The relevant data was then extracted and a summary of the findings reported. 36 eligible articles were identified, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered for data extraction. All the studies included were cross-sectional descriptive surveys. The average reported knowledge of BSE is 67%, with 40% of study respondents practicing BSE, but only 26% of study respondents practiced BSE monthly. There’s low practice of BSE among women in Nigeria. Further research and appropriate interventions are needed to improve early detection and treatment of breast cancer.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF BREAST EXAMINATION EXAMINATION (BEST SELF-EXAMINATION) ON KNOWLEDGE AND COMPETENCY OF WUS PERFORMING EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER

Background : The only effective way that can be done for early detection of the possibility of this disease is to perform Breast Self-Examination (BSE) which can reduce the mortality rate by 25-30%. For women who have a low level of knowledge and understanding about breast cancer and how to detect it, it is necessary to provide information about breast cancer and how to detect it, namely BSE since adolescence (Viviyawati, 2014) Objective: to measure the ability of WUS on BSE, then analyze the level of change before and after being given counseling. This research was conducted in Pejaten Village, Kramatwatu Subdistrict, Serang Banten. The approach used in this research is to use a comparative approach. The research method used is to use the analytical survey method. The results showed that the knowledge of WUS in Pejaten Village about BSE experienced a very significant increase after being given counseling, knowledge at pretest was 21% good, then 83% good at posttest/after counseling. Likewise, the results on the ability to practice BSE before being given counseling 98% have not been able to do BSE, to 95% are able to do BSE after counseling. Wilcoxon test results obtained a significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05), the calculated Z value of - 8.464. This means that BSE counseling has an effect on WUS knowledge about early detection of breast cancer in Pejaten Village, Serang Banten in 2022. Likewise, the Wilcoxon test results on the respondent's ability to practice BSE is 0.000 (p <0.05), the Z count value is -8.672.

Effect of educational intervention on the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination among female students at a private university in Southern Nigeria

IntroductionIn Nigeria, breast cancer (BC), a disorder marked by the unchecked growth of breast cells, has been the commonest cancer among women in Nigeria. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the suggested methods for screening for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. However, studies have reported inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes and poor practices of BSE among undergraduate female students. The study was designed as an interventional study to examine the effect of educational intervention on knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination among female students in a private university in southern Nigeria.MethodsThis pretest posttest design study was carried out on 103 students of Novena University at baseline in 2022, which were chosen through the use of simple random sampling. A validated questionnaire with components on demographics, knowledge, attitude, and BSE practice was used to gather the data. After that, the students participated in three hourly sessions of an educational intervention for two weeks. A month later, the students’ data were once again collected, and SPSS 20 software was used to evaluate the results using the mean, paired t test, and logistic regression at the P < 0.05 level of significance.ResultsThe mean age of the respondents was 22.37 ± 1.92 years. Only 53 (51.3%) were aware of BSE. The mean knowledge, attitude and practice of BSE at pretest significantly increased at posttest after the educational intervention (1.58 ± 1.48 vs. 4.31 ± 1.15, 2.37 ± 1.27 vs. 4.80 ± 0.49 and 1.97 ± 0.09 vs. 5.81 ± 3.26, respectively). Furthermore, age and family history of BC were predictors of knowledge (OR = 4.00 95% CI = 0.29–41.99, OR = 141, 95% CI = 0.15–13.18), attitude (OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 0.28–12.32, OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.24–8.34) and practice of BSE (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 0.38–18.41, OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 0.24–8.34) respectively.ConclusionThe findings showed that using an educational intervention strategy will improve the knowledge, attitude and practice of BSE among undergraduate students.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Breast Self-Examination Among Women Aged 35 to 65 Years in the Commune of Mbour (Senegal)

