Practice In Egypt Research Articles

Неуловимый Гермес: к вопросу об идентификации Гермеса и Тота и мистериальном характере герметизма

The article treats the history of the identification of the Greek Hermes and the Egyptian Thoth, which eventually brought to existence the figure of Hermes Trismegistus, the founder of Hermeticism. The treatment of the complex genesis of this figure is connected with the solution of an important question for understanding the phenomenon of Hermeticism: what significance did Hermeticism grant to the mystery component? The problem stems from the structure of the Hermetic Corpus itself, which consists of philosophical texts of Greek origin and esoteric texts dating back to the Egyptian tradition. The history of Hermeticism is traced in the article as the history of the mutual influence of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. Through the figure of Pythagoras I establish a connection between Pythagoreanism, Hermes and Egyptian mysteries. Plato, then, gives an original view of Hermes and Thoth; the next step is a transition to the Hellenistic Egypt, where the two deities were identified. The final step is the first evidence of Hermes Trismegistus and its origin. The article examines the reasons and possibilities for such an identification: the main functions of Hermes and Thoth, which at first glance are identical, present some discrepancies. First, the function of psychopompos: I draw attention to the concept of memory, power upon which is unique to the Greek Hermes; second, the power upon word, logos: while Hermes has the realm of the spoken word, Thoth is associated with the written text and thus magic (magical Egyptian practices are based on the power of the written word). The metamorphosis of Hermes from god to daimon and, finally, to man is also important (on the basis of the evidence of Plato and later hermetic mythology): this provided Hermes with the opportunity to become a central figure and conductor of mystical teachings, like Orpheus.

Functionalizing building envelopes for greening and solar energy: Between theory and the practice in Egypt

The building sector is one of the most resource-intensive industries. In Egypt, buildings consume 60% of electricity, produce 8% of CO2 emissions, and anthropize agricultural land, peri-urban and urban landscapes. To compensate for these consumption patterns, building envelopes can become productive in terms of greening and energy production. This encompasses the implementation of productive building systems that include (a) greening systems such as building-integrated vegetation and agriculture systems and (b) solar energy systems such as building-applied and integrated photovoltaics. For Egypt, the transformation toward more productive buildings still lacks a holistic understanding of their status and implementation requirements. This paper undergoes a comprehensive analysis of the two systems’ classifications, benefits, challenges, and implementation aspects based on a thorough assessment of 121 studies and 20 reports addressing them. This is coupled with a contextual analysis using questionnaires (n = 35) and semi-structured interviews (n = 13) with Egyptian experts and suppliers. Results showed that a large variety of systems is studied in literature and exists in the local market. Among the most purchased productive building systems in the Egyptian market, according to experts, are hydroponics (selected by 75% of respondents), planter boxes/pots (50%), roof-mounted photovoltaic panels (95%), and solar water heaters (55%). The main benefits of greening and solar energy systems are identified as enjoying the greenery view (95%) and reducing energy expenses (100%), respectively. The high initial cost was considered the main barrier for both systems. Multiple commonalities between the two systems in terms of spatial and environmental applicability aspects (e.g., accessibility and safety, net useable area, sun exposure, wind exposure) and environmental performance aspects (e.g., energy demand and emissions reduction, heat flow reduction) were identified. Lastly, we highlight the importance of analyzing integrated solutions that make use of the identified synergies between the systems and maximize the production potentials.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Three Governorates in Egypt: A Multicenter, Observational, Epidemiological Study

