PR Sources Research Articles

An Island of Reliability in a Sea of Misinformation? Understanding PR-Journalists Relations in Times of Epistemic Crisis

ABSTRACT With technologies making sources more accessible than ever before, journalists’ prime concern is no longer obtaining data; but rather sorting information out – undermining the traditional role of information subsidies. This study exposes for the first time a unique form of “epistemic subsidies,” suggesting a new explanation for PR-journalists’ paradoxical relations. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative reconstructions, in which Israeli news reporters from national news outlets accounted for the sources they used (N = 1,147), this paper reaffirms the persistence of the paradox, while shedding new light on it, showing that the relationship is based on reliability rather than trust. Information from PR sources is communicated to journalists in a significantly more reliable way than from non-PR – making reliance much safer. Analyzing the findings with a framework that is based on social epistemology and the intereffication theory, the paper suggests that the epistemically-virtues practices of PR act as “inductions,” which could result from an “adaptation” to journalists’ increasing epistemic needs. Findings also reopen the normative debate about the implication of reliance on PR, indicating that such reliance reduces vulnerability to factually incorrect messages, while not defending journalists from misleading messages or “spins.”

Sources (Terrorism Coverage)

Sources describe the actors quoted by journalists to support or refute their argumentation or to introduce new aspects into a discussion. Sources might be used for direct or indirect quotes and can be attributed to a variety of actors, such as government officials, witnesses or PR sources. In terrorism coverage, the media tends to mostly rely on official sources such as the government or police officials. Field of application/theoretical foundation: Content analyses focus on journalistic sources beyond terrorism coverage. Such analyses are often based on “Agenda-Setting” theories (McCombs & Shaw, 1972), models conceptualizing the relationship between journalists and PR, power hierarchies, or studies on working routines of journalists. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Similar analyses in the context of “Automated Content Analysis” try to grasp news “Actors”, of which news sources might be one, automatically (for example Burggraaf & Trilling, 2020). In addition, interviews with journalists can shed light on their sourcing routines (Larsen, 2018). Two studies are of particular value when analyzing sources used in terrorism coverage since they analyze a large variety of different sources and will hence be discussed in the following section. Example studies: Larsen (2019); Venger (2019) Information on Larsen, 2019 Author: Larsen (2019) Research question: How are radicalization and violent extremism framed in the news, including the sources used in these articles? Object of analysis: Online news from four Norwegian news outlets (Aftenposten, NRK, TV2, and VG) Time frame of analysis: 2014–2015 Info about variables Variable name/definition: Sources Level of analysis: News stories Variables and values: 27 different values, namely (1) no source, (2) police, (3) security services, (4) national politician in position, (5) national politician in opposition, (6) local politician, (7) bureaucracy/administration, (8) lawyer, (9) military/intelligence, (10) expert/researcher, (11) journalist/editor, (12) “extreme Islamist”, (13) “right-wing extremist”, (14) acquaintances, (15) NGOs, (16) international organizations, (17) religious leaders/spokespersons, (18) members of the public, (19) health, (20) education/school, (21) private sector/business, (22) prison administration, (23) affiliation not mentioned (i.e. anonymous), (24) think tank, (25) public prosecutors, (26) judge/court of Justice, (27) other Reliability: Cohen’s kappa: .895 Information on Venger, 2019 Authors: Venger (2019) Research question: How did the use of sources in news on the London bombings differ across newspapers published in countries with different media systems? Object of analysis: Newspaper coverage in the UK (The Guardian, The Times), the US (The Washington Post, The New York Times), and Russia (Izvestiya) Time frame of analysis: July–August 2005 Info about variables Variable name/definition8 different values, including (1) local government officials of the newspaper’s country, (2) foreign government officials, including officials of international agencies, (3) local experts, (4) international experts, (5) foreigners not associated with any government, (6) private citizens (of the newspaper’s country), (7) citations for local newspapers, (8) citations for international newspapers. Reliability: Rust and Cohen’s PRL reliability index, minimal value of any variable in study: .85 Table 1. Measurement of “Sources” in terrorism coverage. Author(s) Sample Manifestations Reliability Codebook Bennett (2016) Online news articles 12 different sources, ranging from “domestic media” to “eyewitnesses” Not reported Not available Douai & Lauricella (2014) Newspaper articles 5 different sources, ranging from “Western media sources” to “official/government Muslim sources” Percent agreement across all variables: 94.25 Not available Du & Li (2017) Online news articles 7 different sources, ranging from “NGOs” to “laws, orders, and documents” Scott’s pi for all variables in study: between .798 and 1 Not available Fahmy & Al Emad (2011) Online news articles 5 different sources, ranging from “US sources” to “Al Qaeda sources” Scott’s pi: .92 Available Gardner (2007) Newspaper articles 7 different sources, ranging from “analyst/academic” to “friends and family of the terrorist” Holsti across all variables: .87 Not available Larsen (2019) Broadcasting programs and online news articles 27 different sources, ranging from “security/intelligence” to “religious spokespersons” Cohen’s kappa: .895 Available Li (2007) Broadcasting programs 10 different sources, ranging from “airlines officials” to “witnesses” Scott’s pi: .84 Not available Matthews (2013) Newspaper articles 16 different sources, ranging from “police sources” to “experts” Minimal value for all variables in study: .8 Available Matthews (2016) Newspaper articles 7 different sources, ranging from “friends” to “survivors and witnesses” Not reported Not available Venger (2019) Newspaper articles 8 different sources, ranging from “local experts” to “citations for international newspapers” Rust and Cohen’s PRL reliability index, minimal value of any variable in study: 85 Not available Zhang & Hellmüller (2016) Online news articles 10 different sources, ranging from “ISIS/insurgent groups” to “ordinary people” Krippendorf’s alpha: .8 Available

