Practice Learning Environment Research Articles

Quality assurance of the clinical learning environment in Austria: Construct validity of the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher Scale (CLES+T scale)

BackgroundWithin nursing education, the clinical learning environment is of a high importance in regards to the development of competencies and abilities. The organization, atmosphere, and supervision in the clinical learning environment are only a few factors that influence this development. In Austria there is currently no valid instrument available for the evaluation of influencing factors. ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to test the construct validity with principal component analysis as well as the internal consistency of the German Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Teacher Scale (CLES+T scale) in Austria. MethodThe present validation study has a descriptive-quantitative cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 385 nursing students from thirteen training institutions in Austria. The data collection was carried out online between March and April 2016. Starting with a polychoric correlation matrix, a parallel analysis with principal component extraction and promax rotation was carried out due to the ordinal data. ResultsThe exploratory ordinal factor analysis supported a four-component solution and explained 73% of the total variance. The internal consistency of all 25 items reached a Cronbach's α of 0.95 and the four components ranged between 0.83 and 0.95. ConclusionThe German version of the CLES+T scale seems to be a useful instrument for identifying potential areas of improvement in clinical practice in order to derive specific quality measures for the practical learning environment.

The Importance of Embedding Authenticity in the EFL Pedagogy

Recent research and learning theory provide a lot of thoughts and strategies to endorse learner-centered, practical and useful learning environments. Authenticity should be a fundamental factor in the educational pedagogy especially in the EFL classrooms. Authenticity in language teaching involves not only authentic materials, but also authentic tasks and learning environment. Characteristics of authenticity are mainly related to learner’s motivation, learner independency, communicative ability. This paper stands as a response to the following question: How much is it important to use authentic materials when teaching English Language Learners (ELLs)? The paper also provides some examples of utilizing authenticity in learning environment. Then, it comes to the conclusion that it is crucial and possible to make full use of authenticity in language teaching.

Adding Value in Student-Managed Funds: Benchmark and Sector Selection

Student-managed portfolios offer a practical learning environment but often miss opportunities for outperformance. The authors provide several recommendations for structuring fund trades to enhance the pedagogical experience for the students in addition to generating alpha. A strategy that targets midcap stocks offers favorable risk–return characteristics and focuses on a market capitalization category that receives relatively less attention from professional money managers. Furthermore, a formal sector allocation strategy provides an additional source of portfolio outperformance when using a metric that is robust to differences in companies across sectors. The authors document the high relative return dispersion among sectors in midcap stocks and show that enterprise value/EBITDA is a consistently effective ratio in identifying both undervalued and overvalued stocks.

Governing for Excellence in the Social Care Sector - The Role of Self-Governance in Ireland's Evolving Social Care Profession

Social care work in Ireland remains a poorly understood profession, despite its growing importance within the wider health and welfare sectors. Higher Educational programmes, especially practice-based aspects, in conjunction with the imminent professional registration of social care graduates, will help with identity formation and solidification of this role (McGregor 2011). However, this professional registration has yet to occur and, on its own, will not guarantee the delivery of a quality service to the user. Using less commonly used professional development concepts of self-governance, self-regulation, impression management and identity capital, this article will explore how social care professional identity may be nurtured, developed and supported within professional practice learning and social care worker environments and, in so doing, support a quality service delivery within the social care space.

Association between senior nursing students’ perceived stress and learning environment in clinical practice

Background and objective: Senior nursing students encounter various stressors during their practice in clinical learning environment. Inability to manage these stressors, may affect students’ academic achievement and well-being, which in turn put the nursing profession at risk. This study aimed to examine the association between senior nursing students' perceived stress and learning environment in clinical practice and their coping strategies.Methods: Study subject consisted of 400 senior nursing students enrolled in the 4th academic year at Faculty of nursing-Tanta University. Present study used descriptive design. Four tools were used to collect the data: Nursing Students’ Perception of Stress in Clinical Practice, Physio-Psycho-Social Response Scale, Coping Strategies Scale, and Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure.Results: Senior nursing students’ experienced a high level of stress in clinical practice with total mean (2.87), and their response to stress indicated poor health status with total mean (2.76). Their learning environment need more effort to be improved with total mean score (2.4). There were high statistical significant positive correlation between students’ perception of learning environment and their responses to stress (p < .001).Conclusions: Senior nursing students experienced high level of stress in clinical practice; their responses to stress indicated a poor health status. Majority of them used problem focused disengagement and emotional focused disengagement strategies to deal with stress in clinical practice. Their perception of learning environment indicated a more positive than negative, so learning environment need more effort to be improved. Accordingly we recommend promote healthy, supportive learning environment and refine nursing curricula.

