Practice Of Law Research Articles

Tracking graduate outcomes of undergraduate physiology major students.

Physiology graduates are well-positioned to pursue a career path in the high-demand healthcare industry, but students may lack awareness of the available opportunities. At Monash University, there has been a marked increase in student completion of the Physiology Major for the Bachelor of Science degree. Despite the projected employment growth across health professions, medicine remains the prioritized career aspiration for many physiology students. Alumni career paths are insightful to understand career trends and possibilities but there is currently no published information on the employment outcomes of Physiology Major graduates. The professional networking LinkedIn platform was used to track Monash University Bachelor of Science alumni, who graduated with a Physiology Major in 2017 and 2018 (n=286). Searching the alumni by name on LinkedIn identified 63% of these graduates (n=180), each of whose further study and profession at the time of data collection in 2023 was noted and categorically analyzed using a coding protocol. Physiology graduates were most commonly employed in health professions (43%) followed by research-related careers (18%) and business or law practice (14%). Of the health professions, a quarter of graduates were studying or working in medicine while the rest were working in allied health areas, with physiotherapy being the most common. Among those in research-related careers, just over half pursued doctoral qualification followed by 24% in research assistant roles and 15% in clinical trial coordination. These findings will reinvigorate the undergraduate physiology curriculum to broaden student awareness of and preparedness for career opportunities within the health professions and research workforce.

Certifying Legal AI Assistants for Unrepresented Litigants: A Global Survey of Access to Civil Justice, Unauthorized Practice of Law, and AI

The global integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into legal services has created a critical need for clarity regarding unauthorized practice of law (UPL) rules. Traditionally, UPL rules prohibited unlicensed individuals from engaging in activities legally reserved for qualified attorneys, including, in some jurisdictions, offering legal advice, interpreting laws, representing clients in court, or drafting legal documents. Now that some AI systems can perform functions that practice of law regulating authorities have traditionally reserved for licensed attorneys, a framework is needed to certify the use of legal AI assistants by unrepresented litigants. Ensuring the accuracy of information provided by legal AI assistants for unrepresented litigants benefits the entire legal community, including attorneys, by promoting stricter standards and higher acceptance thresholds. We examine the perspectives of several primary stakeholders in certifying legal AI assistants, including unrepresented litigants, practice of law regulating authorities, judiciaries, the legislature, the legal aid community, and the legal tech community. We conduct a detailed survey of access to justice, AI, and UPL in various international jurisdictions, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, Germany, India, New Zealand, Nigeria, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In each of these jurisdictions, we explore how UPL is currently managed in the context of legal AI use by unrepresented litigants. We also include a 50-state and 6-territory survey for the United States on what each Bar Association and Judiciary is doing to regulate legal AI use by unrepresented litigants. In light of this survey, we propose that practice of law regulating authorities add certified legal AI assistants to their lists of UPL exemptions so that such assistants can provide specific and useful legal information, guidance, and advice to unrepresented litigants. We propose a capability-based framework for certifying legal AI assistants for unrepresented litigants. This is intended as a harmonized global proposal, designed for local implementation by each jurisdiction’s practice of law regulating authority, with the flexibility to address individual jurisdictional nuances. Unrepresented litigants are already using AI chatbots for help in legal proceedings, sometimes to their detriment. Our proposal aims to allow unrepresented litigants to use legal AI assistants that have been verified for accuracy. This framework addresses the key justification for UPL restrictions—the risk of incorrect legal guidance—by basing the certification of individual capabilities on their accuracy when tested on public benchmark datasets. Legal AI assistants are added to lists of UPL exemptions under this approach if their accuracy meets or exceeds a certification threshold when tested on these public benchmark datasets. The jurisdiction’s practice of law regulating authority would set the certification threshold or, as we suggest, a third-party certifying authority delegated to perform this task. While many public benchmark datasets are required under this framework, the legal AI community is rapidly developing such datasets. To enable AI to enhance access to justice for unrepresented litigants globally, practice of law regulating authorities in each jurisdiction must choose to exempt certified legal AI systems for unrepresented litigants from unauthorized practice of law regulations.

