Annotation Practices Research Articles

Fostering the development of critical thinking skills, and reading comprehension of undergraduates using a Web 2.0 tool coupled with a learning system

A social annotation model learning system (SAM-LS) was created using multiple instructional strategies thereby supporting the student in improving in critical thinking, critical writing and related literacy. There are four mechanisms in which the SAM-LS methodology is believed to improve learning and performance. These mechanisms include providing relevant activities such as (1) examples, (2) practice, (3) reflection and (4) collaboration. The Social Annotation Model uses HyLighter, an online annotation system that amalgamates reading and writing, facilitates shared annotation practices and coalesces annotations from multiple reviewers. This article reports on three studies conducted using HyLighter. The purpose of the first study was to determine student perceptions on the benefits and weaknesses of the learning environment, using HyLighter, with a focus on peer critique. The findings indicated that users' experiences were positive and specifically the annotations and tags were useful in a peer critique activity. The second study was a nonexperimental comparative study that looked at students' ability to critically analyze information and reading comprehension using HyLighter in collaborative activities. Initial findings show that working in small collaborative groups may promote deeper thinking through peer interactions. The third study was to determine whether there was a change in reading comprehension, critical thinking and meta-cognition skills from the use of SAM-LS instructional strategies. Results indicate that HyLighter may help students in several areas including enhancing the students' ability to think critically.

Marginalised behaviour: digital annotations, spatial encoding and the implications for reading comprehension

Within large scale educational assessment agencies in the UK, there has been a shift towards assessors marking digitally scanned copies rather than the original paper scripts that were traditionally used. This project uses extended essay examination scripts to consider whether the mode in which an essay is read potentially influences the judgements made about it, employing qualitative and quantitative data‐gathering approaches to focus on the annotation practices of readers who are assessing extended essays, and to explore whether this might be affected by mode. The project also gathers evidence about the spatial encoding ability of these readers to suggest that mode‐related influences on annotation might influence the ability of readers to comprehend fully the material being read. Examiners had less spatial awareness about the location of script features on screen than on paper; however, annotating on screen might link to both the provision of appropriate annotations and the relative ease with which these are deployed whilst reading. There was also evidence that on‐screen annotation could contribute to the development of good mental representations of texts on screen.

Megascience. 'Omics data sharing.

Data sharing, and the good annotation practices it depends on, must become part of the fabric of daily research for researchers and funders.

Evaluation of Three Automated Genome Annotations for Halorhabdus utahensis

Genome annotations are accumulating rapidly and depend heavily on automated annotation systems. Many genome centers offer annotation systems but no one has compared their output in a systematic way to determine accuracy and inherent errors. Errors in the annotations are routinely deposited in databases such as NCBI and used to validate subsequent annotation errors. We submitted the genome sequence of halophilic archaeon Halorhabdus utahensis to be analyzed by three genome annotation services. We have examined the output from each service in a variety of ways in order to compare the methodology and effectiveness of the annotations, as well as to explore the genes, pathways, and physiology of the previously unannotated genome. The annotation services differ considerably in gene calls, features, and ease of use. We had to manually identify the origin of replication and the species-specific consensus ribosome-binding site. Additionally, we conducted laboratory experiments to test H. utahensis growth and enzyme activity. Current annotation practices need to improve in order to more accurately reflect a genome's biological potential. We make specific recommendations that could improve the quality of microbial annotation projects.

An annotation model to reduce ambiguity in design communication

This paper describes an annotation model of digital design representations which aims to provide the design actors with a way to communicate more clearly in asynchronous situations. Our objective is to develop a model that improves design communication through the elicitation of knowledge related to the context of design. We present a case study based on our observations in an industrial vehicle company where we observed and analysed annotation practices during design reviews. The speech act theory is used in order to propose a model based on the concept of locutionary and illocutionary annotation acts, and annotation categories are drawn from cognitive approaches of design. An annotation scenario is then developed on the basis of the case study as an illustration of our model.

