Practical Test Research Articles

The development of electronic worksheets for students using Live worksheets and GeoGebra to enhance students’ digital literacy

Educational digitalization is characterized by technology-assisted media, leading to improved students’ digital literacy. One of these media is the electronic worksheet for students. An initial observation revealed that learning activities at Public Islamic Senior High School (MAN) in Bondowoso still operationalized conventional books as the sole media. This study aimed to develop electronic worksheets for students using valid, effective, and practical Geogebra-assisted live worksheets, guided by the 4-D model designed by Thiagarajan. This model consisted of four stages, i.e., define, design, develop, and disseminate. Data were collected through observation, tests, and questionnaires. Test questions were used to determine the level of effectiveness, and questionnaires were used for validity and practicality tests. The results revealed very high validity. The effectiveness analysis exhibited an N-Gain percentage of 76%, signifying a satisfactory effectiveness rate. The practicality analysis marked 86.20%, which is classified into a good category. The analysis results corroborated that electronic worksheets for students have proven valid, effective, and practical, demonstrating the potential to improve students' digital literacy.

Genetic testing in a national cohort of adults with chronic kidney disease of unknown origin.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unexplained in at least 20% of patients. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) can be a valuable diagnostic tool in patients with unexplained CKD, but prospective data from routine clinical practice are limited. We aimed to determine the diagnostic yield and relevance of MPS-based gene panel testing in patients with unexplained CKD in a real-world context. We additionally examined barriers to implementation of genetic testing. In this prospective cohort study, we recruited patients with unexplained CKD (eGFR <60mL/min/1.73 m2 without underlying clinical diagnosis) with onset <50 years who underwent MPS-based multi-gene panel testing from 11 academic and non-academic hospitals across the Netherlands. In patients with a (likely) pathogenic variant, we verified that the variant likely explained the clinical phenotype. A nationwide online survey was sent out to all Dutch nephrologists and residents to investigate potential barriers for gene panel testing. A diagnostic variant was identified in 59/340 participants (17%). Most common diagnostic variants were in NPHP1 (13 patients), COL4A3 (12 patients), COL4A4 (5 patients), COL4A5 (6 patients), and PAX2 (5 patients). A genetic diagnosis led to at least one clinical consequence in 73% of patients. Main barriers reported by Dutch nephrologists (N=71) included genetic illiteracy (53%), difficulties with test selection (51%), and lack of time (43%). MPS-based multi-gene panel testing yielded a genetic diagnosis in 17% of patients with unexplained CKD. Our findings support the relevance of MPS in the diagnostic workup of adults with unexplained CKD with onset <50 years. Additionally, our results underline the need to improve genetic education among nephrologists to better the implementation of MPS-based diagnostic testing in clinical practice.

Vertically aligned liquid metal thermal pad with excellent electromagnetic shielding and ultra-high compressibility

With the increasing integration level of modern electronics, flexible highly thermally conductive and electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) materials were urgently demanded in electronic devices. Traditionally carbon or solid metal fillers are widely used as a reinforcement to fabricate a flexible thermally conductive and EMI shielding materials. However Due to the trade-off between mechanical and thermal properties, it is difficult to further improve the performance of solid filler/polymer composites. Here in this work based on the intrinsic excellent electrical and thermal conductivity of liquid metal (LM), we embedded the LM network structure vertically in the silicone gel and fabricated a vertically aligned LM(VALM) composites. Compared to the randomly dispersed LM composites, VALM composite exhibits high through plane thermal conductivity (κ⊥: 6.08 W/m·K) and excellent EMI shielding efficiency (SE) (minimum and maximum EMI SE for VALM2 were 33.2 dB and 39.5 dB). In addition, due to the fluidic nature of LM, composite materials exhibit excellent softness and flexibility (compression modulus of 0.56 MPa). Practical heat dissipation test results and EMIS efficiencies demonstrate usefulness of VALM composite in next-generation electronics.

Development of Minimum Competency Assessment (MCA)-Like Mathematics Problems Using Financial Context in Algebra

The asesmen kemampuan minimum or Minimum Competency Assessment (MCA) is a new form of assessment in Indonesia implemented in several schools since 2021. Implementing MCA aims to prepare students for the skills needed in the 21st century. However, the availability of MCA-type mathematics problems is still limited for learning in printed books and online-based media. This research aims to produce MCA-like mathematics problems using financial contexts in algebra that are valid, practical, and effective. This research employed a development study consisting of six stages: preliminary, self-evaluation, expert reviews, one-to-one, small group, and field test stages. The test subjects were 85 students of grade 11 in one vocational high school in Sigli, Aceh, Indonesia. The research instruments were a validation sheet, an interview sheet, and a practicality and effectiveness test questionnaire. This research has produced 21 MCA-type items with a financial context in algebra that is valid, practical, and effective. Therefore, the generated mathematics problems can be used by teachers to improve students' numeracy and financial literacy skills.