The impact of cultural competence in family law: An overview of Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Judaism

AbstractIn contemporary multicultural societies, the family law profession requires a nuanced understanding of diverse cultural backgrounds to facilitate equitable and effective resolutions. Cultural competence in the family law profession entails recognizing and respecting the beliefs, values, and practices of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Understanding the impact of religion on family dynamics, decision‐making processes, and conflict resolution is essential for family law professionals to navigate sensitive issues such as divorce, custody arrangements, and parental rights. By delving into the teachings, traditions, and rituals of Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Judaism, this paper elucidates the unique cultural considerations that influence family law disputes within these religious communities. It examines key aspects such as dietary preferences, religious observances, and extended family dynamics, shedding light on how these factors shape co‐parenting arrangements and legal proceedings. Furthermore, this paper underscores the importance of incorporating cultural sensitivity into the family law process to promote mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation among parties. By fostering an environment where diverse religious perspectives are acknowledged and valued, mediators can facilitate more equitable and satisfactory outcomes for families from different cultural backgrounds. Ultimately, this paper advocates for the integration of cultural competence training into family law practices, emphasizing the need for mediators to continuously educate themselves on the religious and cultural nuances of the diverse populations they serve. By embracing cultural competence, family law practitioners can better serve the needs of all families, regardless of their religious affiliations, and contribute to a more inclusive and just legal system.

Settlement of Pratima Theft According to Customary and National Law in Klungkung Regency and Gianyar Regency

The theft of sacred objects, especially Pratima in Bali, is a pressing issue that involves legal complexities between customary and national legal systems. This problem is not only materially damaging, but also threatens the continuity of religious traditions and practices. This research aims to analyze the settlement process of Pratima theft cases from the perspectives of customary and national law, and to identify the challenges faced in integrating the two legal systems. The approach used in this research is a qualitative method with in-depth interview techniques with traditional village leaders and police investigators. The data obtained was analyzed using a thematic analysis method to identify emerging patterns and themes. The results showed that there is a mismatch between the practice of customary law and national law in the resolution of Pratima theft cases. Many cases remain unresolved due to a lack of understanding and cooperation between the two legal systems. This research concludes that a more integrative approach between customary and national law is needed to improve the effectiveness of Pratima theft case resolution. Recommendations for policy makers and law enforcers are also provided to create a more sustainable solution for the protection of Bali's cultural heritage.

Notary Position Violations Regarding the Signing of a Cooperation Agreement Deed Outside the Notary's Jurisdiction

Notaries, as public officials, are entrusted with the authority to create written evidence in the form of notarial deeds, as regulated by the Notary Position Law. This law serves as a guideline for notaries in issuing notarial deeds and performing their professional duties. This research aims to analyze the violation of professional conduct committed by a notary in signing a Cooperation Agreement Deed outside the notary's designated office area, with a focus on the Decision of the Notary Supervisory Panel Number 05/PTS/MPWN Prov. West Java/IV/2024. Additionally, it examines the considerations of the Notary Supervisory Panel in addressing such violations and their implications for the notary's responsibilities. The research employs a doctrinal approach, utilizing secondary data collected through literature and document studies. The findings indicate that the violation committed by a notary in signing a Cooperation Agreement Deed outside the notary's office area can compromise the authenticity of the deed, raising questions about its legal validity. This research has significant implications for the practice of notarial law, emphasizing the importance of adhering to the Notary Position Law to ensure the authenticity and legal enforceability of notarial deeds. The results also highlight the need for stricter oversight and clearer guidelines by supervisory panels to prevent similar violations and maintain the integrity of the notarial profession.

‘Their Reserves Are a Mere Farce’: Aboriginal Stations in the Port Phillip Protectorate

The Aboriginal reserves of the Port Phillip Protectorate were short-lived and unsettled, largely due to the resistance of Kulin clans to residing in one place. In the earliest years of European incursion onto their Country, they contested being shunted from their homelands, networks of ceremonial sites, and wide-ranging harvestscapes onto small, unleased backblocks of Crown land. Instead, Kulin moved between reserves using them as nodes in their sovereignty in order to maintain seasonal generating and collecting, and familial obligations, as well as to practise ceremony and law. Drawing on the records of Assistant Protector William Thomas, and focusing on the Nerre Nerre Warren Station (1841–43) and the Pound Bend Reserve (1852–61), this article describes the continual movement of Kulin through and across the earliest of reserve sites on which they were supposed to ‘settle’.