Adding Value in Student-Managed Funds: Benchmark and Sector Selection

Student managed portfolios offer a practical learning environment but often miss opportunities for outperformance. We provide several recommendations for structuring fund trades to enhance the pedagogical experience for the students in addition to generating alpha. A strategy that targets mid cap stocks offers favorable risk-return characteristics and focuses on a market capitalization category that receives relatively less attention from professional money managers. Furthermore, a formal sector allocation strategy provides an additional source of portfolio outperformance when utilizing a metric that is robust to differences in companies across sectors. We document the high relative return dispersion among sectors in mid cap stocks and show that EV/EBITDA is a consistently effective ratio in both identifying undervalued and overvalued stocks.

Teaching Telecommunication Standards: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice

Telecommunication standards have become a reliable mechanism to strengthen collaboration between industry and research institutions to accelerate the evolution of communications systems. Standards are needed to enable cooperation while promoting competition. Within the framework of a standard, the companies involved in the standardization process contribute and agree on appropriate technical specifications to ensure diversity, compatibility and facilitate worldwide commercial deployment and evolution. Those parts of the system that can create competitive advantages are intentionally left open in the specifications. Such specifications are extensive, complex and minimalistic. This makes the telecommunication standards education a difficult endeavor, but it is much demanded by industry and governments to spur economic growth. This paper describes a methodology for teaching wireless communications standards. We define our methodology around six learning stages that assimilate the standardization process and identify key learning objectives for each. Enabled by software-defined radio technology we describe a practical learning environment that facilitates developing many of the needed technical and soft skills without the inherent difficulty and cost associated with radio frequency components and regulation. Using only open-source software and commercial off-the-shelf computers, this environment is portable and can easily be recreated at other educational institutions and adapted to their educational needs and constraints. We discuss our and our students' experiences when employing the proposed methodology to 4th generation (4G) long-term-evolution (LTE) standard education at Barcelona Tech.

Preparing registrants for mentor roles: the chicken or egg conundrum.

The Nursing and Midwifery Council's (NMC) Standards to Support Learning and Assessment in Practice ( 2008 ) outline requirements for the preparation of those who support nursing and midwifery pre-registration students in practice, formally known as mentors. Pre-registration nursing and midwifery programme providers, and practice learning environments (PLEs), work collaboratively to prepare registrants to undertake this role, and to help them maintain mentor status. An important NMC requirement is that registrants, when undertaking mentor preparation programmes, must be supported by experienced mentors in their workplace. This is challenging for programme providers and PLEs if there is lack of experienced mentors in the area concerned. This article discusses support for registrants when preparing to become mentors, suggests some alternative solutions and makes recommendations for the future of mentor preparation in the UK.

Developing and piloting a new role to enhance the clinical learning environment.

Environments that support pre- and post-registration students' and staff learning are vital to ensure the delivery of high quality patient care by knowledgeable and competent healthcare practitioners. A project was undertaken at Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust to modernise and enhance preceptorship against a background of national and local drivers. This article describes the development, piloting and evaluation of a new role designed to support and enhance practice learning environments for newly qualified nurses, preceptors, pre-registration nursing students and mentors. The article identifies the factors that affect clinical learning environments and discusses some practical solutions to the challenges associated with learning in practice. Finally, the article offers some recommendations and implications for practice in relation to the pilot outcomes.