There is a scarcity of data on Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN): essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). This multicenter, observational, epidemiological study was conducted to collect data on patient characteristics, prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns, and impact of MPN on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) to identify the disease burden under routine medical practice in Egypt. During the period between March 2018 and December 2020, a total of 135 Ph-MPN patients from three Egyptian hospitals (one hospital in each of Cairo, Alexandria, and Assiut governorates) were included in the study: 41.5% from Lower Egypt, 39.3% from Greater Cairo, and 19.3% from Upper Egypt. About 62% were females and 57.8% were urban community residents. The majority (83.7%) did not have family history of cancer and none of the patients had family history of MPN. The prevalence and incidence of Ph-MPN were estimated to be 27-63 and 7-20 per 100,000 patients per year during 2008 and 2018, respectively (Figures 1 and 2, respectively). The predominant types of Ph-MPN reported were 34.8% of ET, 34.1% of PV, and 14.8% of PMF, with a median age of 44.4, 58, and 54.4 years, respectively. About 19% had thrombosis history: 7.4% with PV, 7.4% with ET, and 2.2% with MF. Splenomegaly was reported in 57% while hepatomegaly was reported in 13.3%. Cytogenetic and mutational analyses were done for 108 patients. Of which, 88% had JAK2V617F mutation. Fatigue was the most reported Ph-MPN-associated symptom as reported in 41.5%, followed by bone pain (25.9%), and abdominal discomfort (23.7%). Around 21% presented with co-morbidities, four of which had history of malignancy (prostate cancer; n=2, breast cancer; n=1, and acute myeloid leukemia secondary to MPN; n=1). Three patients (2.2%) died over the study duration. Hydroxyurea was the most commonly used medication for MPN (79.7%) followed by clopidogrel (11.4%). JAK2 inhibitors were used by 4.1% of the patients. At baseline, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) scores indicated low risk, intermediate-1 risk, and high risk in 0.7%, 3%, and 0.7% of the MF group, respectively, while 10.3% of the MF group were unclassified. We found that IPSS did not change throughout the visits except for one patient who became high risk after being unclassified. At the end of the study, we found that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status significantly decreased throughout the visits (p=0.001); 31% had ECOG 0, 41.6% had ECOG 1, and 20.2% had ECOG 2, compared with 54.1% ECOG 0, 36.3% ECOG 1, and 7.4% ECOG 2 at baseline. HRQoL was assessed by the Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form Total Symptom Score (MPN-SAF TSS). The TSS (median [interquartile range]) at baseline was 20 (24) and significantly increased to reach 24 (13) at the end of the study (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that both prevalence and incidence of Ph-MPN in the catchment areas of Cairo, Alexandria, and Assiut increased from 2008 to 2018. In addition, patients with Ph-MPN have a severe disease burden and reduced HRQoL. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

China’s Belt and Road Initiative and South-South Cooperation

ABSTRACT China often emphasizes the imperialist nature of the North-South development cooperation model and considers it a threat to the Global South. The Chinese administration has officially declared that its development aid falls into the South-South cooperation (SSC) category and is essentially different from North-South cooperation. As an international cooperation initiative proposed by China, The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the most concrete example of China’s understanding and practice of SSC. This article critically examines whether and to what extent China’s South-South cooperation offers an alternative to North-South cooperation. Benefiting from examples of China’s aid practices in Egypt within the scope of the BRI, this study argues that China’s aid practices replicate the pattern of the North-South aid relations and the Western imperial practices.

Covid-19′s fear-uncertainty effect on renewable energy supply chain management and ecological sustainability performance; the moderate effect of big-data analytics

This research's scientific and theoretical significance is derived from the novel relationships studied. Our research studies the links between fear-uncertainty towards COVID-19 and the manufacturing firms' adaptation to the renewable-energy SCM procedures. In addition, we addressed the impact of renewable-energy SCM activities in achieving three-dimensional ecological sustainability performance in the Egyptian manufacturing sector during the pandemic. We investigated the BDA capabilities function during COVID-19 to improve the renewable-energy SCM practices in Egypt's manufacturing sector. This research used (PLS-SEM) on a sample of 506 manager-level employees. The results show that the fear-uncertainty towards COVID-19 positively affects renewable-energy SCM (T-statistics is 3.357), BDA moderates this relationship (T-statistics is 2.72), and renewable-energy SCM positively impacts environmental and social performance (T-statistics is 10.625, 21.081,). However, it has insignificant effect on economic performance (T-statistics is 0.732). Also, renewable-energy SCM has a significant mediation effect for the firm's environmental and social performance (T-statistics values equal to 3.063, 3.188). However, it has an insignificant mediation relationship regarding economic performance (T-statistics value is 0.688). Our research is limited as it focused on the manufacturing sector without considering other sectors. Also, based its sample on Egyptian developing market. Researchers could study renewable-energy SCM practices in more developed countries.