Generative AI and education: dynamic personalization of pupils’ school learning material with ChatGPT

The widespread use of generative AI tools like ChatGPT has seen significant growth. This rise prompted discussions on integrating these technologies into school education. However, the practical implementation, testing, and assessment of generative AI in primary and secondary education remained largely unexplored. This article examines the application of ChatGPT-3.5 and 4 in primary school education. A study involving 110 students aged 8–14 across grades 4–6 in two Uruguayan schools was conducted. The focus was on using generative AI for dynamic personalization of educational content during classroom lessons. In these sessions, instructional content followed the curriculum goals, and text, illustrations, and exercises were generated and dynamically adjusted based on generative AI. The findings indicate that generative AI effectively tailors school materials to match varying pupil knowledge levels. Real-time adjustments during lessons cater to individual learning needs, enhancing cognitive ergonomics. This approach not only boosts pupil motivation but also improves their performance, facilitating more effective achievement of the curriculum’s learning objectives. These results suggest a promising avenue for leveraging generative AI to personalize and optimize primary school education.

Automatic preload adaptation for rack-and-pinion drives to maximize performance and energy efficiency

AbstractElectrically preloaded rack-and-pinion drives are typically utilized in machine tools to precisely move heavy loads over long travel distances. In the state of the art, the preload torque is commonly set to a constant value during commissioning. This poses a conflict of objectives between maximizing performance and minimizing energy consumption. To resolve this, this publication presents a novel approach to automatically adapt the preload torque during operation. For this purpose, the established preload control is extended by a simple control law that adapts the preload torque to the current operating state within the permissible limits. This way, higher preload torques are only applied, if the resulting higher system stiffness is beneficial for the drive performance. Otherwise, the preload torque is reduced to save energy. The automatic preload adaptation is experimentally validated on a test system with industry standard components. This involves both system-theoretical analyses and practical test scenarios.

An ESD-oriented e-book based on siwalan of Tuban to enhance creative thinking skills

The 21st-century skills require education in Indonesia to train 4C skills (Communication, Collaboration, Critical thinking, and Creative thinking), which are fundamental parts of students facing the era of society 5.0, one of which is creative thinking skills. Teaching materials to support these skills still need to be improved. This research aims to produce e-book based on the local wisdom of Siwalan (Borassus flabellifer L.) from Tuban oriented to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) to train students in grade X creative thinking skills on valid and practical biodiversity material. The validity of e-book was determined by three experts, namely two expert lecturers and one biology teacher. Readability test results measured the practicality of e-book. The results of the validity test obtained a score of 3.88, which is a very valid category, while the practicality test based on the fry graph was categorized as practical at level 10, suitable for the reading of grade X students. The results showed that the e-book based on Siwalan local wisdom is valid and practical for learning. Integrating contextual learning materials based on local wisdom can train 21st-century skills that foster students' concern for sustainable development.

ECOPSYCHOLOGICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PSYCHODIDACTIC CONCEPT OF A DIGITAL TEXTBOOK

The problem of conceptual development and practical testing of a digital textbook is interdisciplinary in nature, as it lies at the intersection of didactics, psychodidactics, ecopsychology of the educational environment and the cybernetic approach to learning. In collaboration with specialists from these disciplines, fragments of a digital textbook based on interdisciplinary theoretical premises were developed and tested (Panov, Rubashkin, Kondratyeva, Borisenko, ). The concept of an interactive textbook on the Russian language served as a psychodidactic prerequisite (Granik, Borisenko, ). The ecopsychological model of the formation of subjectivity and the ecopsychological typology of subject-environment interactions were used as ecopsychological prerequisites (Panov, ). The third prerequisite was the experience of using the cybernetic approach in the form of the digital educational platform “Teaching to Learn” (Kondratieva, Rubashkin, ). The systematic use of these prerequisites made it possible to develop a set of interactive tasks aimed at developing the subjectivity of students in the process of their interactions with the digital platform “Teaching to Learn.” As a result of testing, it was found that the teacher gets the opportunity to interactively manage the educational process, making students’ interactions with digital educational material subjective, productive and interactive. As a result, it was shown that with such an interdisciplinary approach, a digital platform can become not only an effective means of posting digital textbook materials, but also a psychological and pedagogical tool for developing students’ subjectivity and communicative abilities.