Student perceptions of the cell biology laboratory learning environment in four undergraduate science courses in Spain

Cell biology is an academic discipline that organises and coordinates the learning of the structure, function and molecular composition of cells in some undergraduate biomedical programs. Besides course content and teaching methodologies, the laboratory environment is considered a key element in the teaching of and learning of cell biology. The aim of this study was to determine students’ opinions about the quality of the teaching and learning environment in cell biology laboratory practice. For this study, we used a short form of the Science Laboratory Environment Inventory (SLEI), which we adapted and translated into Spanish. The questionnaire, administered to students enrolled in four undergraduate programs, consisted of 24 questions divided into four scales: integration of content, clarity of laboratory rules, cohesion between students and teachers, and quality of laboratory infrastructures and materials. The results suggested that (1) students positively assessed the learning environment provided for cell biology practice, (2) the short Spanish form of the SLEI was a valid, reliable instrument for evaluating student satisfaction, laboratory activities, the degree of cooperation between students and teachers, and theoretical and practical organisation of content and (3) the questionnaire detected differential perceptions of the learning environment based on gender and the program studied.

Physiotherapy students' perceptions of learning in clinical practice in Sweden and India

It is reasonable to assume that conditions for learning differ between universities and countries. Increased understanding of similarities and differences of student's perceptions of learning environment can be useful in the development of the physiotherapy education as well as of the profession as such. Through international comparisons the benefits and challenges of educational programmes can be made transparent and serve as base for improvement. The objective of this study is to describe and compare physiotherapy students' perceptions of their learning environment in clinical practice in India and Sweden. A questionnaire study was performed, covering physiotherapy students' perceptions of their clinical learning environment, the physiotherapy supervisor within the clinical context, their supervisory relationship and the role of the clinical supervisor at two Universities, Luleå in Sweden and Amity in New Delhi, India. Undergraduate students at two physiotherapy programmes, in New Delhi, India and in Luleå, Sweden participated in the questionnaire study. In general, both groups had high rankings of their perceptions of the clinical learning environment. The Swedish students ranked individual supervision, participation in meetings, the supervisor as a resource, being a part of the team and giving them valuable feedback higher than the Indian group. The supervisory relationship was equally satisfying in groups, providing valuable feedback and acknowledging equality and mutuality in the relationship. The Indian group ranked the supervisor as a colleague, as a support in learning, and that he/she made them feel comfortable in meetings higher than the Swedish group. Both groups had high ratings of the supervisor and the clinical learning context Participation at meetings was higher rated in the Swedish and the supervisor as a support in learning higher rated of the Indian students.

Students' voices on spiritual care at a Higher Education Institution in the Western Cape.

BackgroundNurses have a moral obligation to ensure holistic care of patients, inclusive of the spiritual dimension. However, there seems to be a void in the teaching and learning of spiritual care in nursing curricula. Despite the South African Nursing Council being in favour of holistic nursing, there are no measures in place to ensure implementation of spiritual care, hence its practice is not standardised in nursing education in South Africa. Currently, the undergraduate nursing curriculum does not provide clear direction on how spiritual care in nursing should be integrated and the reason for this is not clear. It appears that the lack of professional regulation, difficulties in definition and the personalised nature of spiritual practice are partly responsible for the practice being barely enforced and scarcely practised by students in clinical placements. The aim of the study was to develop a practice theory for teaching–learning of spiritual care in the undergraduate nursing programme.ObjectivesThe study objective was to describe and explore the students’ experiencs of teaching–learning of spiritual care in the undergraduate nursing programme.MethodsA qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design with purposive sampling was used. The sample consisted of undergraduate nursing students at a University in the Western Cape Province. Measures for trustworthiness were applied.ResultsThe findings indicated a need to provide support, a conducive learning environment and structure for teaching, learning and practice of spiritual care.ConclusionThere is a need for formal education regarding spiritual care in nursing.

A simulation-based resident-as-teacher program: The impact on teachers and learners.