Quality indicators for colonoscopy in Egypt: A prospective multicenter study

Background and Study AimsDespite its wide availability, we do not have sufficient data aboutthe quality of colonoscopy in Egypt. In this study, we proposed 13 indicators to assess the quality of colonoscopy procedures in the included study centers aiming to attain a representative image of the quality of CS in Egypt. Patients and MethodsA multicenter prospective study was conducted between July and December 2020, which included all patients who underwent colonoscopy in the participating centers. The following were the proposed quality indicators: indications for colonoscopy, preprocedure clinical assessment, obtaining written informed consent, adequate colon preparation, sedation, cecal intubation rate (CIR), withdrawal time, adenoma detection rate (ADR), complication rate, photographic documentation, automated sterilization, regular infection control check, and well-equipped postprocedure recovery room. ResultA total of 1,006 colonoscopy procedures were performed during the study duration in the included centers. Our analysis showed the following four indicators that were fulfilled in all centers: appropriate indications for colonoscopy, preprocedure assessment, written informed consent, and automated sterilization. However, photographic documentation and postprocedure follow-up room were fulfilled only in 57 %. Furthermore, 71 % of the centers performed regular infection control checks. Adequate colon preparation was achieved in 61 % of the procedures, 81 % of the procedures were performed under sedation, 95.4 % CIR, 11-min mean withdrawal time, 15 % ADR, and 0.1 % overall complication rate. Statistically significant factors affecting CIR were age > 40 years, high-definition endoscope, previous colon intervention, and rectal bleeding, whereas those affecting ADR were age > 40 years, the use of image enhancement, previous colon intervention, rectal bleeding, the use of water pump, and a withdrawal time of > 9 min. ConclusionOur study revealed the bright aspects of colonoscopy practice in Egypt, including high CIRs and low complication rates; conversely, ADR, bowel cleansing quality, and infection control measures should be improved.

Case study for optimum techno-economic integration of PV and anaerobic digestion for sustainable agri-business

Adopting unsustainable farming strategies and practices in Egypt led to several socio-economic and environmental problems that are strongly reflected in human health and lifestyle. An example of these problems in the livestock sector is insufficient meat production leading to the dependence on imported meat or cattle. This is in addition to the pollution caused by the unprocessed and wasted cattle manure. To develop the livestock sector in Egypt researchers must introduce new energy solutions to farmers and smallholders. This paper aims to economically compare Photovoltaic (PV) to Anaerobic Digestion (AD) projects’ benefits within the livestock sector in Egypt, considering their Life Cycle Costs (LCC) and other parameters using systems components available in the local market. The study proves that the electricity load is the main reason for using either PV or AD. A real case study of a livestock farm is considered to determine its energy profile. Later on, an optimization procedure is implemented for hybrid PV/AD power supplies to optimize the Cost of Energy (CoE) and guarantee a continuous power supply depending on the best use of land and cattle number covered within the comparison. The results show that the CoE produced from renewables is still higher than the CoE from the grid. Furthermore, the rated tariff set by the government to buy electricity from investors will never attract farmers and smallholders to invest in renewables in case of consistent grid power. In other words, farmers under these conditions would only invest in renewables in case a power outage threatens their businesses.

The Impact of communication technology on Public Relations Practice in Egypt

The Impact of communication technology on Public Relations Practice in Egypt

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on teleworking and the logistics of work in Egypt

