Ppm Zn Research Articles

DÖLLÜK VE GÜMENEK (TOKAT-TÜRKİYE) KALSEDONLARININ JEOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ

The study area is located within the borders of Tokat province, which is one of the richest provinces in Turkey in terms of gemstone diversity. The region has very high quality and various gemstone formations such as jasper, opal, chalcedony, agate, chrysoprase, which have both geological and commercial value.
 Metamorphic, magmatic, and sedimentary units from the Paleozoic to the present day crop out in the study area. While Paleozoic-Mesozoic Tokat metamorphics and Artova ophiolite mélange form the basement, the Almus formation, which is represented by Lower Miocene aged volcano-sedimentary rocks from the central parts of the area to the east, covers these units unconformably. Quaternary slope debris and alluviums in the Yeşilırmak basin are the youngest units in the region.
 The chalcedony formations are observed along an E-W trending almost vertically dipping fault zone passing through the north of Döllük and Korucak Villages within the metamorphic units of the Tokat Massif. The chalcedonies are in the cracks, fractures and cavities of the recrystallized limestones that exhibit a fractured and brecciated structure along a line of approximately 25 m in the direction perpendicular to this fault zone.
 In mineralogical, petrographic, and gemological studies, quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, calcite and dolomites were determined together with chalcedony. Chalcedonies have average 96.3% SiO2, 1.96 % Fe2O3, 0.56 % MgO, 1.02 % CaO, 780 ppm Cr2O3, 6.3 ppm Cu, 20 ppm Hg, 4.2 ppm Pb, 18 ppm Ni and 77 ppm Zn. Chalcedony formations are the last product of a hydrothermal system related to volcanic activities after the formation of the wall-rocks. The movement of chalcedony-generating solutions within the fault zone and their inclusions of carbonate wall rock and secondary calcite formations during chalcedony formations ensured that the CaO and MgO contents of the chalcedony were relatively high.

ALMUS (TOKAT) YÖRESİNDEKİ AKİKLERİN JEOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

The Upper Cretaceous Artova ophiolite complex, represented by metabasic and ultrabasic rocks, overlies the Paleozoic aged Tokat metamorphites, which form the basis of the study area, by the tectonic boundary. Haydaroğlu formation, which includes Middle Eocene aged volcanogenic units, cuts and covers the older units. Agates (agates) in the Almus region are found in the form of nodules in the volcanogenic sandstones of the Haydaroğlu formation along an approximately E-W trending fault. The Lower Miocene aged Almus formation, which consists of sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, conglomerate and marine limestone, also unconformably overlies all units.
 Almus region agates contain on average 93.4% SiO2, 3.59% Fe2O3, 0.03% MgO, 0.72% CaO, 793 ppm Cr2O3, 12 ppm Ni, 13.4 ppm Cu, 4.7 ppm Pb, 35.4 ppm Zn. The high Cr and Ni in agates are associated with the Artova ophiolite complex in the region. Cu, Pb and Zn are associated with the early stages of volcanism. The high Fe2O3 content in agates is associated with hematite and goethite, and they were transported into agates before SiO2 emplacement. The CaO in the agate is the product of the last phase of the solution forming the agate, and MgO is associated with the presence of dolomite. 
 Evaluation of the results of geochemical analysis shows that SiO2, which is the main component due to the hydrothermal activities that occurred after the rock formation of the Haydaroğlu formation, unlike the volcanic bedrocks of the agates according to the main oxides, trace and rare earth elements, was emplaced epigenetically as a result of the circulations in the volcanogenic sandstones.

Evaluating interactive toxic impact of heavy metals and variations of microbial community during fermentative hydrogen production

This study investigated the stimulating or inhibitory effect of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and their mixtures on fermentative hydrogen production. Heavy metals inhibited the production process at all concentrations except 0.50 ppm of Zn. Consistent with the half of the maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50), Cu + Pb caused the greatest inhibition as it is more toxic than other heavy metal mixtures. As the concentration of heavy metal increased, the HBu/HAc ratio (butyrate/acetate) tended to decrease and the amount of hydrogen production decreased. Clostridium sp., Klebsiella sp., Dysgonomas sp., Enterobacter sp., and other hydrogen-producing bacteria were observed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) during the fermentative hydrogen process. A significant relationship was observed between the richness index and the hydrogen production (p-value = 0.01 < 0.05) from the Pielou index. The Pielou index (E′) and the Shannon-Weaver index (H’) had no significant relationship (p-value = 0.12 > 0.05).