Protection of the Property Relationships in the Banking Sector: Civil-Law, Criminal-Law and Criminological Aspects

Introduction. The role of the banking sector in the modern economy is difficult to overestimate. The banking system transforms savings into investments, manages the payment system, and is a liaison between the citizens and the agroindustrial, industrial and trade sectors. Therefore, the state policy of the Russian Federation aims at protecting the banking system from property infringements using the entire range of legal measures (civil-law, criminal-law, criminological, etc.). However, up till now, the system of measures aimed at efficient prevention, repression, prosecution of the above crimes and restoration of the disrupted social relationships has not been developed. The norms of the Russian Federation criminal law referring to liability for the larceny of non-cash funds have significant shortcomings in their content and legislative technique. Therefore, there arises a need to study the problems of counteracting the socially dangerous acts committed in the banking sector. The aim of the research is to analyse the status quo and trends of larceny in the banking sector and to develop a package of civil-law, criminal-law and criminological measures to protect the property interests of the credit institutions and citizens.Materials and Methods. The research was carried out using both the general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction) and specific scientific methods of cognition (statistical and sociological survey, content analysis, etc.). The reports, summarised results of law practices, materials of the civil- and criminal-law cases, sentences and court decisions were studied by means of the document analysis method. The modeling method made it possible to formulate the proposals on improving the legislation in the studied field.Results. The status quo and dynamics of larceny in the banking sector have been analysed, typical schemes and methods of committing the above mentioned criminal infringement have been identified, problems in prevention, as well as in the criminal and civil classification of such socially dangerous acts have been distinguished. Measures to improve the criminal law in counteracting the larceny in the banking sector have been proposed, recommendations for resolving the debatable issues of law enforcement practices have been formulated and ways to improve the efficiency of preventive measures have been outlined.Discussion and Conclusion. The banking system plays a key role in the modern economy, therefore one of the priorities of the Russian Federation state policy is protection of the banking sector from the criminal threats using the entire range of legal measures. The conclusions formulated as a result of the research are intended to supplement and extend the theoretical knowledge basis on the features of larceny in the banking sector, the causes and conditions emanating it. The authors have presented the proposals and recommendations aimed at the comprehensive protection of the property interests of the citizens and credit institutions by means of the civil-law, criminal-law and criminological measures.

The Creation of the Legal Services Ombud – How to Make It Effective

The office of the Legal Services Ombud is a new creation regulating the practice of law and the legal profession under the Legal Practice Act, 2014. The purpose of this note is to provide a discussion and analysis of the purpose and nature of the establishment of the Legal Services Ombud. The note delves into a comprehensive discussion of the meaning of “ombudsman” as a concept and the relationship this office has with the existing Legal Practice Council, whose main purpose is to regulate the conduct of legal practitioners, among other functions. The note seeks to draw a distinction between the Council’s role and the more comprehensive role of the Legal Services Ombud who must ensure that there is at all times, fairness and justice in how legal services are provided and that regulatory bodies (such as the Legal Practice Council) comply with these principles when their members render legal services to the public. The note also discusses whether the Legal Services Ombud is empowered to make binding rulings in the same manner as the Public Protector’s rulings, for instance, are seen and viewed as binding. Several conclusions are reached on this point in the note. It is argued in conclusion that positive steps must be taken to ensure that the work of the Legal Services Ombud is known, that the office is properly resourced to perform its functions in terms of the Legal Practice Act, and that sufficient clarity is provided on whether Ombud rulings are binding.