Climate change adaptation by subsistence and smallholder farmers: Insights from three agro-ecological regions of Nepal

The unprecedented challenges posed by climate change necessitate agricultural adaptation by farmers, especially in the regions of Asia, where rain-fed agriculture is the principal source of food pr...

Editorial: The past, present, and future of Demographic Research

As Demographic Research reaches 20 years of activity, encapsulated in 40 volumes freely accessible online, four of the editors who have led the journal during the period 1999–2019 reflect on its past, present, and future. The journal is a source of deep pr

Deterministic Single-Ion Implantation of Rare-Earth Ions for Nanometer-Resolution Color-Center Generation.

Single dopant atoms or dopant-related defect centers in a solid state matrix are of particular importance among the physical systems proposed for quantum computing and communication, due to their potential to realize a scalable architecture compatible with electronic and photonic integrated circuits. Here, using a deterministic source of single laser-cooled Pr^{+} ions, we present the fabrication of arrays of praseodymium color centers in yttrium-aluminum-garnet substrates. The beam of single Pr^{+} ions is extracted from a Paul trap and focused down to 30(9)nm. Using a confocal microscope, we determine a conversion yield into active color centers of up to 50% and realize a placement precision of 34nm.

Leaching and Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Neodymium Magnet Waste Using Organic Acids

Over the last decade, rare-earth elements (REEs) have become critical in the European Union (EU) in terms of supply risk, and they remain critical to this day. End-of-life electronic scrap (e-scrap) recycling can provide a partial solution to the supply of REEs in the EU. One such product is end-of-life neodymium (NdFeB) magnets, which can be a feasible source of Nd, Dy, and Pr. REEs are normally leached out of NdFeB magnet waste using strong mineral acids, which can have an adverse impact on the environment in case of accidental release. Organic acids can be a solution to this problem due to easier handling, degradability, and less poisonous gas evolution during leaching. However, the literature on leaching NdFeB magnets waste with organic acids is very scarce and poorly investigated. This paper investigates the recovery of Nd, Pr, and Dy from NdFeB magnets waste powder using leaching and solvent extraction. The goal was to determine potential selectivity between the recovery of REEs and other impurities in the material. Citric acid and acetic acid were used as leaching agents, while di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was used for preliminary solvent extraction tests. The highest leaching efficiencies were achieved with 1 mol/L citric acid (where almost 100% of the REEs were leached after 24 h) and 1 mol/L acetic acid (where >95% of the REEs were leached). Fe and Co—two major impurities—were co-leached into the solution, and no leaching selectivity was achieved between the impurities and the REEs. The solvent extraction experiments with D2EHPA in Solvent 70 on 1 mol/L leachates of both acetic acid and citric acid showed much higher affinity for Nd than Fe, with better extraction properties observed in acetic acid leachate. The results showed that acetic acid and citric acid are feasible for the recovery of REEs out of NdFeB waste under certain conditions.