​Influence of Zn, Fe and Ag Nanoparticles on Growth, Yield Attributes and Profitability in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum mill)

Background: The ambition of nanoparticles in agriculture is to reduce the amount of spread chemicals, minimize nutrient losses in fertilization and increased yield through pest and nutrient management. The recent advances in nanotechnology and its use in the field of agriculture are astonishingly increasing therefore it is tempting to evaluate the effect of different nanoparticles on growth and yield contributing characters in tomato. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar during Rabi season 2019-2020 which consisted of 13 treatments of three nanoparticles, viz. Zn, Fe and Ag at four different concentrations. Result: The results revealed that among different concentration of nanoparticles, seed treated with 800 ppm Zn NPs solution for 4 hours significantly improved the growth and yield characteristics in comparison to control. Similarly, Fe and Ag NPs also significantly influenced the growth and yield attributes but at increasing concentration showed decreasing trend for these characters. Thus, it can be inferred that employing Zn nanoparticles as seed treatment could increase in growth and yield contributing attributes at higher concentration in tomato.

Co–Ni decoupling indicates fluid exsolution during the formation of podiform chromitites: Insights from the Luobusa ophiolite, southern Tibet

Podiform chromitites typically occur in harzburgites near the petrological Moho in ophiolite sections, and are petrologically and economically significant. Hydrous fluids may have an important role in the formation of podiform chromitites, although unambiguous evidence for the involvement of such fluids is rare. To examine whether hydrous fluids are involved in the formation of podiform chromitites, we measured the Ni, Co, Mn, and Zn contents of olivines and chromites in representative samples from the Luobusa ophiolite, southern Tibet, taking account of the different geochemical behaviors of these elements in melts and hydrous fluids. In the harzburgites, the olivine (Ol) has a limited compositional range (2605–2919 ppm Ni, 117–135 ppm Co, 736–1005 ppm Mn, and 28.9–35.7 ppm Zn), whereas the chromite (Chr) has a relatively variable composition (718–1239 ppm Ni, 364–493 ppm Co, 1314–2733 ppm Mn, and 1411–1900 ppm Zn). From the dunite lenses to the dunite envelopes, and to the chromitites, both olivine and chromite exhibit significant decreases in Co (Ol = 137 to 45 ppm; Chr = 542 to 168 ppm), Mn (Ol = 889 to 273 ppm; Chr = 2426 to 862 ppm), and Zn (Ol = 37.7 to 4.0 ppm; Chr = 1746 to 206 ppm) contents, and an increase in Ni contents (Ol = 3009 to 5946 ppm; Chr = 413 to 1462 ppm). These features cannot be fully explained by subsolidus re-equilibration, partial melting, fractional crystallization, and melt–rock reactions. Olivine relicts in chromite indicate the dissolution of pre-existing olivine in dunitic channels. The olivine dissolution may have been due to the water-rich nature of the parental melts of the chromitites. These observations and mass-balance calculations suggest that, during the formation of podiform chromitites, chromite crystallization was accompanied by olivine dissolution and exsolution of a hydrous fluid phase. This resulted in the preferential transfer of Ni into the melt and olivine relicts, and Co, Mn, and Zn into the fluid phase. As such, the chromite and olivine in the chromitites became Ni-rich and Co-, Mn-, and Zn-poor, which led to Ni–Co decoupling.