About Some Trends and Prospects of Using the Neural Networks in Juridical Science

Introduction. Digitalization fully represents itself not only in business or state governance, but also in the field of jurisprudence. Digitalization of the latter can be discussed in three aspects: digitalization of law practices, science and education. At present, a number of routine legal operations are being digitalized – civil contract drafting constructors are being created, legal data reference systems are being developed. Digitalization opens up the great prospects for legal education, for example, in extended use of computer games in teaching students. The least studied are the trends and prospects of digitalization in the Russian juridical science, which are represented in the use of text and graphic neural networks (for example, ChatGPT). However, the use of the neural networks has a number of ethical and legal restraints that are little discussed in the present-day juridical science. Therefore, the aim of this article is to reveal the trends and prospects of using the neural networks in scientific juridical research, as well as to identify the advantages and threats emanating from the modern neural networks (on the example of ChatGPT).Materials and Methods. The research was carried out using the methods of scientific cognition commonly accepted in Russia: general scientific (dialectical) method and specific scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, concrete-historical, logical, legal cybernetics method, systemic methods and others). The neural network research method, which enabled to analyse the algorithms of the ethically acceptable usage of ChatGPT neural network, was also used in the article. According to the methodology chosen by the authors, the institutions, programs and technologies were not investigated.Results. Within the research, the authors have analysed the theory and practice of using the neural networks for conducting the scientific research in the environmental law, the results of using the graphic neural networks have been shown on the certain examples (two figures generated by the neural network are attached). In the framework of using the text neural networks, the algorithms for their application have been proposed (on the example of conducting a comparative analysis of a number of legal concepts, including the sustainable development and green economy). The gaps in the legal regulation of the use of ChatGPT neural network have been revealed and ethical parameters for its use have been determined. Using the neural networks in the context of the civil law regime has been investigated, the recommendations have been formulated as a response to using the neural networks in drafting the contracts and in some other fields of juridically significant activity.Discussion and Conclusion. Nowadays, digitalization affects all spheres of public life, including the juridical science and legal education. Of all the existing digital technologies, we have chosen the artificial intelligence technology (ChatGPT) as the most well-known and, at the same time, having the great prospects. This technology can be useful both in the field of legal education and juridical science. ChatGPT (graphic) can facilitate the process of teaching the students at law faculties, by improving the methodological support of lectures and seminars (presentations, graphics). In terms of juridical science, ChatGPT (text) can be useful for summarizing the scientific and/or empirical materials, conducting classifications, adjusting the conclusions, etc. It is worth emphasizing that the direct use of the texts generated by the artificial intelligence is unethical, and is directly prohibited in a number of scientific journals. However, a complete ban on this technology is not expedient. It would be more forward-looking to define the exact parameters of the neural network use in the juridical science and legal education.

The Evidentiary Threshold in Establishing Concerted Practices in South African Competition Law: Comparative and Normative Analysis with International Law Standards -Ofentse Ntsane

The Evidentiary Threshold in Establishing Concerted Practices in South African Competition Law: Comparative and Normative Analysis with International Law Standards -Ofentse Ntsane

ENVIRONMENTAL RULE OF LAW IN LIGHT OF GLOBAL REPORTS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL RULE OF LAW

The concept of environmental rule of law is genetically placed in the context of broader rule-of-law principles. Similarly to the general concept of the rule of law, the environmental rule of law focuses on fair, clear and implementable environmental laws; public participation in decision-making; access to justice; access to information; accountability and integrity of institutions and decision-makers; clear and coordinated mandates and roles across and within institutions; accessible, fair and timely dispute resolution mechanisms; recognition of the mutually reinforcing relationship between human rights and environment. All of these elements of the environmental rule of law were in some way assessed in the First Global Report on Environmental Rule of Law (2019), (hereafter as the First Report) and in the second report – Environmental Rule of Law: Tracking Progress and Charting Future Directions (2023), (hereafter as the Second Report), which undoubtedly has contributed to the systemic approach to the environmental rule of law. This paper discusses some systemic issues of the environmental rule of law in the light of these reports findings that give a global prospect on the implementation of the environmental rule of law. It follows from them that the environmental rule of law should be considered as a basis before adopting any document and acting on environmental policy and law provides framework standards for addressing the gap between theory and practice of environmental law. As has been pointed out in the Second Report, the environmental rule of law is lately transforming due to such factors like technical innovation, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the rise of social justice movement inter alia, challenging standards of the environmental rule of law. The article comprises 4 parts. The first concerns the concept and context, the second one presents specific features and core elements of the environmental rule of law, the third – points to the benefits of compliance with the environmental rule of law. Some summarizing conclusions have been included in the fourth part.