Hybridity and Social Media Adoption by Journalists

This article applies the notion of hybridity to compare social media adoption by journalists in seven countries. Hybridity is operationalised through three constructs: complexity, interdependence and transformative potential. These three constructs frame the international comparison, which is based on empirical data from a survey of journalists (N = 2763) conducted in Canada, Finland, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis found broad similarities between the countries, particularly in relation to widespread use of social media in journalistic practices, the importance of the general public as a source of information online, the high proportion of journalists interacting and responding to comments on social media, and the declining importance of PR sources for a section of the respondents. However, there were differences too between the countries, especially regarding the popularity of particular types of social media, the specific combination of professional tasks social media was used for, and perceptions about the impacts of social media. Overall, the findings illustrate that although country-specific characteristics do produce some differences, the key features of social media adoption are broadly similar in the surveyed countries and in this sense the process is both about integration and fragmentation.

Monte Carlo simulations and radiation dosimetry measurements of 142Pr capillary tube-based radioactive implant (CTRI): a new structure for brachytherapy sources

Previously, a promising β(-)-emitting praseodymium-142 glass seed was proposed for brachytherapy of prostate cancer. In accordance with the previous study, a (142)Pr capillary tube-based radioactive implant (CTRI) was suggested as a source with a new structure to enhance application of β(-)-emitting radioisotopes such as (142)Pr in brachytherapy. Praseodymium oxide powder was encapsulated in a glass capillary tube. Then, a thin and flexible fluorinated ethylene propylene Teflon(®) layer sealed the capillary tube. The source was activated in the Tehran Research Reactor by the (141)Pr(n,γ) (142)Pr reaction. Measurements of the dosimetric parameters were performed using GafChromic(®) radiochromic film. In addition, the dose rate distribution of (142)Pr CTRI was calculated by modeling (142)Pr source in a water phantom using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport (MCNP5) Code. The active source was unreactive and did not leak in water. In comparison with the earlier proposed (142)Pr seed, the suggested source showed similar desirable dosimetric characteristics. Moreover, the (142)Pr CTRI production procedure may be technically and economically more feasible. The mass of praseodymium in CTRI structure could be greater than that of the (142)Pr glass seed; therefore, the required irradiation time and the neutron flux could be reduced. A (142)Pr CTRI was proposed for brachytherapy of prostate cancer. The dosimetric calculations by the experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulation were performed to fulfill the requirements according to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine recommendations before the clinical use of new brachytherapy sources. The characteristics of the suggested source were compared with those of the previously proposed (142)Pr glass seed.

Social networks threats

Journalists and PR experts were once two strictly separated professions. As time passed by they grew closer and today almost 70% of all published news come from PR sources. Nobody is accusing journalists of being lazy or PR experts of being overly aggressive in imposing their information. A peaceful harmony could be found in the print business. But, new digital technologies, especially social networks, have dramatically changed the relationship and harmony between journalists and PR professionals. Numerous citizen journalists and citizen PR equivalents, without any other reason except their wish to be heard, overload social networks with information of very often dubious quality or unethical features. Nevertheless, social networks are free, we have freedom of speech, and Facebook, Twitter and other networks have pushed out the classical media. Journalists were the first line of victims, but black clouds loom over PR professionals as well. They never know when one kid may crucify their company on Twitter. How can PR experts respond to aggressive network communicators and are they capable of, together with journalists, returning information to the old stream? The process cannot be considered reversible, because nobody has managed to stop the technology development yet. Adjusting to the new technologies, finding new possibilities and reasserting quality information is the only possibility. Journalists and PR experts have to find together new methods for creating news and informing the public.

Who can you trust? Medical news, the public and what reporters think about public relations sources

Research on the effects of medical news stories on the public has demonstrated that consumers make decisions about personal health care options and choices sometimes exclusively based on stories published by the media. Given the news media’s ability to set the agenda for what the lay public, government policymakers and even health professionals consider topical and important, medical news reporting has an added sense of responsibility to be timely, reliable and accurate. Public relations practitioners involved in medical promotion can be the behind-the-scenes providers of information and access to important sources in medical news production. This relationship has been an emerging area of research focus in the US but has received scant attention in Australia. Just as in other areas of reporting, the relational dynamics between reporter and PR source are often conflicting and contradictory. This article will explore the views of 25 Australian medical reporters in a mixed method study on their relationship with public relations practitioners through the construct of trust. The findings indicate that most medical reporters, although acknowledging the increasing influence of public relations on medical news production, generally do not trust public relations sources, especially those in the corporate sector. However, if ongoing PR sources are considered reliable and trustworthy, then the relationship can become one of trust and interdependence.