Screening of Zinc Solubilizing Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as Potential Tool for Biofortification in Rice

Aims: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance growth by making plant nutrients available to plants under a variety of growing conditions. The study was designed to screen zinc (Zn) solubilizing rhizobacteria and test their colonization ability in the rice rhizosphere.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were conducted in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, from January 2019 to July 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Initially, thirty-two previously isolated rhizobacteria were used for screening Zn solubilizing ability under a solid medium. Selected rhizobacteria from previous screening were used to quantify Zn solubilization in broth culture and evaluate their root colonization in rice using water agar media in a growth chamber. Early seedling growth was monitored for two weeks, and root-shoot lengths were recorded. Eleven of the tested rhizobacteria responded positively to ZnO-containing media.&#x0D; Results: The Zn solubilizing index (ZSI) of the positive isolates ranged between 1.08-2.25 after 5 days of incubation. Isolate MQ1 solubilized the highest Zn both in solid medium (ZSI=2.25) and culture broth (solubilized 220.20 ppm Zn). The colonization of bacteria in the root zone was also investigated via bio-primed rice seeds of Binadhan-20. Eight of 11 isolates (MQ1, MQ2, MQ3, MQ4, OSbr5, OSbr6, EC1, and MQL9) showed substantial colonization in the rhizosphere after two weeks. The germination percentage of bio-primed seeds was not increased over the control, however, in most cases, bio-priming boasted early seedling growth. The OSbr5, OSbr6, and MQ6 isolates were superior performers in case of root and shoot growth.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study identified some Zn solubilizing isolates, revealed their root colonizing ability, and observed early plant growth promotion. These isolates could be used as a potential tool for the Zn biofortification approach in rice.

The effects of dietary zinc supplement on intracellular zinc concentration in bovine immune cells

Abstract Zinc (Zn) is one of the most abundant metals in our body and is critical for innate and adaptive immune functions. In humans and mice, Zn deficiency may lead to immunodeficiency, reduced reproductive health, and increased disease susceptibility. However, trace mineral requirements and evidence of Zn dysregulation are poorly defined in cattle. This study aimed to evaluate intracellular Zn concentrations in immune cells from young growing steers with different Zn dietary supplements. Eighteen Angus crossbred steers were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to two dietary treatments groups: 1) control, no supplemental Zn, or 2) high Zn; 150 ppm of Zn delivered in premixes in total mixed rations. To evaluate the intracellular Zn concentration of immune cells, whole blood cells were loaded with FluoZinTM-3, a fluorescent cell-permeant Zn indicator, then stimulated with Zn pyrithione (100 μM) or TPEN [N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine] (50 μM) to measure maximum and minimum mean fluorescent intensity. Cells were stained with surface antibodies to identify immune cell populations and data were collected by flow cytometry. The intracellular Zn concentrations of circulating CD8 T cells and γδ T cells, but not other populations, differed significantly between treatment groups. These results indicate that intracellular Zn concentration can be influenced by dietary Zn intake, and that certain immune populations are differentially affected by Zn status. This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2020-06540 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

PSVIII-14 Zinc Oxide Augments Early Nursery Pig Feed Intake

Abstract Pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) are commonly fed in the nursery to benefit early post-weaning performance and reduces scours. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of pharmacological Zn on post-weaning pig daily feed intake and performance. Three-hundred weaned pigs (5.7 ± 1.03 kg BW) were selected and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment, 10 pigs/pen). Diets were fed over 2 phases (phase 1: d 0-7, phase 2: d 8-21) and consisted of: 1) Control diet with no growth promoting additives, CON; 2) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 1), no pharmacological minerals in phase 2, ZC1; and 3) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 1), CON + 2,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 2); ZC2). Bodyweights were collected at d 0, 7, and 21. Feed disappearance was recorded daily from d 0-14, and within phase. In phase 1, ZC1 and ZC2 pigs had 29% greater feed consumption compared with the CON pigs (0.09, 0.09, 0.07 kg/d; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Within 2 d of phase 2 diet change, feed intake of the ZC1 pigs sharply decreased to the same level of the CON pigs, while ZC2 pigs consumed 29% more (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In phase 1, ZC1 and ZC2 pens had increased ADG compared with CON pigs (P &amp;lt; 0.001). In phase 2, ADG was 14% greater in the ZC2 compared with ZC1 and CON pigs (P = 0.023). Overall, ADG was 15% greater in the ZC2 pigs and ADFI was 13 and 24% higher than ZC1 and CON pens, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, early post-weaning feed intake was augmented with pharmacological levels of Zn. These data suggest that pharmacological Zn potentially enhances voluntary feed intake regulation in pigs.

