Practical Realization Research Articles

Machine Learning‐Assisted Property Prediction of Solid‐State Electrolyte

AbstractMachine learning (ML) exhibits substantial potential for predicting the properties of solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs). By integrating experimental or/and simulation data within ML frameworks, the discovery and development of advanced SSEs can be accelerated, ultimately facilitating their application in high‐end energy storage systems. This review commences with an introduction to the background of SSEs, including their explicit definition, comprehensive classification, intrinsic physical/chemical properties, underlying mechanisms governing their conductivity, challenges, and future developments. An in‐depth explanation of the ML methodology is also elucidated. Subsequently, the key factors that influence the performance of SSEs are summarized, including thermal expansion, modulus, diffusivity, ionic conductivity, reaction energy, migration barrier, band gap, and activation energy. Finally, it is offered perspectives on the design prerequisites for upcoming generations of SSEs, focusing on real‐time property prediction, multi‐property optimization, multiscale modeling, transfer learning, automation and high‐throughput experimentation, and synergistic optimization of full battery, all of which are crucial for accelerating the progress in SSEs. This review aims to guide the design and optimization of novel SSE materials for the practical realization of efficient and reliable SSEs in energy storage technologies.

The Role of Social Services in Realising Children’s Rights in and through Education

Section 28(1)(c) of the South African Constitution (1996) unequivocally affirms that children are the only vulnerable group with an explicit right to social services. Nonetheless, the practical realisation of this right remains elusive for many children, leaving them without access to vital social services. Through the theoretical framework of transformative constitutionalism, this article posits that the evolving field of social services provision within school settings presents a promising avenue to champion children’s right to social services and a range of other children’s rights, and facilitate and promote their access to basic education. Utilising a qualitative research approach with an exploratory case study design, this study investigates whether providing social services through a programme in Botshabelo schools in the Free State effectively promotes the realisation of children’s rights. The results show that social services in schools can contribute to realising various children’s rights. It is recommended that there should be a symbiotic partnership between the Departments of Social Development and Basic Education with the latter endorsing and expanding the provision of social services within schools. This integration is recommended on the basis that it not only advances crucial human rights for children, such as child protection, social security, and a safe environment, but also shows promise in enhancing the academic performance of learners grappling with challenging circumstances.

Self-Unfolding Properties of Smart Grid-Reinforced Membrane Origami

Origami-based membrane structures have shown great potential to revolutionize the construction of deployable and lightweight space structures in the future. However, the efficient unfolding mechanism puts forward major challenges to the practical realization of space-deployable structures. Here, a smart grid-reinforced membrane origami (SGRMO) is presented. The unfolding action hinges upon the application of forces facilitated by shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs). Subsequent locking action ensues through the restoration of the initial rigidity, accomplished via cooling mechanisms. This novel structure achieves the required lightweight and functionality by employing the grid design concept and effectively reduces the decline in unfolding extent caused by irreversible plastic deformation at the crease. Its recovery properties, including unfolding angle, distance, and surface precision, are experimentally and analytically investigated under different conditions. The results indicate that the structure can be reliably unfolded into the predefined shapes. In the case of Miura-SGRMO, the optimal surface precision is attained when the angle-ψ registers at 30°. The results of this study are expected to serve as the design of ultra-large flexible solar arrays and deployable antenna structures.

The problem of implementing the concept of maximum integration of heterogeneous data in practical navigation

The topic of the work is the research of the problem of the practical realization of opportunistic navigation, which actually consists in the fact that the “signals of opportunity” are not optimized for global navigation according to their original purpose. A hypothesis about the possibility of strategic application of the navigation concept based on the principles of data integration with the objective existence of tactically surmountable difficulties is put forward. In the conditions of vulnerability of the global satellite system, an approach to use an additional source of combined signals in order to continuously ensure accurate geolocation of water transport vehicles is proposed. The comparative assessment confirms the comparability of the positioning error of alternative navigation with the data of classical satellite observations of mobile objects. An assumption about the effectiveness of spline modeling of the cartographic standard of informativeness for the practical organization of the basic principle of opportunistic positioning by analogy with the paradigm of correlation-extreme navigation is made. A computer visualization of a fixed fragment of the ocean gravitational field based on spline approximation is performed in order to optimize the problem of simultaneous localization and three-dimensional representation of the ship movement in a graphical environment unaffiliated with foreign software. A hybrid algorithm for mathematical synthesis of the navigational isosurface has been tested as a harmonized support for the navigation staff to implement the “terrain-referenced procedure” in the landscape coordinate space. The variants of the “ambiguity resolution” problem implementation in the issue of maximum integration of heterogeneous navigation data are considered. The probability of practical use of the opportunistic navigation postulates in marine applications, taking into account the “navigation gap” factor for leveling local satellite incapacity with a real possibility of countering malicious interception of ship control, is estimated. The expediency of using the factor of observational reckoning of the vessel path as an additional condition for navigation safety in the aspect of packet processing of the “signals of opportunity” slot is substantiated.