Residency training is charged with improving resident teaching skills. Utilizing simulation in teacher training has unique advantages such as providing a controlled learning environment and opportunities for deliberate practice. We assessed the impact of a simulation-based resident-as-teacher (RaT) program. A RaT program was embedded in an existing 8-case simulation curriculum for 52 internal medicine (IM) interns. Residents participated in a workshop, then served as facilitators in the curriculum and received feedback from faculty. Residents' teaching and feed back skills were measured using a pre- and post-program self-assessment and post-session and post-curriculum evaluations by intern learners. Forty-one second- and third-year residents participated in the study August 2013 to October 2013 at a single center. Pre- and post-program teaching skills were assessed for 34 of 41 resident facilitators (83%) participating in 3.9 sessions on average. Partaking in the program led to improvements in resident facilitators' self-reported teaching and feedback skills across all domains. The most significant improvement was in teaching in a simulated environment (2.81 to 4.16, P < 0.001). Interns rated the curriculum highly (81% "excellent," 19% "good") and reported that resident facilitators frequently utilized debriefing techniques covered in the RaT program. Our simulation-based RaT program offered a unique opportunity for deliberate practice of teaching skills in a controlled environment and led to improvements in resident facilitators' teaching and feed back skills. The simulation curriculum, facilitated by residents, was well received by the intern learners. Our program design may serve as a model for the development of simulation curricula and RaT programs within IM residencies.

First year undergraduate nursing students and nursing mentors: An evaluation of their experience of specialist areas as their hub practice learning environment

Specialist environments have traditionally not been considered as practice learning environments for year one nursing students. Through implementation of the hub and spoke model of practice learning this was implemented across one health board and Higher Education Institution in Scotland. Sixty nine students from specialist and 147 from general areas out of a total population of 467 students (46.2%) and thirteen mentors from specialist and 26 from general areas out of a total 577 mentors (6.7%) completed a questionnaire. The findings support this initiative and suggest in some cases student experiences are more positive in specialist environments.

Challenges Encountered by Teachers in Managing Inclusive Classrooms in Swaziland

The purpose of the study in which this paper is derived was to identify challenges encountered by teachers in managing inclusive classrooms in Swaziland. The literature review shed light on the various aspects of inclusive education from the classroom to the outside environment to the teachers involved in inclusive education. The study employed qualitative methods in which Focus Group Discussions were utilized and Thirty five (N=35) teachers were purposively sampled from primary schools in the Manzini region. Results revealed that a majority of teachers were not trained on how to teach in an inclusive class. However, the literature indicates that with proper training and resources, inclusion can be a practical and effective learning environment. It can be concluded that mainstream teachers generally lacked confidence as they attempted to include students with disabilities into classes. The study recommends that The Ministry of Education should consider increasing the availability of special needs courses, workshops and conference for teachers in primary schools who are working with students with disabilities. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1p495

The role of the practice educator in supporting nursing and midwifery students' clinical practice learning: An appreciative inquiry

High quality, supportive practice learning experiences are crucial for ensuring that student nurses and midwives develop into competent practitioners who are fit for practice. The practice educator role is one model of practice learning support but the role is relatively new and has been little investigated. This paper reports on an appreciative inquiry that explored the current practice educator role at one university in England, with the aim of reaching a consensus for how the role could be enhanced. The first phase involved in-depth interviews with 18 participants: practice educators (n = 10); student nurse representatives (n = 5) and practice based education leads (n = 3). The interviews were analysed thematically. Three themes related to social processes involved in the role: being a bridge, being there, and social identity. The other themes described contributions to the practice learning environment: safeguarding, support, critical thinking. The second phase used a modified Delphi technique. Participants ranked trigger statements, related to the themes, in order of importance. Two consensus workshops were held where the statements were reviewed by practice educators, students and learning environment leads, following which principles and practices of the practice educator role were agreed. In conclusion, the strength of the practice educator role is that it bridges the worlds of university and practice. This bridging resulted from social processes that required a sustained presence in practice to engage in the reality of everyday practice and gain the shared social identity of a practitioner.

Finding student-centered open learning environments on the internet: Automated dialogue assessment in academic virtual communities of practice

Starting from the socio-constructivist concepts of (virtual) community of practice (vCoP) and internet-based argumentative open-ended learning environments, this study proposes and validates two tools for automated dialogue assessment, ReaderBench and Important Moments, developed on the ground of the polyphonic social knowledge building model. The analyzed corpus was the dialogue produced by an academic vCoP with N=179 community members in 23months, and consisting of 3685 interventions in 292 text-based discussion threads. The analysis results uncovered significant differences in the discussion threads produced by central and peripheral participants, such that central participants produced more interventions with higher collaborative dialogue quality, and the discussion threads they initiated were longer and involved a larger number of participants. Moreover, based on the automated analysis result, the vCoP participants could be classified in two clusters corresponding to the well-known core-periphery structure of CoPs. These findings are consistent with those revealed by other methods, and suggest that the employed tools are appropriate for identifying virtual communities that are appropriate as open-ended learning environments. Further research and development is needed to deepen quantitative vCoP models and test communication strategies recommended to students in vCoP-based argumentative open-ended learning environments.