Minding the Gap

This research project examines classroom discussion in its relationship to reading as made visible through the practice of textual annotation. In order to develop a rich description of student reading/discussion processes, we targeted multiple undergraduate seminars at a liberal arts college as they encountered the first two Acts of Shakespeare's King Lear. We collected triangulated data from these class sessions including targeted reading surveys, student reading annotations, naturalistic observation of real-time seminar discussion behavior, and student reflections. Our analysis of the students' annotations relies upon reading theorist Wolfgang Iser's conceptions of interpretive gap, consistency building, and individual repertoire. Our discussion considers the theoretical implications of this local, in-depth data for the broader analysis of student reading and discussion practices.

The Hamburg Metaphor Database project: issues in resource creation

This paper concerns metaphor resource creation. It provides an account of methods used, problems discovered, and insights gained at the Hamburg Metaphor Database project, intended to inform similar resource creation initiatives, as well as future metaphor processing algorithms. After introducing the project, the theoretical underpinnings that motivate the subdivision of represented information into a conceptual and a lexical level are laid out. The acquisition of metaphor attestations from electronic corpora is explained, and annotation practices as well as database contents are evaluated. The paper concludes with an overview of related projects and an outline of possible future work.

Bibliographic Supplement with Annotation, on Disability, Deafness and Religious Belief and Practice in Middle Eastern, South Asian and East Asian Histories and Cultures

This is a supplement of about 150 items to the earlier bibliography (180 items) published in the Journal of Religion, Disability & Health(2002) vol. 6 (2/3) pp. 149-204. It lists and annotates materials (often in translation, sometimes with commentary) pertinent to disability, deafness and religious belief and practice in the histories and cultural traditions of the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia.

Annotating the Web: An exploratory study of Web users' needs for personal annotation tools

AbstractThis exploratory study investigates the needs Web users have to make annotations for their personal use when they view Web pages. Three forms of annotations observed on printed documents ‐ text selection and emphasis, association building, and document re‐segmentation ‐ are examined in the Web environment. The study shows that text selection and association building through notes or symbols remain the dominant forms of annotation on the Web, while structural annotation (re‐segmentation) and layout annotation (change of font, color, etc.) are also prevalent. The study also investigates users' preferences for the tools designed to facilitate Web annotation practices. Findings suggest that usability is of utmost importance when developing Web annotation tools, and that under the current technical conditions, users welcome lightweight annotation functions, which are built into standard Web browsers.

Being Fair to the Hounds: The Function and Practice of Annotation, II

Visual strategy begins on the first page. The most pretentious form of first page differentation is the “lead-in” quotation whereby the author prefaces the main body of the text with a quote from an esteemed scholar, a famous decision, or some other prestigious source. … The objective of the “lead-in” quote is to spark immediate attention with a titillating example of erudition, humor, or impertinence… Ideally the lead-in quote should be obscure—oriental sources are recommended—and should not have a substantive link to the subject matter of the article. … This technique can generate guilt among readers who suspect the game but lack the nerve to speak out.His books positively clank and groan under the weight of apparatus. Very good it is too.As indicated in the first part of this paper, I adopt a generous definition of “annotation” in this discussion. There the traditional forms, footnotes, and other textual apparatus were discussed. Here I want to concentrate on a number of forms of annotation that are not usually treated under that rubric. Included (in roughly the order in which they are likely to appear in a given work) are titles, tables of contents, prefaces, epigraphs, graphs and charts, maps, quoted matter, facsimiles, appendices, glossaries, bibliographies, and indexes. Each of these is an occasion—and an opportunity—to provide access to the text, to the author's own sources, or to the author's mind. While every work will not use all of these, certain of them (prefaces, tables of contents, bibliographies, and indexes) should be a part of every substantial scholarly study.

The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle.Jonathan Sumption

Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsThe Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle. Jonathan Sumption John Bell HennemanJohn Bell Henneman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Speculum Volume 69, Number 1Jan., 1994 The journal of the Medieval Academy of America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2864876 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1994 Medieval AcademyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:David Henige Being Fair to the Hounds: The Function and Practice of Annotation, History in Africa 28 (May 2014): 95–127.https://doi.org/10.2307/3172210