A Novel Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm Differential Evolution Algorithm-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Employed Wind Energy Conversion Systems for Water Pumping Applications: Practical Realization

This article describes the implementation of a proposed hybrid whale optimization algorithm differential evolution (WOADE) as a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for wind energy conversion systems (WECS) employed for water pumping applications. The proposed hybrid MPPT algorithm provides rapid and zero oscillation power tracking to achieve the global maximum power point (GMPP) within a limited number of iterations. In this work, the exploitation capability of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is integrated with the exploration behavior of differential evolution (DE) to improve the tracking ability over a steady and dynamic operating climate. The performance of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven centrifugal pump for water pumping applications with wind energy conversion systems has also been investigated. A modified Ćuk converter provides a higher output voltage with an enhanced voltage conversion ratio and is employed for optimal wind power tracking. The practical realization is done to substantiate the productiveness of the introduced hybrid WOADE based MPPT algorithm for WECS applied for water pumping under varying and sudden changes in wind velocity.

Жизнеобеспечение пожилых людей в Китае: основные практики и проблемы

The article raises the problem of the crisis of the traditional model of life support for elderly people in China and its replacement with a modern model. The main ways (social practices) of life support for older people in modern China are determined. The dynamics of the income structure of older people in the process of socio-economic reforms carried out in the country is analyzed. The problems that the public social security system for older people is aimed at solving are highlighted. Major difficulties of realization of modern public practices of support of age citizens in China are marked. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified state pro-gram for the development of a social security system for older people in the country instead of disparate pro-grams implemented at different levels of government and in different regions of the country.

Experimental demonstration of a nanobeam Fano laser.

Microscopic single-mode lasers with low power consumption, large modulation bandwidth, and ultra-narrow linewidth are essential for numerous applications, such as on-chip photonic networks. A recently demonstrated microlaser using an optical Fano resonance between a discrete mode and a continuum of modes to form one of the mirrors, i.e., the so-called Fano laser, holds great promise for meeting these requirements. Here, we suggest and experimentally demonstrate what we believe is a new configuration of the Fano laser based on a nanobeam geometry. Compared to the conventional two-dimensional photonic crystal geometry, the nanobeam structure makes it easier to engineer the phase-matching condition that facilitates the realization of a bound-state-in-the-continuum (BIC). We investigate the laser threshold in two scenarios based on the new nanobeam geometry. In the first, classical case, the gain is spatially located in the part of the cavity that supports a continuum of modes. In the second case, instead, the gain is located in the region that supports a discrete mode. We find that the laser threshold for the second case can be significantly reduced compared to the conventional Fano laser. These results pave the way for the practical realization of high-performance microlasers.

A new floating memcapacitor emulator circuit without using passive elements

SummaryIn this paper, a new floating memcapacitor emulator that consists of a single multiplier and only four transistors without using passive elements is proposed. While two of these transistors work as MOS capacitors, two of them are used to provide transconductance gain. Moreover, the proposed memcapacitor operates at high frequencies thanks to having simple structures. Furthermore, fix and variable parts of memcapacitance can be tuned electronically by changing DC bias voltages. In order to investigate the performance of the proposed memcapacitor, simulation results are given for different operating frequencies, radical temperature changes, memory effects, and Monte Carlo analysis. Moreover, to confirm the practical realization of the proposed memcapacitor, the proposed floating memcapacitor is implemented by using commercial devices as AD633, ALD1106, and ALD1107. Experimental results of the proposed circuit are given for different operating frequencies and DC supply voltages. Also, a memcapacitor‐based circuit that emulates the relationship between the amoeba's locomotive speed and temperature is given as an application of the proposed memcapacitor. The results for the proposed memcapacitor are in good agreement with theoretical data.