Introduction: Breast cancer is second only to cervical cancer in Senegal. It has a high mortality rate because of its late diagnosis and the inadequacy and availability of treatment. In countries with limited resources, breast self-examination is still a means of early diagnosis of breast cancer. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practice of BSE in the commune of Mbour. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study that took place from 01 to 30 July 2022 in the commune of Mbour. The study population consisted of women aged 35 to 65 years who had been living in the study area for more than three months. Sampling was carried out using a two-stage cluster survey. Results: A total of 599 women were surveyed. The average age of the women was 44.3 years. Educated women represented 56.3% of the sample. Married women accounted for 81.4% of the sample and those engaged in an income-generating activity 64.9%. The overall level of knowledge was average, with 57.9% correctly answering questions about breast cancer and breast self-examination. The most frequent sources of information are the media, with television (77.1%), radio (53.4%) and written media (35.2%). Health professionals are also an important source of information, with 43.9% of women informed by this source. Overall, 78.5% (471) of the women surveyed had the &amp;apos;right&amp;apos; attitude and 20.9% the &amp;apos;wrong&amp;apos; attitude. We noted in the series that 10.9% (65) of women performed breast self-examination adequately according to the recommended technique. However, 22.7% (136) of women performed BSE inadequately. The practice of BSE was higher in women over 50 (72.3%) than in women under 50, with a statistically significant difference (p&amp;lt;0.05). It is noted that women&amp;apos;s level of education had a significant influence (p&amp;lt;0.05) on the practice of BSE, with 69.2% of women who practiced BSE being educated. In contrast, women&amp;apos;s marital status and the exercise of income-generating-activity among women had no influence on the practice of BSE. Conclusion: In order to improve the practice of breast self-examination, it is important to strengthen communication aimed at women through the media and healthcare personnel.

Effectiveness of Conventional and Electronic Health Educational Campaign on Breast Self-Examination Practice Among Adult Women in Oyo State

This study investigated effectiveness of conventional and electronic health educational campaign on Breast self-examination practice among adult women in Oyo State. This study adopted quasi-experimental design, using two interventional approach: convectional teaching medium and Electronic teaching medium. Multi-stage sampling techniques was employed in the selection process, where two rural and urban communities were selected across three senatorial districts in Oyo State, to give six urban and rural areas. Each educational campaign group had 213 participants, therefore the two groups in total had 426 participants. Validated questionnaire was adopted for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Hypotheses were tested using paired and independent t-test. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Hypotheses tested revealed that, there is a significant difference in conventional and electronic group knowledge (p &lt; 0.05), attitude (p &lt; 0.05); Self-efficacy (p&lt; 0.05) and practice (p&lt; 0.05) respectively. This study concluded that, participants from convectional groups had better knowledge, attitude, Self-efficacy and practice of BSE compare to Electronic group.

Effectiveness of a Health Educational Program in Enhancing Breast Cancer Knowledge Among Women in Rural Karnataka, South India.

Breast cancer is one of thesignificant causes of mortality in India, ranking second only to cervical cancer among women. Annually, the country has witnessed the detection of 200,000 new cases, with 60% identified in the early stages. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a health education intervention program designed to enhance knowledge about breast cancer among women in rural Karnataka. A descriptive study design was employed and a total of 320 women were selected through multi-stage sampling.The educational interventioninvolved a PowerPoint presentation by the investigator, which wasfollowed by group discussions that culminated with plenary sessions for clarifying the doubts of respondents. At the end of every educational session, pre-designed, pre-tested, and validated questionnaires, comprising a mix of structured and semi-structured questions, were completed by the respondents as part of the post-test. Results: Among the participants, 44.7% were educated up to the primary level, a majority (64.1%) were employed, and most (90.3%) were married. Additionally, 56.9% reported a monthly income below 3000 Indian rupees (₹), with the majority (86.3%) falling below the poverty line (BPL) category. A statistically significant improvement (p = 0.0001) in knowledge related to breast health, breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography was observed in the post-intervention phase when compared to the pre-test. 86.2% of the respondents showed an increase in knowledge level about breast health (either from poor to moderate or from moderate to good) and the practice of breast self-examination increased from 4.7% (pre-test) to 60.3% (post-test). Conclusion: The study demonstrated a significant enhancement in women's knowledge levels after implementing the health education intervention program. These findings underscore the importance of health education strategies in raising awareness of lifestyle diseases, particularly breast cancer, among women.

Exploring the Landscape of Breast Cancer Prevention among Chinese Residents in Italy: An In-Depth Analysis of Screening Adherence, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Practices, the Role of Technological Tools, and Misconceptions Surrounding Risk Factors and Symptoms.