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the implementation of teleworking and other flexible work practices, and the logistics of work in Egypt. Design/Methodology / approach: A review of relevant literature and a survey were conducted. The survey data was collected from a purposive sample of women working in professional and managerial roles in Alexandria and Cairo. The data was collected online between March and May in 2021. The questionnaire was in English. A sample of 1089 employees participated in the study. Data was collected on the perceived impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on employing organizations implementation of teleworking, other flexible work practices and childcare provision. A range of demographic and employing organization data was collected. Paired comparison and T-test analysis were employed in this study. Findings: The survey results indicated that before Covid-19 implementation of flexible working policies, workplace childcare and childcare allowances was limited. However, Covid-19 is significant in explaining marked increases in the implementation of all the flexible working policies and across all organisational ownership types and size groupings, this is not the case for the policies on childcare where there has been little change to rates of affirmation of implementation. Ownership type and organisational size were also significant in explaining some of the variations in rates of perceived implementation both before and after the pandemic. Research implication/limitation: The study has limitations in terms of the sample being limited to women working in professional and managerial roles in Alexandria and Cairo, the results are therefore not generalisable. Nevertheless, it provides evidence of and confirmed the significant influence of Covid-19 on the incidence of teleworking and other flexible work practices in Egypt. Research is needed to investigate this impact amongst a wider population. Research should also establish employee and employer perceptions of success, satisfaction with the arrangements, the logistics of work in this new environment and plans for the future. Employers in Egypt had adopted very much the same responses to the pandemic as others in many parts of the world in that Teleworking, WFH and flexitime had all been used to enable continuity of business activity during the pandemic. Greater flexibility in working hours had also been implemented through greater provision of opportunities for reduced hours and part-time working, possibly to cope with reduced levels of activity, as an alternative to laying staff off and as a means of enabling staff to cope with new realities in terms of a blurring of boundaries between work and home life and the demands imposed by children and other family responsibilities. Practical Implication/limitation: What we have witnessed in Egypt as in many other countries is teleworking, WFH and flexibility as transformation in response to crisis, the test will be to see whether these new modes of working will endure once the pandemic is over and whether the lessons learnt are utilised to inform and cultivate the future of work. There are some obvious challenges here for the Egyptian business, both in terms of the logistics of ensuring appropriate technical and environmental infrastructure and equipment for employees, but also clearly in transforming management structures, systems, mind-sets and organisational cultures. Originality: There is little evidence of the extent of teleworking and other modes of flexible working and employer childcare provision in Egypt. The survey results reported here constitute important initial findings on the impact of the pandemic on employee perceptions of their employers’ implementation of flexible work and childcare policies, both before and after the Covid-19 pandemic and in organisations varying by ownership and size.

Effect of parental attitudes on the practice and medicalization of female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey, 2015

BackgroundDespite the observed decrease in female genital mutilation (FGM) prevalence, it is increasingly being medicalized. We examined the attitudes of both parents towards the FGM practice in Egypt, and highlighted the effect of fathers’ decision making and attitudes towards FGM and violence on FGM practice and medicalization.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey (EHIS), 2015. The 2015 EHIS involved a systematic random selection of a subsample of 614 Shiakhas/villages out of the 884 shiakhas/villages that had been chosen as Primary Sampling Units in the 2014 EDHS. Descriptive statistics of the study sample and parents’ attitudes was performed. Three indices were created describing; mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes towards FGM, decision making and rejecting violence against women. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify predictors of FGM practice and medicalization.ResultsA considerable proportion of EHIS girls; 16.4% were circumcised and 36% of girls were expected to be circumcised. More than two thirds of circumcised girls were circumcised by a physician; namely 67% and 13.5% by nurses. The majority of mothers (88.4%) and fathers (84.8%) believed that FGM practice should continue. They believed that FGM is a religious obligation (72.3% of mothers and 73% of fathers). Parents believed that husbands prefer a circumcised wife (81.1% and 82.5% of mothers and fathers respectively). Being in the poorest wealth quintile (OR = 4.2, p < 0.001) and living in rural Upper Egypt (OR = 4.55, p < 0.001) were the predictors of FGM practice, while medicalization was more likely among the rich and educated parents. Parents’ attitudes supporting FGM was significantly associated with its practice (OR = 1.97, p < 0.001, for mothers and OR = 1.27, p < 0.001, for fathers). Rejecting violence against women was associated with less likelihood of practicing FGM (OR = 0.89, p < 0.05) and more likelihood of its medicalization (OR = 1.25, p < 0.01).ConclusionMore attention should be paid to enforce the laws against FGM practice by health care providers. Raising the community awareness on girls’ human rights and elimination of FGM practice which is a severe form of violence against women and gender inequality in sexual rights should be prioritized with targeting men in FGM programs.