Implementation of augmented reality herbarium malangensis website tour to enhance conservation literacy

The biodiversity of Indonesia showed by the numerous of plant species, including one of the 89,326 species of spore plants. Along with the high diversity of various threat factors that will affect the status of a plant, knowledge about plants can be enhanced through conservation literacy using modern technology-based learning media, such as 3D modeling and augmented reality (AR) websites. AR acts as an interactive window that opens the view of conservation reality. The aim of this research is to produce a rare plant learning media product in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park that exists on the Malangensis Herbarium with the integration of 3D modeling websites. The method used is R&amp;D, referring to the ADDIE model. The practicality test results obtained 91.54%, while the media effectiveness test showed with n-gain scores obtaining a result of 0.66 that media can improve conservation literacy skills in biology students of the State University of Malang. This research could provide a benchmark and literature for advanced media development on plant divisions other than Pteridophyte.

Design of Small Permanent-Magnet Linear Motors and Drivers for Automation Applications with S-Curve Motion Trajectory Control and Solutions for End Effects and Cogging Force

This paper designs and fabricates a small-type permanent-magnet linear motor and driver for automation applications. It covers structural design, magnetic circuit analysis, control strategies, and hardware development. Magnetic circuit analysis software JMAG is used for flux density distribution, back electromotive force (back-EMF), and electromagnetic force analysis. To address the lack of a complete closed magnetic circuit path at the ends of the linear motor, which causes magnetic field asymmetry, a phenomenon known as end effects, auxiliary core structures are proposed to compensate for the magnetic field at the ends. It successfully utilizes auxiliary cores to achieve the phase voltages of each phase, which are balanced at a phase voltage error of 0.02 V. To address the cogging force caused by variations in the magnetic reluctance of the core, this paper analyzes the relationship between electromagnetic force and mover position, conducting harmonic content analysis to obtain parameters. These parameters are applied to the designed cogging force control compensation strategy. It successfully achieves q-axis current compensation of around 1.05 A based on the mover’s position, ensuring that no jerking caused by cogging force occurs during closed-loop electromagnetic force control. The S-curve motion trajectory control is proposed to replace the traditional trapezoidal acceleration and deceleration, resulting in smoother position control of the linear motor. Simulations using JMAG-RT models in MATLAB/Simulink verified these control strategies. After verification, practical test results showed a maximum position error of approximately 5.0 μm. Practical tests show that the designed small-type permanent-magnet linear motor and its driver provide efficient, stable, and high-precision solutions for automation applications.

High‐Safety Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Additive of Fire‐Extinguishing Microcapsules

ABSTRACTLithium metal battery (LMB) is regarded as one of the most promising high‐energy energy storage systems. However, the high reactivity of lithium metal and the formation of lithium dendrites during battery operation have caused safety concerns. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of fire‐extinguishing microcapsules to enhance LMB safety. The encapsulation strategy addressed perfluoro(2‐methyl‐3‐pentanone)'s volatility and storage challenges, yielding microcapsules with stable and uniform size distributions. The rapid release and effective fire‐extinguishing performance of the microcapsules upon exposure to high temperatures has been demonstrated. Integration of these microcapsules into LMBs showed no significant impact on electrochemical performance, maintaining high lithium‐ion conductivity, and stable cycling capacity. Notably, practical safety tests on pouch cells indicated that the presence of microcapsules effectively prevented ignition and improved thermal stability under mechanical damage and flame intrusion, underscoring their potential for significantly improved battery safety. These findings provide a robust strategy for mitigating fire hazards of high‐energy‐density battery systems without compromising their electrochemical performances.

Development of an integrated statistics pocket book on culture and Islamic value

This research discusses the development of a statistical pocketbook integrated with Islamic values and culture to enhance students' understanding and appreciation of statistics within a cultural and religious context. This research aims to develop a statistical pocket book that meets valid criteria. This research uses the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method. The development model used is ADDIE which consists of 5 development stages, namely: (1) analysis stage, (2) design stage, (3) development stage, (4) implementation stage, (5) evaluation stage. However, this development research only uses four stages, namely (1) analysis, (2) design, (3) development and evaluation. This research was conducted at FTIK IAIN Manado. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and tests. Instruments were a marketing/content expert validation sheet and a media/design expert questionnaire validation sheet. Based on the results of the questionnaire analysis, the results obtained were that the statistics pocket book integrated with Islamic values and culture met the valid criteria for use in statistics learning, seen from the assessment results for validation by content/material experts (85%) with very valid categories and media/design experts (91 %) is also in the very valid category, the average percentage of the practicality test is 91% in the very practical category. So, the Statistics pocketbook that has been developed is valid and practical for use in learning because it is integrated with Islamic values and culture.