Breast cancer remains a significant health concern among women globally. Despite advancements in awareness and diagnostic techniques, it persists as a leading cause of death, with profound impacts on affected individuals' quality of life. Primary and secondary prevention, including regular screenings and practices like breast self-examination (BSE), are pivotal in ensuring early diagnosis. The national health system (NHS) in Italy offers screenings for women aged 50-69 every two years, managed by the local health authority. However, the participation rates, especially among the Chinese female population residing in Italy, are not well understood. Using a snowball method, we electronically disseminated a survey to investigate how Chinese women living in Italy engage with available NHS screening programs. The survey also explores their practice of BSE and the use and impact of technological tools on prevention. Furthermore, the study aims to understand the subjects' depth of knowledge and misconceptions about breast cancer. The data reveal a significant gap in breast cancer screening adherence and knowledge among Chinese women in Italy, with a notable discrepancy between the general population and those who have previously encountered cancer. The results highlight the urgent need for interventions that are culturally sensitive, stressing that these actions are not only desirable but essential.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast self-examination is associated with general self-care and cultural factors: a study from Tamil Nadu, India

AimBreast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women. One form of care related to early detection of breast cancer is breast self-examination (BSE). However, evidence on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of BSE and its determining factors are minuscule in an Indian context. Therefore, the present study primarily examined the prevalence of KAP of BSE. Further, its association with general self-care and cultural factors was determined.MethodsThis cross-sectional study obtained data from 412 women (Mn age = 26.63) from two rural localities of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Self-reported questionnaires of KAP of BSE, self-care, and cultural factors were applied. Statistical analyses include independent sample t-test and binomial logistic regression.ResultsThe majority of the sample had inadequate knowledge (58%), unfavourable attitudes (73.8%), and poor practice (89.6%) of BSE. The general self-care among the sample was moderate. Self-care was found to be a significant predictor of knowledge (b = 0.07, p < .05) and attitude (b = 0.092, p < .05) toward BSE. Shyness was identified as a negative predictor of KAP. Discouraged breast health discussions predicted inadequate knowledge, and not being educated by family/friends had a negative impact on knowledge and practice. A preference for same-gender physicians led to an unfavourable attitude toward BSE.ConclusionThe observed negative trends in KAP of BSE are concerning. The results imply that girls and women should be educated and encouraged to practice BSE and promote self-care behaviours. At the same time, efforts to reduce cultural barriers may be helpful to promote the KAP of BSE.

The relationship between nursing and midwifery undergraduate students’ health beliefs and breast cancer knowledge levels and their breast self-examination behavior

Abstract Purpose This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nursing and midwifery undergraduate students’ health beliefs and breast cancer knowledge levels and breast self-examination (BSE) behavior. Materials and method This study was based on a cross-sectional research design and conducted in a Web environment. Four hundred and forty-eight female students were included who study in the 3rd or 4th years of the nursing and midwifery departments. Research data were collected between December 2020 and January 2021 by utilizing the Introductory Information Form, the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale, and the Comprehensive Breast Cancer Knowledge Test. Results It was revealed that 52.7% of the students performed BSE on a regular basis. Based on the practice of BSE, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of benefits, obstacle perception, confidence/self-efficacy, and motivation subscales of CHBMS (p &lt; 0.05). In terms of the risk of not performing BSE among students, having an extended family increased the risk by 3.29 times, not applying a clinical breast examination by 6.53 times, and a 1-unit increase in weighted GPA by 2.18 times; a 1-unit increase in the obstacle perception score related to BSE practice increased risk by 1.11 times. Conclusion and recommendations Nurses’ and midwives’ health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors should be improved with regard to the importance of breast cancer and BSE throughout their education, so that they can be role models for preventive healthcare practices in society.