Potential of Waste to Energy Conversion in Egypt

This paper proposes a study on the potential of waste-to-energy (WTE) possibility in the Arab Republic of Egypt. WTE is a viable option for municipal solid waste (MSW) management and a renewable energy source. The issue of waste spread is a chronic environmental challenge in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The MSW practices in Egypt are simply done by collecting the waste and dumping it in open landfill sites. This research aims to assess the potential contribution of the WTE facility to meet electricity demand in Cairo City, which is Egypt’s capital and the biggest city in population as a sample, and then apply the results to all of Egypt. The paper introduced a step-by-step calculation for the electrical power that can be generated from Cairo MSW. Four scenarios for WTE utilization were developed: Mass Burn without any waste processing, Mass Burn with 25% recycling, Mass Burn excluding 50% of organic material, and Mass Burn excluding 50% of organic material with 25% recycling. The Mass Burn scenario implies full MSW stream incineration; the Mass Burn with recycling scenario considers a partial separation of reusable materials and the waste leftover for incineration; the Mass Burn with excluding 50% of organic material scenario considers a partial separation of organic materials and the waste leftover for incineration; the Mass Burn with excluding 50% of organic material with 25% recycling scenario considers a partial separation of organic materials and partial separation of reusable materials and the waste leftover for incineration. The analyses were done for the period 2011–2031 for Cairo with a total population of about 10 million in Nov 2021. The results show the huge potential of WTE conversion as a source of renewable energy, which is a key factor in Egypt’s sustainable development strategy 2030. Available data have been theoretically processed to show the decision-makers in Egypt the amount of electrical power that can be generated by using the WTE options to manage the MSW in Egypt.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the neurosurgical practice in Egypt

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown have significantly altered many aspects of the health care services. We investigated the impact of the restrictive measures during the pandemic on the volume and spectrum of operated neurosurgical cases at two University hospitals in Egypt.ResultsThe total number of surgeries dropped during the lockdown (second quarter of the year 2020) by 38%, compared with the total number of surgeries in the first quarter of the same year, with an increase in the proportion of urgent surgeries to the total number of surgeries from 46 to 69% (P < 0.001), and a decrease in the proportion of elective surgeries from the total number of neurosurgeries from 54 to 31% (P < 0.001). Similar differences were noted in the volume and spectrum of surgeries in the second quarter of 2020, when compared to the same period of the preceding year (2019).ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered the nature and volume of neurosurgical practice. The overall number of surgeries showed a marked decline in the lockdown period; however, the numbers of urgent surgeries showed no significant difference under the lockdown.

Selecting Key Drivers for a Successful Lean Construction Implementation Using Simos’ and WSM: The Case of Egypt

Despite the use of numerous new and advanced technologies in construction projects, the industry’s efficiency remains low. This business has faced significant challenges for a long time, such as non-value-added activities, also known as waste. Lean construction (L.C.) is one method for improving the situation by reducing waste and increasing value for the client. This study provides an in-depth literature review to provide a comprehensive list of all critical drivers and groups all these drivers into one research paper in order to determine the importance (weights) of these drivers and their relative importance, and to propose an innovative methodology for ranking them using Simos’ approach. Seven construction project case studies were proposed. Their lean status was assessed, the key-list was verified using a Weighted-Sum Model as a multi-criteria decision-making technique to rank them, the best one in terms of lean implementation was found. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the most critical criterion for the key list. The following are some of the study’s main findings: 18 key drivers were identified and ranked, a clear definition of the client’s requirements was the most global weight between factors, and the case studies demonstrated that more than 60% of the lean drivers are implemented in Egypt. Day-to-day observation and standardized work were the top two most widely used lean practices in Egypt.