How newspaper journalists reframe product press release information

Newspaper journalism is said to increasingly depend on PR sources and news agencies. However, news production evolves in several phases. There may be considerable source dependency in the news discovery phase, but sources may be less prominent in the later phases of news gathering and news writing. This study concentrates on the last two phases and analyzes how Dutch journalists rework product launch press releases into newspaper reports. Forty-nine pairs of releases and news reports were analyzed sentence by sentence. Compared to press releases, news reports provide less product or company information and more contextual information, provide less positive and more negative evaluations, and more often attribute information to sources. Overall, less than half of the information in the reports originates from the releases. A framing analysis learns that while releases adopt an advertising frame focused on selling the product, reports offer two kinds of reframing: they regularly recontextualize the release information by adding consumer information and occasionally reconceptualize the launch as a business move. Both the distancing operations and the reframings enhance the report’s usability to news consumers. However, radical transformations are rare: most reframings occur later on in the report and the primary frame of the source text is often left in place.

Bremsstrahlung parameters of praseodymium-142 in different human tissues: a dosimetric perspective for 142Pr radionuclide therapy

Praseodymium-142 [T 1/2=19.12h, [Formula: see text]=2.162MeV (96.3%), Eγ=1575keV (3.7%)] is one of the (141)Pr radioisotopes. Many studies have been attempted to assess the significance of usage (142)Pr in radionuclide therapy. In many studies, the dosimetric parameters of (142)Pr sources were calculated by modeling (142)Pr sources in the water phantom and scoring the energy deposited around it. However, the medical dosimetry calculations in water phantom consider Bremsstrahlung production, raising the question: "How important is to simulate human tissues instead of using water phantom?" This study answers these questions by estimation of (142)Pr Bremsstrahlung parameters. The Bremsstrahlung parameters of (142)Pr as therapeutic beta nuclides in different human tissues (adipose, blood, brain, breast, cell nucleus, eye lens, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung deflated, lymph, muscle, ovary, pancreas, cartilage, red marrow, spongiosa, yellow marrow, skin, spleen, testis, thyroid and different skeleton bones) were calculated by extending the national council for radiation protection model. The specific Bremsstrahlung constant (Γ Br), probability of energy loss by beta during Bremsstrahlung emission (P Br) and Bremsstrahlung activity (A release)Br were estimated. It should be mentioned that Monte Carlo simulation was used for estimation of (142)Pr Bremsstrahlung activity based on the element compositions of different human tissues and the calculated exposures from the anthropomorphic phantoms. Γ Br for yellow marrow was smallest amount (1.1962×10(-3) C/kg-cm(2)/MBq-h) compared to the other tissues and highest for cortical bone (2.4764×10(-3) C/kg-cm(2)/MBq-h), and, overall, Γ Br for skeletal tissues were greater than other tissues. In addition, Γ Br breast was 1.8261×10(-3) C/kg-cm(2)/MBq-h which was greater than sacrum and spongiosa bones. Moreover, according to (A release)Br of (142)Pr, the patients receiving (142)Pr do not have to be hospitalized for radiation precautions and the Bremsstrahlung production does not prevent the therapy for outpatients. However, modeling (142)Pr source in water phantom for simulation of (142)Pr source in soft tissues could be acceptable due to similarity of Γ Br in water and soft tissues; this approximation is a gross computation in the mediums encompassing high atomic numbers. These data may be practical in the investigation of Bremsstrahlung absorbed dose where (142)Pr is involved in radionuclide therapy.