The learner’s perspective in GP teaching practices with multi-level learners: a qualitative study

BackgroundMedical students, junior hospital doctors on rotation and general practice (GP) registrars are undertaking their training in clinical general practices in increasing numbers in Australia. Some practices have four levels of learner. This study aimed to explore how multi-level teaching (also called vertical integration of GP education and training) is occurring in clinical general practice and the impact of such teaching on the learner.MethodsA qualitative research methodology was used with face-to-face, semi-structured interviews of medical students, junior hospital doctors, GP registrars and GP teachers in eight training practices in the region that taught all levels of learners. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Qualitative analysis was conducted using thematic analysis techniques aided by the use of the software package N-Vivo 9. Primary themes were identified and categorised by the co-investigators.Results52 interviews were completed and analysed. Themes were identified relating to both the practice learning environment and teaching methods used.A practice environment where there is a strong teaching culture, enjoyment of learning, and flexible learning methods, as well as learning spaces and organised teaching arrangements, all contribute to positive learning from a learners’ perspective.Learners identified a number of innovative teaching methods and viewed them as positive. These included multi-level learner group tutorials in the practice, being taught by a team of teachers, including GP registrars and other health professionals, and access to a supernumerary GP supervisor (also termed “GP consultant teacher”). Other teaching methods that were viewed positively were parallel consulting, informal learning and rural hospital context integrated learning.ConclusionsVertical integration of GP education and training generally impacted positively on all levels of learner. This research has provided further evidence about the learning culture, structures and teaching processes that have a positive impact on learners in the clinical general practice setting where there are multiple levels of learners. It has also identified some innovative teaching methods that will need further examination. The findings reinforce the importance of the environment for learning and learner centred approaches and will be important for training organisations developing vertically integrated practices and in their training of GP teachers.

Practical Chemistry Education Provided by Team-based Learning (TBL) and Peer Evaluation

Learning chemistry is cumulative: basic knowledge and chemical calculation skills are required to gain understanding of higher content. However, we often suffer from students' lack of learning skills to acquire these concepts. One of the reasons is the lack of adequate training in the knowledge and skills of chemistry, and one of the reasons for this lack is the lack of adequate evaluation of training procedures and content. Team-based learning (TBL) is a strong method for providing training in the knowledge and skills of chemistry and reaffirms the knowledge and skills of students of various levels. In our faculty, TBL exercises are provided for first-year students concurrently with lectures in physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. In this study, we researched the adoption of a peer evaluation process for this participatory learning model. Questionnaires taken after TBL exercises in the previous year showed a positive response to TBL. Further, a questionnaire taken after TBL exercises in the spring semester of the current year also yielded a positive response not only to TBL but also to peer evaluation. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the improvement of students' grades in chemistry classes and the feeling the percentage (20%) of peer evaluation in overall evaluation low (logistic regression analysis, p=0.022). On the basis of the findings, we argue that TBL provides a generic, practical learning environment including an effective focus on learning strategy and evaluation of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and studies on the educational effects of TBL and peer evaluation.

Identifying students’ difficulties when learning technical skills via a wireless sensor network

Practical training and actual application of acquired knowledge and techniques are crucial for the learning of technical skills. We established a wireless sensor network system (WSNS) based on the 5E learning cycle in a practical learning environment to improve students’ reflective abilities and to reduce difficulties for the learning of technical skills. Student learning was investigated using a Technical Expertise Assessment Form and Reflective Abilities Investigation Tool that we had developed. Results of the forms showed that the 5E learning cycle-based WSNS helped improve students’ reflection and the ease in acquiring technical skills. Students’ reflection was also shown to be significantly correlated with the learning of technical skills. We concluded that reflection provided by the sensory functions of the WSNS was able to reduce students’ difficulties when learning technical skills.