Prevention of Infective Endocarditis of Oral Origin in Children: A Call for Pediatric Dentists–Pediatric Cardiologists’ Collaboration in Egypt

To assess knowledge and practices of some Egyptian pediatric dentists and pediatric cardiologists/cardiac surgeons regarding prevention of infective endocarditis (IE) from oral origin in children. Pediatric dentists or pediatric cardiologists/cardiac surgeons having their practice in Egypt were conveniently selected. An online questionnaire was constructed for each specialty practitioner in English using a web-based platform. Each survey tool collected data about demographics, knowledge, and practices concerning the prevention of IE of oral origin. Surveys were disseminated to potential respondents using direct messaging or posting surveys' links on high-traffic areas (blogs, groups, or pages) of commonly known social media platforms. Two-hundred and thirty-nine pediatric dentists and 71 pediatric cardiologists/cardiac surgeons' responses were included in analysis. Some shortage in oral health knowledge and deviations in management protocol from known guidelines were evident in cardiologists' responses, whereas 66.2 and 64.8% reported encountering IE of oral origin or canceling a cardiac surgery due to oral infection, respectively. Most pediatric dentists (65.7%) rely on physician referral before managing children at risk of IE despite following recognized guidelines for IE prevention which may reflect difficulty in understanding such guidelines. Ninety percent of children with heart diseases visit a dentist due to oral complaint and not for checkup. Identification of disparities and pitfalls in management of children with heart diseases, if appropriately addressed by pediatric dentists and cardiologists, may reduce the risk of IE from an oral origin. Health education of both specialists and development of national guidelines based on national epidemiology and clinical experience of cardiologists are strongly needed to decrease oral disease burden, allow for a consensus of patient management, and minimize the need for cross-referral, thus facilitating dental management without undue delays.

The Relationship between Competences of Architectural Education and Architect Role for Professional Practice in Egypt

The Relationship between Competences of Architectural Education and Architect Role for Professional Practice in Egypt

Healthcare Providers' Perspective about the Use of Telemedicine in Egypt: A National Survey.

Incorporation of telemedicine in general clinical practice is becoming a compelling need nowadays in the context of COVID-19 pandemic and its consequent burdens on the healthcare systems. Though telemedicine appears to be appealing and carries a lot of advantages, yet it is still faced by many challenges and barriers especially in developing countries. Our aim was to explore the impression of healthcare providers about telemedicine and its applicability in clinical practice in Egypt. A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare providers from different Egyptian governorates through a web-based survey. The survey gathered information about demographic, socioeconomic features of the enrolled healthcare participants; their knowledge, previous experience, impression about telemedicine, advantages of telemedicine over traditional medical services, barriers that may face telemedicine, and additional services that can be provided by telemedicine were also explored. Our study enrolled 642 healthcare providers from all over Egypt, 43.77% were females, of which 55.5% were physicians, 27.3% were nurses, 6.1% were technicians, 7.6% were administrative clerks, and 3.6% were medical directors. Sixty-four percent of participants reported that they have never used telemedicine. Smartphones were the most commonly used mean in the group who used telemedicine (65%), and smartphone applications were the favorable telemedicine service for about 50% of participants. Participants assumed that the use of telemedicine might not have a negative effect on the doctor-patient relationship but raised some concerns regarding the privacy and security of patients' data. Despite the fact that telemedicine appears to be appealing and widely accepted by healthcare providers, yet still, its implementation is confronted by some obstacles. Precise organizational guidelines need to be developed to clearly figure out the exact role of each healthcare provider to minimize their doubtfulness about telemedicine and to facilitate its adoption.

Economic and emotional impact of COVID-19 pandemic on phoniatricians\u2019 practice in Egypt