Empowering Health: A Comprehensive Concept Analysis of Breast Self-Examination for Proactive Breast Health Management

The review paper discusses the concept of breast self-examination (BSE), a vital screening method for early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. It uses the Walker and Avant analysis method to develop an operational definition, identify critical attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of BSE. BSE is crucial for early detection and survival rates, especially in developing countries. It is a cheap and accessible technique for detecting abnormal cells in normal breast tissue, making it useful in underdeveloped countries with limited resources. Defining attributes of BSE include breast awareness, breast examination for lumps and changes, a screening measure for detecting breast cancer, recommended timing after the menstrual period, primary prevention of breast cancer, self-awareness aiding in early detection, and cost-effectiveness in resource-poor countries. The paper also discusses antecedents and consequences of BSE, including knowledge and perception about BSE, personal and family history of breast cancer, health literacy campaigns, education level, increasing age, obesity, and reproductive factors. Conclusions of BSE include the practice of BSE and early detection of breast cancer, motivation towards screening, self-awareness, physical activity, and self-efficacy. The paper provides empirical referents for measuring and assessing BSE, such as structured questionnaires, scales based on health belief models, knowledge tests, and health action process approaches.

A study on awareness of breast cancer and breast self-examination practices among women above 35 years of age in rural areas of Wardha District, Maharashtra: a protocol

Background Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women and a global health issue. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a recommended breast cancer screening technique that a woman can use on her own, in the privacy of her home. Hence, awareness regarding it and knowledge to identify any changes will be a boon to the early identification and promotion of treatment. This study aimed to increase awareness and educate women about breast self-examination (BSE) to facilitate the early detection of breast cancer in rural areas of Wardha District. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on rural women in Wardha district. Women older than 35 years of age will be included in the study and assessed using a ‘pre-designed’ and ‘pre-structured’ questionnaire inquiring about their socio-demographic profile, awareness of breast cancer, and breast self-examination. Research implications Most studies show how to self-examine breasts, but awareness and knowledge regarding the subject are not well demonstrated and applied in many studies. Although we now understand that women do not always need to use a specific BSE technique, they should still be taught and encouraged to recognize breast changes. BSE for early detection of breast cancer has undergone a paradigm change or development into breast awareness. The progression towards breast awareness is a concept where a woman is familiar with her breasts so that she detects any change that might emerge and brings this to the attention of her healthcare practitioner right away, whereas BSE is monthly palpation of the breasts in a specific manner in which women are professionally taught. Early detection of breast cancer relies heavily on breast awareness, which is why it should be covered in general breast health education.

Breast Self-Examination Practice and Associated Factors among Rural Women in Hai Duong Province, Viet Nam: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the practice level of breast self-examination among rural women, and some factors related to this level of research participants.&#x0D; Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 309 women living in some rural areas of Hai Duong province, Vietnam from January to June 2022. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software, and a Chi-square test was used to determine factors related to some demographic characteristics and breast self-examination practices of rural women.&#x0D; Findings: The study results show that 70.6% of rural women have never performed breast self-examination, in addition, 15.9% practiced every once a month. For evaluation of breast self-examination practice through direct observation shows that only 17.5% of women practice at level with passed. Family history of breast cancer and monthly income of rural women were related to the level of breast self-examination practice (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: The percentage of rural women practicing breast self-examination following steps by steps correctly was low. Therefore, conducting an educational program to guide breast self-examination practice is necessary for rural women to help them proactively screen and early detect breast-related diseases, especially breast cancer.

Effect of monthly reminders by telephone message on women's beliefs and practice behaviours regarding breast self-examination: A randomized controlled study.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of monthly telephone message reminders after training on women's beliefs and practice behaviours regarding breast self-examination. This randomized controlled study was conducted with 83 women aged 20-69 years living in Turkey between September 2021 and July 2022. Women were randomly assigned (1:1) to the intervention (n = 41) or control group (n = 42), both groups received online breast self-examination training, and the intervention group received monthly reminders on their mobile phones for 3 months. Participants completed the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale and breast self-examination practice evaluation form at baseline and 3 months after intervention. After the intervention, the mean scores of the benefits and self-efficacy subscales of Champion's Health Belief Model Scales were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group, and the mean score of barriers was lower. The rate of performing breast self-exam regularly and at the appropriate time was higher in the intervention group. The rate of forgetting to perform breast self-examination was higher in control group. A monthly reminder message may be recommended to increase women's belief in breast self-examination and increase regular practice.

Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among breast cancer patients in Damascus, Syria

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) represents an important cause of cancer death, its incidence rate has been rising gradually in the Arab world, and in Syria, BC is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death; its prognosis gets better as we detect it early in its first stages. So, it is very important to implement one or more early detection methods such as Breast Self-Examination (BSE), Clinical Breast Examination (CBE), and mammography. BSE represents an effective method to find out changes in breast structure when they happen. This study investigates the knowledge of BSE and its practice in BC patients.MethodsA quantitative cross-sectional study in Al-Bairouni hospital in Damascus-Syria was carried out using face-to-face interviews based on a structured questionnaire, which consisted of 4 sections. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using various analytical tests, including the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Chi-square test.ResultsFive hundred patients were interviewed. Only 27.4% of patients had a good knowledge of BSE, 17.4% had average knowledge, and 55.2% had low knowledge of BSE. The factors that have an impact on the knowledge of BSE were: family breast cancer history (first and second-degree relatives), education, and the region of living (between governorates). The effect of knowledge of BSE on its practice was positive. However, only 24.8% of patients have been practicing BSE; the reasons for not practicing BSE were: no one has told the patient about it (64.8% of cases), and the patient does not have any symptoms relating to the breast (21.4%).Breast cancer was identified through breast self-examination (BSE) in 15.6% of cases.ConclusionThere is a low degree of knowledge and little practice of BSE among Syrian breast cancer patients. Family breast cancer history, governate, occupation, and level of education had a statistically significant effect on knowledge scores of BSE, unlike age and social status. So, some steps should be taken to increase awareness about BSE among Syrian females.

Student nurses' practices and willingness to teach relatives breast self-examination in Nigeria.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death for women worldwide. Breast self-examination (BSE) is an essential, low-cost, and simple tool for detecting breast cancer early. Employing the idea of 'charity begins at home' by involving student nurses in teaching BSE to relatives will improve early detection. To assess nursing students' practice and willingness to teach BSE to their relatives. A college of nursing and midwifery in one state under North-Central Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed. Through incidental sampling technique 197 respondents were selected from the first to the third year. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses, with a p-value of 0.05 were conducted. Respondents indicated where they learned about BSE. There were 98.5% respondents who had heard about BSE, and 89.8% of them had good practice of BSE. However, a quarter did not teach BSE to relatives. There were no statistically significant associations noted. Most of the nursing students were aware of BSE and knew how to perform it, although a quarter did not teach BSE to their relatives. Therefore, it may be necessary to sensitise nurses to cultivate the habit of teaching BSE to relatives and women in the community. It is crucial to provide nurses with the skills and knowledge required to carry out BSE effectively, as well as teach women how to perform it on themselves, to improve breast cancer detection rates in Nigeria.

Late-stage diagnosis: The driving force behind high breast cancer mortality in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Breast cancer continues to be the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Ethiopia. The poor prognosis and high mortality rate of breast cancer patients in the country are largely caused by late-stage diagnosis. Hence, understanding the epidemiology of late-stage diagnosis is essential to address this important problem. However, previous reports in Ethiopia indicated inconsistent findings. Therefore, this literature review was conducted to generate dependable evidence by summarizing the prevalence and determinants of late-stage diagnosis among breast cancer patients in Ethiopia. Pertinent articles were retrieved by systematically searching on major electronic databases and gray literature. Data were extracted into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using the STATA 17 statistical software. The pooled estimates were summarized using the random effect meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity and small study effect were evaluated using the I2 statistics and Egger's regression test in conjunction with the funnel plot, respectively. Meta-regression, sub-group analysis, and sensitivity analysis were also employed. Protocol registration number: CRD42024496237. The pooled prevalence of late-stage diagnosis after combining reports of 24 studies with 8,677 participants was 65.85 (95% CI: 58.38, 73.32). Residence (adjusted OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.53), patient delay at their first presentation (adjusted OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.56, 4.49), traditional medicine use (adjusted OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.89, 3.41), and breast self-examination practice (adjusted OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.88) were significant determinants of late-stage diagnosis. Two-thirds of breast cancer patients in Ethiopia were diagnosed at an advanced stage. Residence, delay in the first presentation, traditional medicine use, and breast self-examination practice were significantly associated with late-stage diagnosis. Public education about breast cancer and its early detection techniques is crucial to reduce mortality and improve the survival of patients. Besides, improving access to cancer screening services is useful to tackle the disease at its curable stages.