Practical Ethics and Law of Artificial Intelligence

Practical Ethics and Law of Artificial Intelligence

Scope of Practice Laws for Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants: Impact on Healthcare Access and Quality

Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) have become essential components of the healthcare workforce, particularly in addressing primary care shortages and expanding access to medical services. With physician shortages looming and access to care for millions of Americans hanging in the balance, scope of practice expansion has reemerged as a hot-button issue within medical communities as federal agencies and state legislatures seek solutions for care access and quality of care concerns.

An Analysis of Women Laws in Pakistan Theory and Practice

Pakistani society is known to be a patriarchal society with men dominating every aspect of human life. As a result, women based on their gender identity have to suffer. To empower the women, various laws have been introduced in the country. The study focuses on two major laws introduced in Pakistan, (i.e. Hudood Laws 1979 by Zia-ul-Haq and Women Protection Act 2006 by Pervez Musharraf) to analyze their impact (both positive and negative) upon the legal status of women. The study tries to find the answer to the question that how far the laws protected the women and empowered them, whether the laws strengthened the legal position of the women or they (the women) had to suffer more and more. The study implies a qualitative method of analysis of various reported cases by screening mentioned laws to determine their validity in terms of women empowerment. The study concluded that though various laws were introduced for the empowerment of women in Pakistan the laws were either misinterpreted or misused when it comes to protecting women, even the courts, especially the lower ones failed to understand the true spirit of laws and their judgments were frequently set aside by superior courts (High Courts, Federal Shariat Court and Supreme Court), therefore, the women are in dire need of more practical approach towards the implementation of the laws.

Commitment of Fraud Activities in Relation with Corporate Governance

Corporate Governance of legal entities is very important on determination of criminal responsibility. The theory and practice of criminal law, not only in our jurisdiction but also in a wider area, has elaborated. regarding the criminal liability of legal entities, especially of well-organized companies, such as second-tier banks, for the very position they occupy in a market and in the economy of a given country. Furthermore, we would like to emphasize the distinguish of criminal responsibility of the employee (employees) and how it is combined and separated from that of the legal entity. In our analysis below, we will show the Prosecutor interpretation of the criteria provided by the special law. Specifically, articles 3 and 4 of Law 9754/2007 "On the criminal liability of legal persons", which is the legal basis on which the criminal liability of any legal organization, in the form of a legal person, is based, according to the provisions of the Civil Code, the Law on Non-Profit Organizations ( 8788/2001) and the Law on Commercial Companies (9901/2008). To this we must also add the arguments that show that the evidence brought during trial, are not placed in the context of the criminal fact alleged to have been committed by the legal entity, moreover in some cases were deliberately distorted. As we emphasized above, we think that the strategy of the investigation was clear and not in the function of providing justice, i.e. confronting the criminal responsibility of the legal entity, in order to have a future argument for a trial possible civil, to seek civil liability from the latter, in the absence of the ability to pay of the one who caused this civil and non-criminal conflict, the Company and the party itself that claims to be the victim of this criminal process. We think that, in the event that an investigation developed and defended in this trial, in function of this strategy, would create a dangerous precedent for the business environment and would make it liable not only criminally but also civilly, for any action illegal actions carried out by its employees during the exercise of their functional duties, regardless of the fact that its governing bodies have authorized it, or moreover have been aware of these actions. The article presents concrete analysis of the legal interpretation of the legal person's criminal responsibility, but also of the evidence taken during trial in its function, we would like to dwell on some general considerations of criminal theory and practice, for the criminal liability of the legal person, since it was born as such, how it has been developed and adopted in practice in our jurisdiction, after the entry into force of the law. 9754/2004 "On the criminal liability of legal entities", seeing it in the context of the charge brought by the Prosecution body, against the person protected by me, the Legal Entity.

REASONS FOR SUSPENDING A FIREFIGHTER FROM HIS DUTIES – LEGAL ANALYSIS

The article discusses the grounds that may lead to the suspension of a firefighter from performingofficial duties, with particular emphasis on obligatory and optional grounds. The purpose of thepublication is to indicate in what situations a disciplinary superior is obliged to obligatorily suspenda firefighter, and when he has the opportunity to make such a decision on an optional basis. Thework aims to provide analytical tools to support superiors in making decisions in accordance withapplicable legal regulations.The study uses the method of legal analysis, focusing on the interpretation of regulations and theirpractical application. It was hypothesized that a clear definition of the grounds for suspendinga firefighter is crucial for the consistent application of the law and improvement of human resourcesmanagement practices in uniformed services. The publication is intended to fill the research gap inthe analysis of the legal basis for suspending firefighters from their duties.