THz‐Wave Absorption Properties of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Materials: A New Candidate for THz Sensors

Over the past two decades, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials (OHP) have been extensively explored across various scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, and materials science, with a primary focus on solar cells. Building on numerous studies, the development of OHP‐based solar cells has transitioned into practical product realization, instilling the anticipation of novel solar cell advancements. Notably, OHP demonstrates versatility beyond its conventional application in solar cell materials. The physical properties of OHP materials exhibit a unique signature, thereby underscoring their potential utility as innovative functional materials, encompassing light‐emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. Recent reports on terahertz (THz)‐wave absorption properties of OHP materials indicate a high possibility of their potential application as THz sensors. From the viewpoint of medical devices, which hold the most promising application potential, the exploration of optical phonon vibrational modes in the 0.5–3 THz frequency range is important. Moreover, understanding the correlations between atomic structure and lattice vibration modes is indispensable. In this concise review, the THz‐wave absorption properties exhibited by 3D OHP materials are meticulously explored. Furthermore, future research directions for THz sensors using OHP materials are suggested.

CodeFed: Federated Speech Recognition for Low-Resource Code-Switching Detection

One common constraint in the practical application of speech recognition is Code Switching. The issue of code-switched languages is especially aggravated in the context of Indian languages – since most massively multilingual models are trained on corpora that are not representative of the diverse set of Indian languages. An associated constraint with such systems is the privacy-intrusive nature of the applications that aim to collate such representative data. To collectively mitigate both problems, this work presents CodeFed: A federated learning-based code-switching detection model that can be deployed to collaboratively be trained by leveraging private data from multiple users, without compromising their privacy. Using a representative low-resource Indic dataset, we demonstrate the superior performance of a collaboratively trained global model that is trained using federated learning on three low-resource Indic languages – Gujarati, Tamil and Telugu and draw a comparison of the model with respect to the most current work in the field. Finally, to evaluate the practical realizability of the proposed system, CodeFed also discusses the system overview of the label generation architecture which may accompany CodeFed’s possible real-time deployment.

Design of interfacial Li-ion transfer channels for practical improvement of a multicomponent high-voltage olivine cathode

The development of a high-voltage olivine cathode is of great interest to increase the energy density of Li-ion batteries. Focusing on the multicomponent LiFe0·4Mn0·3Co0·3PO4 (LFMCP) olivine material, in which the involvement of Co is necessary to extend the operating voltage range of the olivine materials up to 5.0 V despite having many critical issues, our research shows that the construction of Li-ion transfer channels on the particle surface is a key factor for the practical realization of the high-voltage cathode. A systematic electrochemical investigation reveals that the weakening and disappearance of the Mn activity due to the redox shift and overlap during cycling are responsible for the poor capacity delivery and capacity retention of the multicomponent LFMCP material. Surface coating of the LFMCP material with either carbon (LFMCP@C) or with a combination of carbon and LATP (LFMCP@C_LATP) helps to identify and stabilize the redox regions of the Fe, Mn, and Co components. The presence of LATP as a Li-ion conductor and an electrochemically active component on the LFMCP particle surface can induce the formation of the Li-ion concentration gradient between the core and the shell to facilitate the Li-ion diffusion during cycling. As a result, the LFMCP@C_LATP has faster Li-ion diffusion in all redox regions, more stable operating plateaus, and can therefore provide better capacity and retention than the conventional LFMCP@C. The LFMCP@C_LATP can provide a discharge capacity of 139.2 mA h g−1 with 80.5 % retention after 50 cycles, while the LFMCP@C provides a discharge capacity of 135.1 mA h g−1 with 68.4 % retention under the same cycling conditions, using a common electrolyte without the addition of any high-voltage additive.

Challenges for Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Graphene Biosensors.