Pengembangan Learning Management System (LMS) Menggunakan Moodle Pada Fase E di SMAN 1 Lubuk Alung

This research aims to increase student engagement in learning through the development and implementation of interactive features on Moodle. Some of the features developed include quizzes, interactive discussion forums, and learning videos. This type of research is Research and Development with a 4D development model. Research data was collected through questionnaires and validation sheets. Data analysis was carried out in a quantitative descriptive manner to determine the level of student involvement and the quality of the LMS. At the development stage, validation tests were carried out by four validators, three media validators and one material. A practicality trial was carried out on Phase E students of SMAN 1 Lubuk Alung totaling 36 students to test the practicality of the LMS developed. The assessment results from the material validators received an average score of 4.6 with the category "very valid". The results of the validation of media experts with validator I got an average score of 4.95 with the category "very valid" while the results of validation by validator II got an average score of 4.95 with the category "very valid" and the results of validator III got an average score of 4.95 with the category "very valid". This LMS can be said to be practical because it has conducted a practicality test with an average score of 4.37 and an effectiveness test with a score of 4.18. Based on the results of the validity, practicality and effectiveness tests, it can be concluded that this LMS is feasible to be implemented in the school

Janus Antipyretic Pastes for Efficient, Durable and Comfortable Personal Physical Cooling.

Prompt and prolonged cooling is extremely important when the body is in a fever state. Here, we proposed a concept of Janus antipyretic paste (JAP) with unique asymmetric wetting for effective and durable personal physical cooling. The prepared JAP possesses greater one-way transport capacity, and faster average water evaporation rate (∼2 times) than the original fabric. Compared to the wet cotton fabric (a reduction of ∼2.9 °C) and medical antipyretic paste (MAP) (no cooling after 5 h), the JAP achieved the best cooling effect and long cooling duration (cooling by 3.8 °C, at least 5-7 h) in practical application tests. In addition, the wearability of JAP is well validated, including its excellent breathability and good flexibility, which can maximum improve the comfort of our body. We believe the new JAP with superior cooling and comfort properties will provide promising design guidelines for the next generation of family or hospital physical cooling products.

Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik Berdasarkan Model Pembelajaran Generatif untuk Materi Gelombang Cahaya Kelas XI SMA

This research aims to develop LKPD based on a generative learning model on light wave material for class XI SMA that is valid and practical. The generative learning model was chosen because it is able to encourage students to actively build their understanding through interaction, reflection and discussion. This model has proven effective in improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills in physics learning. The developed worksheet is designed following the syntax of the generative learning model: orientation, cognitive conflict, disclosure, construct, application, and reflection, to support in-depth learning and link theory with real application. This research uses the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method with the 4D development model (define, design, develop, disseminate). The define stage includes needs analysis and problem identification. At the design stage, the LKPD was designed by taking into account the content, structure, and aesthetic components. The development stage involves validity testing by experts, well as practicality testing by teachers and students. The dissemination stage is planned for wider application. The results showed that this LKPD has a very high level of validity with a validation index value of 0.94 in the content aspect and 0.86 in the structure aspect, which means that this LKPD meets the eligibility standards of the Merdeka curriculum. The practicality test shows that the LKPD is very practical with a teacher assessment score of 95% and a student assessment of 87%, so it is feasible to use it in the real field because it has been declared valid and practical.

NEED ANALYSIS FOR PROBLEM BASED LEARNING E-COMIC ON EARTH AND SOLAR SYSTEM TOPIC

The aim of this study was to analyse the need for the development of science e-comic as learning media on earth and solar system topic. This research was conducted in 3 junior high schools in Sutera sub-district, based on the results of observations it is known that the school applies the kurikulum merdeka, and uses lecture and discussion methods in the learning process. However, there are obstacles that must be faced by teachers, namely the current package books/printed books are quite limited, so students have enough difficulty if they want to repeat learning material at home. This type of research is Research and Development (R&amp;D) using the 4-D development model. This research instrument consists of a validation questionnaire, a practicality questionnaire, and an effectiveness questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using a formula to analyze the results of the validity test, practicality test, and effectiveness test. Based on the above problems, researchers found the right and appropriate media to be developed and can be used easily by students and teachers, namely problem-based science e-comic learning media on earth and solar system material.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING E-MODULE ABOUT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LIVING CREATURES TOPIC