Legal Protection of Foreign Women Workers in the Kurdistan Region’s Cafeterias: Soran City as an Example

The Iraqi Labor Law No. (71) of 1987, which is in force in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, gives great importance to the worker in terms of rights and duties. There is no doubt that foreign women workers who work in the Kurdistan Region’s cafeterias need to be protected by law and their rights guaranteed. However, the legal protections for foreign women workers in cafeterias are unclear, and their rights are not adequately addressed. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to present the legal rights and protections provided for women workers in the applicable treaties and domestic laws, as well as to determine the extent of providing these rights and protections for foreign women working in the region’s cafeterias. This research relied on comparative and analytical methods to achieve its objectives and also adopted the empirical research method by conducting interviews with foreign women workers in Soran’s cafeterias. The study revealed that these women workers are deprived of most of their rights. They are often employed during nighttime hours and do not have the daily or annual leave provided for by the labor law with full wage and there is also a difference in the daily wage between women workers in cafeterias, which is contrary to the labor law. Finally, it is proposed that the labor law should not only be a written law but rather an effective and practical law in the private sector in the Kurdistan Region.

PLURALITAS HUKUM KEWARISAN DI INDONESIA : SEBUAH TINJAUAN NORMATIF

The purpose of this study is to look at the plurality of inheritance laws in Indonesia from a normative point of view. This research analyzes legislation, legal theory, and inheritance practices in customary law, Islamic law, and positive law. Indonesia is a country with a diverse population in terms of religion and ethics, and has a plural legal system, especially in terms of inheritance. This research uses a normative approach to study the legal provisions governing inheritance. These provisions are found in the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), Islamic law through the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), and customs that apply in various regions in Indonesia. This research shows that inheritance law is increasingly visible in its diversity, because in fact the customary inheritance law that applies is not only one, but various following the form of society and the family system of Indonesian society. So that the inheritance law applied to all Indonesian people is still different considering the classifications of citizens. Until now, there is no national inheritance law that can regulate inheritance nationally, so that people in Indonesia can choose between the three inheritance laws.

BEYOND THE INDIANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT: A NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY FOR THE PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY

We are a developing country in India. Ensuring that approximately 1 million Indians live as healthy and independent lives as possible is an important goal for our country. Working is a part of human life. Among employees and employers, disabled people work in all workplaces, but sometimes it is a difficult job for employers who employ disabled people at construction sites and offices. This article examines the law and practice of employment law. Law reform in the country will ensure the creation of some laws that apply to the employment of people with disabilities. This article highlights efforts to improve laws and regulations to support and protect people with disabilities in our society. Examines how states, communities, and institutions can use existing federal laws and regulations to reduce barriers and discrimination in care. It can be used to make progress toward these goals by increasing our understanding of laws and regulations. Its aim is to prevent disability-related discrimination throughout society, from employment to public services and social services.

Open the UPL Gates and Let the Robot-Lawyers Walk In

In this work, I argue that almost all categories of legal tasks can be, in principle, performed more efficiently by legal AI (i.e. specialized AI for legal services). However, in legal services, the monopoly of the legal profession is embedded in law and is enforced through the Unauthorized Practice of Law (UPL) regulations. UPL acts as a barrier to large-scale introduction of AI tools in legal services, which ought to be removed. Legal AI can enhance access to justice and consumer welfare and promote disintermediarization of law, thereby empowering the consumer of legal services. I address some key concerns associated with this, namely the problems of accountability for legal AI and problems arising out of AI bias, hallucination and the blackbox effect. These problems are all subject to technological solutions which in turn depend upon a proper regulatory scaffolding involving appropriate assurance, standardization and product and service liability norms. A contour of such regulation might already be emerging. Concerns arising from possible social and human consequences of diluting a lawyer’s role are considered as well. The regulations in the United States and the United Kingdom are considered to share learnings. I conclude that in the near future, the legal services market may be pivoted on legal AI with a far diminished role for lawyers.