PSVIII-1 Evaluating the Efficacy of Acidifiers Used in Nursery Diets in Reducing Bacterial Loads in Both Non-Inoculated and Inoculated Complete Feed

Abstract Acidifiers are used in nursery pig diets to reduce the incidence of diarrhea, improve growth performance, and act as a feed preservative. The objective was to evaluate whether acidifiers were able to reduce bacteria presence in non-inoculated feed and reduce bacteria growth in feed inoculated with Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium. Each culture media was arranged in a 2×5 factorial with 2 phases and 5 diets. The diets were 1) control – no antibiotics, 2) ZnO (Phase 1: 3,000 ppm Zn and Phase 2: 2,000 ppm Zn), 3) formic acid at 0.7% of the diet (Amasil-NA; BASF Corp. Florham, NJ), 4) glycerol monolaurate – GML at 0.18% of the diet (Natural Biologics, Newfield, NY), and 5) FORMI-3G at 1.0% of the diet (Addcon Gmbh, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Non-inoculated feed was plated onto Aerobic Count, E. coli/Coliform, and Enterobacteriaceae petrifilm (3M, St. Paul, MN). Inoculated feed was initially contaminated with E. coli or E. faecium and allowed to incubate prior to plating on MacConkey. There was no difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in quantity of bacteria for the diets inoculated with E. coli. There was no difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between the diets inoculated with E. faecium for phase 1; however, the formic acid diet had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) quantities of bacteria compared with control, ZnO, and GML diets. The control and ZnO phase 1 non-inoculated diets had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) quantities of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Enterobacteriaceae compared with GML. In phase 2 only the control had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) quantities of Enterobacteriaceae compared with the ZnO and formic acid diets. Formic acid was able to reduce E. faecium quantities in phase 2, while the control and ZnO had decreased overall bacterial loads in phase 1.

PSVI-1 Effect of Dietary Sodium and Pharmacological Zinc Levels on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (initially 5.7±0.2 kg) were used to determine the effect of pharmacological levels of Zn and dietary Na concentration on nursey pig growth performance. The experiment compared NRC (2012) and European CVB (2020) Na estimates for this weight range (0.35% and 0.24%, respectively), with or without added Zn from ZnO. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to pens (6 pigs/pen) and fed a common diet for 7 d. On d-7 after weaning (d-0 of trial), pigs were assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with main effects of Zn (0 or 2,000 ppm from ZnO) and Na (0.13, 0.24, or 0.35% from salt). All diets contained 110 ppm of Zn from the trace mineral premix. Following a 14-d experimental period, pigs were fed a common phase 3 diet for 21-d. There were no Zn×Na interactions for ADG or ADFI (P &amp;gt;0.05). From d 0-14, adding dietary ZnO or increasing Na increased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI. An interaction for G:F (linear, P = 0.019) was observed where increasing Na up to 0.35% improved G:F when pharmacological levels of Zn were fed, but pigs fed diets without ZnO had a quadratic response (P =0.024) with maximum G:F at 0.24% dietary Na. From d 14-35 and overall, an interaction was observed (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.05) for G:F. Within the interaction, pigs previously fed diets without ZnO observed a linear decrease in G:F as Na level increased (linear, P =0.001), but pigs previously fed diets with ZnO observed no difference in G:F with increasing Na. In summary, increasing dietary Na and the addition of 2,000 ppm Zn from ZnO independently improved daily gain and feed intake in nursery pigs, but an improvement in G:F from increasing Na up to 0.35% was only observed when pharmacological ZnO was present.

PSII-18 Impact of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Boulardii Supplementation on Nursery Pig Performance