Owing to its outstanding physical properties, graphene has attracted attention as a promising biosensor material. Field-effect-transistor (FET)-based biosensors are particularly promising because of their high sensitivity that is achieved through the high carrier mobility of graphene. However, graphene-FET biosensors have not yet reached widespread practical applications owing to several problems. In this review, the authors focus on graphene-FET biosensors and discuss their advantages, the challenges to their development, and the solutions to the challenges. The problem of Debye screening, in which the surface charges of the detection target are shielded and undetectable, can be solved by using small-molecule receptors and their deformations and by using enzyme reaction products. To address the complexity of sample components and the detection mechanisms of graphene-FET biosensors, the authors outline measures against nonspecific adsorption and the remaining problems related to the detection mechanism itself. The authors also introduce a solution with which the molecular species that can reach the sensor surfaces are limited. Finally, the authors present multifaceted approaches to the sensor surfaces that provide much information to corroborate the results of electrical measurements. The measures and solutions introduced bring us closer to the practical realization of stable biosensors utilizing the superior characteristics of graphene.

Mesh Compression Algorithm for Geometrical Coordinates in Computational Meshes

Application of advanced mesh based methods, including adaptive finite element method, is impossible without theoretical elaboration and practical realization of a model for organization and functionality of computational mesh. One of the most basic mesh functionality is storing and providing geometrical coordinates for vertices and other mesh entities. New algorithm for this task based on on-the-fly recreation of coordinates was developed. Conducted tests are proving that, for selected cases, it can be orders of magnitude faster than naive approach or other similar algorithms.

Energy profiles and electricity flexibility potential in apartment buildings with electric vehicles – A Norwegian case study

Energy flexibility in buildings has the potential to reduce the grid burden of neighbourhoods, yet its practical implementation remains limited. This paper presents a data-based case study from Norway, examining the electricity flexibility potential of electric vehicles, within the context of apartment building loads and PV generation. The results highlight the significant electricity flexibility potential in apartment buildings with EVs, where EV charging can be shifted in time by means of a shared energy management system. Energy profiles are presented, showing how EV charging can increase the average electricity use in apartments by a factor of 1.5 and the power use by a factor of 3.5 to 8.6. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how electricity flexibility KPIs of optimised EV charging in apartment buildings are affected by different energy tariffs, PV generation, V2G technology, and the location of the billing meters. The simulated scenarios showed a maximum reduction of peak loads of 45 %, while a maximum of 38 % of the EV charging was covered by PV generation. The study confirms that residential EV charging emerges as a viable frontrunner in the practical realization of end-user flexibility, paving the way for effective solutions in real-life applications.

Review of age assessment methods of children and adolescents by teeth X-rays

Interest in the topic of age assessment for forensic medical identification of personality has not decreased for over the past decade. Establishing an exact age have a critical importance for law enforcement authorities, for example in case of wrongdoing by illegal migrants without identity documents. The search and systemic analysis of published researches devoted to age assessment by dental status in children and adolescents with subsequent updating of the directions of development in this scientific subject theme and the possibility of their realization in practice in the Russian Federation were carried out in order to have an objective concept of used methods of dental status assessment in the world practice.

Internet Traffic Privacy Enhancement with Masking: Optimization and Trade-Offs

An increasing number of recent experimental works have demonstrated that the supposedly secure channels in the Internet are prone to privacy breaking under many respects, due to packet traffic features leaking information on the user activity and traffic content. We aim at understanding if and how complex it is to obfuscate the information leaked by packet traffic features, namely packet lengths, directions, times: we call this technique traffic masking. We define a security model that points out what the ideal target of masking is, and then define the optimized traffic masking algorithm that removes any leaking (full masking). Further, we investigate the trade-off between traffic privacy protection and masking cost, namely required amount of overhead and realization complexity/feasibility. Numerical results are based on measured Internet traffic traces. Major findings are that: i) optimized full masking achieves similar overhead values with padding only and in case fragmentation is allowed; ii) if practical realizability is accounted for, optimized statistical masking attains only moderately better overhead than simple fixed pattern masking does, while still leaking correlation information that can be exploited by the adversary.