BackgroundCOVID-19 is not only a health crisis; it has the potential to create devastating social, as well as economic crises. Health care practitioners are the category with the highest diffusion of the contagion. The aim was to determine the economic and emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on phoniatricians in Egypt in an attempt to analyze this data to determine the magnitude of this effect and if it is age and/or location specific.Subjects and methodsAn online structured Google-free form survey composed of 49 questions was created and sent online to phoniatricians all over Egypt. The survey was divided into three sections about demographic, economical then emotional-related questions. The studied group was further subdivided into 2 groups according to age and location for comparison purposes.Results82.5% of phoniatricians confirmed that the pandemic had a lot of negative impact on their practice. About 37.5% reduced their practices to urgent procedures and the same percentage closed their practice. The expenses of 56.3% exceeded their income. 91.2% had negative feelings when thinking about the pandemic. The economic problems have affected 71.3% of the participants emotionally. The pandemic had comparable negative impact on the economic and emotional aspects of both age groups. However, the younger age group suffered more from getting infected, and they thought more about career shift and was the group that needed psychological support during the pandemic. Outside Cairo organizations succeeded in providing the personal protective equipment to the phoniatricians in comparison to Cairo.ConclusionCOVID-19 had a negative effect on the economical and emotional aspects of Egyptian phoniatricians’ lives. The pandemic economic burden was related to quarantine period, heath problems and getting infected, family requirements, and purchasing the protective equipment. The emotional burden was related most to the pandemic hazards and financial effect on the clients and chance of losing job. Few effects were age- and location-specific.

Bank Employee Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: Evidence from Egypt

This study examined bank employee perceptions regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in Egypt as a developing country. In particular, it explored bank employee perceptions towards the CSR aspects on which banks should focus. It also investigated whether factors such as bank type (i.e., public or private), employee age, experience, job position, and number of CSR training programs undertaken can affect this perception. Data were gathered through a questionnaire distributed to both public and private bank employees. The final sample consisted of 127 employees. SPSS was used to analyse the data. We found that bank employees placed different importance on the CSR aspects on which banks should focus. In particular, they prioritized employment and workplace-related aspects such as operational efficiency, financial literacy, equal employment opportunities, and workplace safety. In contrast, they placed less emphasis on environment-related aspects such as greenhouse gas emission and energy consumption. We also found that bank type, age, employee experience, job position, and number of CSR training programs undertaken could affect the perceptions of bank employees regarding the CSR aspects on which banks should focus. While there is a growing stream of research on CSR, prior research lacks CSR practices in developing markets, especially in the banking sector. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to look at the importance and priorities of CSR aspects in Egypt—one of the fastest-growing economies in the developing world. Based on the findings of this study, policymakers and regulators in Egypt such as the Central Bank of Egypt and the Egyptian Banking Institute are advised to request banks to pay more attention to environmental-related aspects of CSR to keep pace with Egypt 2030 vision and develop an action plan that helps increase bank employee awareness regarding the importance of CSR practices and engage employees further in developing their banks’ sustainability strategy.

Special Education Practices for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the UK and Egypt A comparative Study

This study aims to compare the development of special education practices for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the UK and Egypt and gain an understanding of those factors that enhance special education in both countries. The study applies a comparative framework method. The findings provide a better understanding of special education practices and factors that enhanced the special education for ASD across the two countries. The findings reveal that special education practice in Egypt was hindered by low economic status, scarcity of cultural awareness, inadequate financial support and absence of education policy for ASD. While, in the UK education policy, cultural awareness, economy, and scientific technology have been identified as important enhancing factors for special education. The study suggests some recommendations for developing special education for ASD in Egypt.

Implications of the COVID-19 vaccine in dental practice of internship dentists at Kafr El-Sheikh University

Background: Concerns regarding coronavirus transmission in dentistry practices have been extensively expressed across the world compared with other vocations. Dentistry is the highest at-risk for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 because of the nature of the dental operations and the dental team's proximity to patients. Aim The aim of the study was to assess dental practice of internships dentists at Kafr El-Sheikh University before and after Corona virus (COVID) vaccine availability and to reassess dental practice of them again after providing an educational program about COVID vaccine. Methods Two stages: a cohort study (a prospective study) then an interventional study (one group pretest–posttest design). A total of 217 internship dentists were selected by the systematic random technique. All internships' dentists selected in the practice study will be included in the intervention study. Results No statistically significant difference in other aspects of dental practice before and after vaccine availability; if practice closed/reduced to urgent procedures only. There was a statistical significance in dentists' perception of the COVID-19 vaccine before and after health educational program intervention. Conclusion Despite the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on dentists and dental practice in Egypt, the COVID vaccine assisted dentists in overcoming the pandemic's long-term effects on their profession's future.