Assessing breast self-examination knowledge, attitude and practice as a secondary prevention of breast cancer among female undergraduates at the University of Dodoma: a protocol of analytical cross-sectional study.

Breast cancer is a global disease affecting an enormous number of women worldwide and a primary cause of cancer-related deaths in women. In Tanzania, women's breast cancer is the second-ranked among all types of cancers, with an incidence of 15.9%. Despite the Breast Self Examination (BSE) being one of the secondary prevention of breast cancer and an important measure for early diagnosis of breast cancer, little is known whether women could practice routine BSE. The study aims to Assess breast self-examination (BSE) knowledge, attitude, and practice among female undergraduates at the University of Dodoma. An institutionally-based analytical cross-sectional study will be carried out in the Dodoma region of Tanzania through a validated questionnaire. The study will involve 384 female undergraduate students aged 18 years. The data will be entered and analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25. Descriptive analysis (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics [Cross-tabulation, Chi-square (χ 2), and Regression analysis] will be used. The practice of BSE among women remains unsatisfactory, which is highly linked to the lack of BSE knowledge. The deficit knowledge is on how to perform BSE, the benefit of BSE, and the interval of doing BSE. Most of the women seem to possess a positive attitude towards BSE.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Women Attending Primary Health Care Facility in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Women Attending Primary Health Care Facility in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

Knowledge of Non-Invasive Biomarkers of Breast Cancer, Risk Factors, and BSE Practices Among Nursing Undergraduates in Farasan Island, KSA.

Mammograms are sometimes met with issues of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis; therefore, they are less reliable in identifying cancer in women with dense breasts. As a result, it is critical to be aware of other sensitive screening techniques for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. The ultimate objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of nursing undergraduates regarding non-invasive biomarkers, such as volatile organic compounds in breath, nipple aspirate fluid, sweat, urine, and tears, for the early detection of breast cancer to help improve patient care, determine the risk factors, and encourage practice of breast self-examination. Cross-sectional research was done in the Department of Nursing at Farasan campus using a self-structured questionnaire as the study tool. A total of 260 students willingly participated. The study tool had evaluation questions focused on the non-invasive biomarkers of breast cancer, risk factors, and breast self-examination practices to collect data. The data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. The statistical significance was calculated at P < .05. Data analyses were done using Microsoft Excel (2013). A significant knowledge gap existed among the study participants about the non-invasive biomarkers of breast cancer. A lesser percentage of students (25%) stated that they do breast self-examination on a monthly basis. The most common reasons for not doing the breast self-examination were "not knowing how to do the breast self-examination" (77.3%), fear of a positive diagnosis (53.9%), thinking that they are not at risk as all were in their teens and hence not required (44.7%), and lack of time (48.7%). Age and frequency of breast self-examination were significantly associated (P < .05) as those few students (22.7%) who were doing breast self-examination practices every 2-4 months belonged to a higher study year. Furthermore, knowledge regarding incidence rates and health care expenditure by the government on breast cancer was also significantly low (P < .05). Outcomes would help prioritize actions to help future nurses better understand breast cancer, allowing them to extend patient care in the best way possible.

Awareness of Breast Cancer among the Secondary Level Adolescent Girls Student in Kathmandu, Nepal

The study entitled "Views on awareness of breast cancer among the secondary level adolescent girl" was based on descriptive research design and qualitative study with focus group discussion method. Only 8 adolescent girl students from grade XI and XII with in the Janamaitri Multiple Campus, Kathmandu were selected purposively for discussion. The student’s views on awareness of breast cancer were analyzed thematically by FGD guidelines. It is found that the adolescent girls have positive knowledge and perception on breast cancer but diversity of knowledge of basic causes of breast cancer based on scientific as well myth. They had good knowledge on initial sign and symptoms on breast cancer but they do not have their own live experience about it. They were in the favors of breast self-examination practices but still ignorance in what, why and how it can be practices properly. They were not familiar on detection of sign and symptoms of breast cancer properly. Some have faced the live experience of breast cancer in their family members but they do not have their own live experience. They revealed that the proper health education and regular awareness program could prevent the secondary level adolescent girls from early breast cancer.