Practical Intelligence - an Atypical Empirical Test

Using an empirical correlation non-experimental desing, the goal of the research was to examine the possibility of an atypical approach to measuring practical intelligence based on Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence, within which practical intelligence in the school context is defined as the ability to think practically - translating theory into practice and abstract ideas into practical realization. It started from the following research questions and their corresponding hypoteses: (1) is it possible to measure practical intelligence by creating a valid and reliable instrument, atypical in terms of previous approaches and official, formal measurements and maesures of practical intelligence; (2) if such a possibility exists, what level of practical intelligence, in terms of the given criterion, do the participants exhibit inrelation to gender, age, type of study attendence and school success, and do they statistically significantly differ in this sense? A total of 14 male and 50 female students (N=64) of the Department of Pedagogy of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo and the Academy of Music of the University of Sarajevo, with an average age of M=19.23 (SD=.99), were asked about basic demographic variables, school success and practical intelligence. The validaty of the Practical Intelligence Questionnaire was tested using a maximum likelihood factor analysis. The criteria, of which KMO test (.825) and Bartlett test χ (105) = 323.050, p<.001, communality ≥ .40 and χ test values, in the third step indicated an acceptable two-factor solution: χ (76) = 77,611; p = .427. Two interpretable factors that positively correlate with each other (r=.27, p<0.01) were singled out, explaining a total of 47.35% of the variance based on which, in addition to the total - SPM, scale of practical thinking, two subscales - SSPM1 and SSPM2 were formed. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of internal consistency as a measure of reliability was satisfactory on the total measure of practical intelligence (SPM α = .86) and the cognitive-motivational measure of practical intelligence (SSPM1α = .88), while the reliability criterion of minimum α = .70 was not reached on the measure emotional practical intelligence (SSPM2 α = .56). Thus, it could be strated that the first hypotesis - about the validity and reliability of the Questionnaire on practical thinking - was almost completely confirmed. The achieved level of practical intelligence, expressed through all three measures (SPM, SSPM1 and SSPM2), was above avarage considering the set criteria in both strata of the sample. There were no statistically significant relationships between these levels in relation to gender, age and school success, expect when it comes to the type of study, where the students of the Music Academy achieved higher scores on the scale of emotional practical intelligence. Thus, the second hypotesis about the average level of practical intelligence and the disconnection with other research variables was partially confirmed. It is therefore possible to measure practical intelligence atypically, informally, but psychologically and psychometrically based. Since, as far as is known, this is the first such attempt, the results about the above-average practical intelligence of student cannot be generalized or fully accepted without thorough further questioning.

Educação física e saúde: a compreensão de professores e gestores escolares

Abstract The aim was to analyze the understanding of health and its relation with physical education from the perspective of teachers and managers of a public school of the state of São Paulo. It is a descriptive research, with a qualitative approach. Eleven teachers two coordinators were volunteers. Data were produced using semi-structured interviews and data analysis by non-aprioristic categories. Health was understood, mainly, based on the perspective of well-being and self-care, as well as the realization of body practices and body care as a link between physical education and health in the school context. Thus, physical education has a promising path to meet the critical pedagogies regarding the approach to health, especially in the confrontation with the active lifestyle.

Modeling the process of determining the appropriate location for a network sectioning point

The article presents a model combining theoretical methods of mathematical optimization, as well as additional re-quirements and conditions for practical realization of preliminary obtained results. The model is built on the functional-hierarchical principle and implements the process approach, which includes the coordination of individual operations through their combination and interaction in a hierarchical structure with a certain number of levels. In the first part of the model, a graph analytical method of mathematical optimization is used to pre-determine the location of the net-work sectioning point. Further on the basis of the obtained data, additional requirements and conditions of regulatory documents, an appropriate point for installation in the electrical network is selected. IDEF0-model is described with the help of a graphical language with the possibility of computerized execution of algorithmic actions and calculations. The model provides a combination of flexible means of representing information flows and strict regulatory requirements for generating output results.

The CCL-K11 ongoing key comparison. Final report for 2023

Main textSix lasers from six national metrological institutes (NMIs) were compared in the year 2023 as part of the CCL-K11 ongoing key comparison, initiated by the 13th meeting of the Comité Consultative des Longueurs (CCL) in 2007. The absolute frequency of theses lasers was measured in three different node laboratories following the technical protocol for CCL-K11. All are practical realisations of the definition of the metre according to the MeP for the definition of the metre.Five standards are He-Ne-lasers stabilized on the f component of the R(127) 11-5 transitions of molecular iodine 127I2 with a wavelength of approximately 633 nm.The sixth standard is a fibre laser stabilized to the P(16) (ν1+ν3) transition of molecular acetylene 13C2H2 with a wavelength of approximately 1542 nm. The technical protocol was deliberately designed to accommodate artefacts of different wavelengths in a common framework.The results of these measurements are compiled in the present report. The comparison reports, as communicated by each participant, are included in the main document.This document constitutes the thirteenth final report for the ongoing key comparison CCL-K11.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).