Design and performance analysis of a tunable and self-pulsation diode pumped double-clad D-shaped Yb<sup>3+</sup>-doped silica fiber laser

A wide range of applications have emerged for tunable ytterbium fiber lasers as single-frequency sources for spectroscopic applications, pumping source of Pr:ZBLAN amplifier, and Tm:ZBLAN upconversion laser, material processing, and military applications. In this paper, a 975-nm high power fiber coupled high power diode laser module of up to 5 W end pumping a ytterbium-doped multimode D-shaped fiber laser has been investigated. This used a Fabry-Pérot cavity with output coupler reflectivities of 80%, 60%, and Fresnel reflection of 4%. The output laser wavelength was tuned over a wide range of more than 50 nm, from 1041 to 1094 nm for cavity lengths from 1 to 10 m, respectively. An optical-to-optical slope efficiency of 45% was found for a 1-m cavity length, which increased to 60% for a 4-m cavity length. The maximum slope efficiency of 82.1% for a cavity length of 2 m was measured with the Fresnel reflection output coupler, and the measured lowest threshold pump power for this high gain cavity configuration was 130 mW. The threshold lasing pumping powers of 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7 W were dependent on the output coupler reflectivities of 80%, 60%, and Fresnel reflection of 4%, respectively. Also, self-pulsation phenomena were observed only at higher level pumping powers of more than 4 W and at longer cavity length.

Effect of the oxidation state of the praseodymium ion on the optical properties of PrSb2 films

A process has been developed for the growth of thin crystalline PrSb2 films by thermal evaporation using Pr and Sb separate sources. The room-temperature optical spectra (reflectivity, absorption coefficient, loss function, real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity) of PrSb2 films containing praseodymium in different oxidation states have been studied at photon energies from 0.05 to 5.5 eV. The behavior and energy position of features in the spectra have been analyzed. Independent of the oxidation state of the praseodymium ion, there is a gap in the energy spectrum and a sharp plasma edge in the reflection spectrum. Reducing the oxidation state of Pr decreases the plasma frequency and the effective number of carriers that contribute to plasma oscillations.

Assessment of motion media on believability and credibility: An exploratory study

The radical shift by news audiences away from newspaper to motion media (video stories on TV, web, cell phones, handhelds) prompted the assessment of media modality (text, text + picture, video) and source (public relations, news, user-generated content [UGC]) effects on credibility and more importantly perceived veridicality, a perception of an object as being accurate and believable regardless of the source, as well as impact of messages. The findings revealed that motion media modality significantly enhances believability judgments and perceived veridicality, which is independent of source cue, in which news source garnered no greater credibility than PR or UGC source.

CLAIMING JOURNALISTIC TRUTH

The US press's assertions of credibility stem from the post-World War I decade. Disillusioned with its own earlier credulity regarding the Committee on Public Information's (CPI) wartime propaganda, the press gradually professionalized during the 1920s. During those years, it focused on developing fact-oriented work routines that allowed it to claim it was more accurately reporting the “truth.” During that same decade, PR pioneer Edward L. Bernays claimed that propaganda served as a pro-social mechanism, offering new minority viewpoints that the press may overlook. Bernays’ advocacy of propaganda during that decade aggravated news worker concerns about post-war domestic propaganda; the press attacked propaganda as corrosive and his claims as elitist, disingenuous and irresponsible. Not surprisingly, journalism's professionalization movement gained further momentum, asserting a scientific approach that emphasized gathering facts contextualized by experts. However, this same technique for guarding against propaganda had the unintended effect of news workers turning to PR sources for the data and contacts needed to report stories. Journalistic claims of autonomous authenticity continue to exhibit a dissonance that has roots in these dynamics.

Caracterização e comportamento germinativo de sementes de Casearia sylvestris Swartz (SALICACEAE)

Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae), nome popular de guaçatonga ou chá-de-bugre é um arvore amplamente distribuída pelo Brasil e com uso fitoterápico pela população humana que a explora nos ambientes nativos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fornecer informações sobre o período das fenofases reprodutivas, sua morfologia e germinação de sementes de C. sylvestris, avaliando a existência de variabilidade do comportamento germinativo em lotes de diferentes procedências. Sementes de duas procedências, Itirapina-SP e Ibiporã-PR, com teor de água de 14,5% e 22,86%, respectivamente, foram germinadas, na ausência de luz, em temperaturas constantes de 27, 30 e 33 ºC ou sob fotoperíodo de 12 h em temperatura alternada de 20-30 ºC, em câmaras BOD. O efeito de reguladores de crescimento foi verificado com soluções de giberelina (10 ou 20 mgL-¹) ou cinetina (5 ou 10 mgL-¹) ou água, sob 27 ºC. O teste de tetrazólio mostrou que 32% das sementes do lote SP e 66% do PR apresentavam-se viáveis. Os lotes apresentaram o padrão trifásico de embebição de água, diferindo nos tempos de emissão da raiz primária. No teste de temperatura foi determinada a faixa ótima de germinação entre 27 e 30 ºC para os lotes. O uso de reguladores de crescimento não foi eficaz em melhorar o desempenho das sementes. As plântulas emergidas do lote SP foram mais vigorosas (maior massa), porém de tamanho menor em relação ao lote PR. Após o armazenamento o lote SP apresentou redução na viabilidade e no vigor e o lote PR redução apenas no vigor.