The general background of this research is the limited teaching materials equipped with project-based learning assessment instruments as recommended in Kurikulum Merdeka. The purpose of this research is to produce a Project Based Learning (PjBL) based e-module on the structure and function of living creatures topic that is valid, practical and effective.The type of research used is Research and Development (R&amp;D) with 4-D model’s consisting of the stages of defining, designing, developing and disseminating. However, this research was only untill the development stage due to time constraints. The research instruments consist of teacher questionnaires, student questionnaires, validity test questionnaires, practicality test questionnaires, and effectiveness test questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using a formula to analyze the results of validity, practicality and effectiveness tests. The research results show that the PjBL-based e-module developed is valid with an average 88%. The level of practicality is practical with an average 88%. The level of effectiveness is effective which is 84% ​​on average. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the PjBL-based science learning e-module on the material Structure and Function of the Body of Living Creatures meets the valid, practical and effective categories.

PATCH (Preferred Attachment Strategy for Optimal Electrocardiograms)-1 Study.

12-Lead electrocardiography (ECG) is among the most frequently performed tests in medical practice. Despite its pivotal role in diagnostic and treatment decisions, baseline artifacts and errors in lead placement are common. The PATCH (Preferred Attachment Strategy for Optimal Electrocardiograms)-1 study enrolled patients with stable cardiovascular disease and a clinical indication for an ECG. Each participant underwent both a standard (S) 12-lead ECG and a patch (P) ECG (EKG-Patch™) during one routine ambulatory clinic visit. The P-ECG has an all-in-one design with built-in lead wires attached to pre-positioned electrodes. An experienced clinical research coordinator performed all ECGs. Each was interpreted by an experienced cardiologist blinded to the method of ECG. A total of 200 participants (67.4 ± 14.9years; range: 21-95years) (women 44%) had P- and S-ECGs. Common clinical indications included coronary artery disease (40.5%), essential hypertension (14.0%), heart failure (10.5%), atrial fibrillation (10.0%) and valvular heart disease (6.5%). Many participants had more than one indication. The P-ECG provided a tracing in 1.4 ± 0.5min compared to 2.4 ± 0.5min with the S-ECG (p < 0.001). Most participants either preferred the P-ECG (47%) or did not have a preference (52%). Baseline artifacts that impacted interpretability were detected in 13 (6.5%) P-ECGs and 30 (15.0%) S-ECGs (p = 0.006). Heart rhythm, rate, conduction, axis, intervals (PR, QRS, QT, and QTc) and ST-T wave findings did not differ between P-and S-ECGs. In conclusion, the P-ECG was preferred among participants, had fewer baseline artifacts than the S-ECG, and provided a rapid and reproducible ECG in patients with stable cardiovascular disease in an ambulatory clinic setting.

Validity Profile and Practically Biological Teaching Structures Based on Local Potenties BIOLA PJBL High Level and Enrichment Program

Biology based on local potential Bioecology (BIOLA) PjBL High Level, is a promoter of a valid and practical enrichment program for SMAN pupils in Saparua Island. Products were developed in the form of RPPs, teaching materials, and Students Project Activity Sheets (LAPPD). This research includes a type of research and development that refers to a modified 4D development model that has three phases: (1) define, (2) design, and (3) develop. Research instruments use validation lifts and practicality lifts. Validation of learning instruments using a validation lift evaluated by four instruments expert validators consisting of two lecturers and two practitioners namely Biology subjects teachers. The practicality test of the learning instruments was evaluated using the response lift by the teacher and the pupil and the implementation of learning process by the teacher as an observer. The method used is descriptive statistics to obtain averages and percentages. The results of the validity analysis of the learning instruments using the Ideal Baku deviation (SBI), showing a rating of 3.93 with a very good category. Results of the analysis of implementation of the PJBL high level Biola instruments in the learning process by the observer and student responses in sequence showed 91% and 89.20% with the very practical category. So, it can be concluded that the BIOLA-PjBL High Level based biology learning instruments that has been developed is valid and practical for use as well as useful for teachers and pupils. Keywords: Innovative teaching instruments, local potential, bioecology, PJBL High Level, enrichment program

Trust it or not: Understanding users’ motivations and strategies for assessing the credibility of AI-generated information

The evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates the creation of multimodal information of mixed quality, intensifying the challenges individuals face when assessing information credibility. Through in-depth interviews with users of generative AI platforms, this study investigates the underlying motivations and multidimensional approaches people use to assess the credibility of AI-generated information. Four major motivations driving users to authenticate information are identified: expectancy violation, task features, personal involvement, and pre-existing attitudes. Users evaluate AI-generated information’s credibility using both internal (e.g. relying on AI affordances, content integrity, and subjective expertise) and external approaches (e.g. iterative interaction, cross-validation, and practical testing). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in the context of AI-generated content assessment.