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Paleocene Ultramafic- and Sedimentary-Hosted Talc Deposits in the Southern Part of the Sivas Basin, Turkey

AbstractTalc deposits, located mainly in three areas of north-central Turkey, are present in the ophiolitic series of the Cretaceous and in siliciclastic rocks of the Paleocene. Talc deposits related to ophiolites are between tectonite and cumulate occurring as beds and/or lenses and 0.1–3 cm thick fracture fillings within a 5 m brecciated zone with a vein-type bedding. Sedimentary-hosted talc beds and semi-rounded to angular talc grains (0.1–2 cm) range in thickness from 0.1 to 30 cm within marls and conglomerates. Talc veins form lenses (a few meters long) and spheroidal and/or ellipsoidal nodules (1–10 cm). Calcite, dolomite, serpentine and/or mixed-layered illite-smectite (I-S) minerals are encountered in the talc samples. Serpentine with positive U and Hf anomalies, and talc with positive Nb and Zr anomalies, and negative Ta and Ce anomalies are typically depleted in P and Ti, based on chondrite-normalized trace element patterns. The light rare earth element content of sedimentary-hosted talc with a negative Gd anomaly is richer than those of ultramafic-hosted talc with a negative anomaly for Eu as well as serpentine. Significantly, talc with a uniquely sedimentary origin tends to be the principal source of Nb, Hf, Zr, La, Ce, Pr and Nd with respect to serpentine. δ18O and δD values for talc range from +13.8 to +17.5‰ and −60 to −36‰, and those of serpentine are +9.4 and −88‰, indicating supergene conditions for sedimentary-hosted talc and hypogene for ultramafic-hosted talc. When compared with seawater, δ18O data indicate temperatures of 68°C and 80–98°C for the sedimentary- and ultramafic-hosted talc formations, respectively, and 100°C for serpentine, suggesting that talcification and serpentinization of ultramafic rocks both occurred at nearly the same time with various stages. All data show that the talc occurrences are divided into two types based on their mode of formation. The first corresponds to a serpentinization stage within the ophiolites. The others are the neoformation products of sedimentary deposition, diagenetic and post-diagenetic processes, respectively. Sedimentary-hosted talc also seems to have inherited trace element and isotopic compositions from the parent ultramafic rocks.

Formation of a region: Source strategies and media images of the Sweden–Danish Öresund Region

The research applies media discourse analysis and late modernity theory to the social construction of the trans-national Öresund Region between the South of Sweden and East of Denmark. Based on interviews with PR sources and journalists, analysis of newspaper texts and opinion polls, the study found that despite trans-national aims the region is mainly constructed through Swedish or Danish national perspectives. It was also found that as a news management strategy, the factual strategy, emphasizing logical arguments and the production of reports, surveys, analysis, books and seminars aimed towards opinion elites, has been most successful. The communicated region is dominated by a national growth discourse where regional political-economical elites support local and national growth prior to other values. The media formation of the Öresund Region is dominated by elite actors and has an auto-communicative character.

Study of the Thermal Properties of Pr(III) Precursors and Their Implementation in the MOCVD Growth of Praseodymium Oxide Films

A praseodymium adduct, ⋅diglyme has been synthesized. It has been applied as a Pr source for the metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of praseodymium containing films on silicon substrate and compared with precursor. Physical and thermal properties of both ⋅diglyme and precursors have been fully analyzed and their efficacy as MOCVD precursors for the growth of praseodymium oxide films have been fully tested. Depending on the oxygen partial pressure different praseodymium oxide phases have been obtained. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.