Abstract Nine hundred newly-weaned pigs (PIC) with average body weight of 6.2 ± 0.1 kg were used in a 43d nursery study to evaluate the effect of a live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (Levucell SB Advantage, Elanco; LEV), on growth performance of nursery pigs. Each pen within a pen location-block was assigned to 1 of 3 treatments consisting of: 1) a control diet (CON) containing pharmacological levels of Zn (2,500 and 1,500 ppm in phase 1 and 2, respectively) and Cu (200 ppm for all phases), 2) CON with LEV at 0.1% (phase 1) and 0.05% (phase 2-3), and 3) CON but with 150 ppm Zn (phase 1-3) and 22 ppm Cu (phase 1-3). Feeding program consisted of a 3-phase feed budget (3, 6, 20 kg for phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed (G:F), and end weight variation (EWV) were all analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS using RCBD with treatment, pen location-block and initial BW as covariate. Dietary supplementation of nursery diets with LEV in the presence of high Zn and Cu increased final BW (P &amp;lt; 0.05, +1.3 kg), overall ADG (P &amp;lt; 0.05, +8%), and G:F (P&amp;lt; 0.05, +6%) compared with the control diet containing high Zn and Cu. There was no impact on other parameters (ADFI and EWV). Addition of LEV to low Zn and Cu diet supported the same level of performance (ADG, ADFI, G:F) as the control diet. The results of this study demonstrate growth performance enhancement when using Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii in nursery diets.

Productivity of Lentil as Affected by Micronutrient Application at Old Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India

Field trial was conducted to optimize the micronutrient application in lentil crop (Variety-WBL-77) at Regional Research Station (Old Alluvial Zone), Uttar BangaKrishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian during 2019-20 and 2020-21. Foliar application of Fe, Zn and B (at 50 and 100 ppm each) were applied twice, first at pre anthesis stage and second at pod development stage. Parameters such as plant height (cm), dry matter (g/m2), number of nodules per plant and number of pods per plant were observed highest with T8(RDF+50 ppm Zn+Fe+B foliar spray) treatment whereas the T1 (RDF) showed the lowest value for each parameter. T3 (RDF+100 ppm Zn foliar spray) resulted with maximum 1000 seed weight (g). T8 (RDF+50 ppm Zn+Fe+B foliar spray) was also recorded with the highest seed yield (kg/ha), stover yield (kg/ha). Both T7 (RDF+100 ppm B foliar spray) and T8 (RDF+50 ppm Zn+Fe+B foliar spray) treatments were resulted with the same value of harvest index followed by the rest of the treatments. Therefore, the treatment T8 (RDF+50 ppm Zn+Fe+B foliar spray) proved best among the treatments selected and can be recommended for lentil (Variety-WBL-77).

Effect of trace mineral source on biochemical and hematological parameters, digestibility, and performance in growing lambs.

To study the efficacy of organic trace mineral supplementation on blood parameters, digestibility, and growth as compared to inorganic sources, 18 Zandi male lambs (with initial body weight, 28.5 ±1.4 kg and 110±5 days old) were divided into three groups of six animals in each in a completely randomized design. Lambs in the control group were fed basal diet containing 63 kg/100 kg of concentrate mixture, 22 kg/100 kg of alfalfa hay, and 15 kg/100 kg wheat straw. Animals in the experimental groups were additionally supplemented with trace minerals supplied by sulfates or a diet in which 25.7 ppm Zn, 14.3 ppm Mn, 8.9 ppm Cu from mineral-amino acid complex, and 0.86 ppm Co from Co glucoheptonate replaced with similar amounts of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Co from sulfates. All lambs were kept in individual pens with cemented floor and provision of individual feeding and watering. Lambs fed with either organic or inorganic trace mineral supplement showed higher dry matter intake and growth rate and better feed conversion efficiency (P<0.05) as compared to the control group. Blood glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and hepatic enzymes were similar among the treatments. Triglycerides (P<0.01) concentration was lower for mineral-supplemented groups. Blood vitamin B12 concentration increased with mineral supplementation and was higher for the lambs fed with organic source of trace elements as compared with those fed with inorganic mineral and the control diet (P=0.04). The results of this study showed that feeding organic trace elements improves growth performance of finishing lambs but did not affect nutrient digestibility and blood parameters.

Effects of Bovine Plasma and Pharmacological Zinc Level on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Fecal Characteristics

A total of 300 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 12.9 lb) were used in a 38-d trial to evaluate the effect of Zn level and bovine plasma in nursery pig diets. At the time of placement, pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with barn as the blocking factor. There was a total of 60 pens with 5 pigs per pen and 15 replicates per dietary treatment. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Zn level (high and low) and spray-dried bovine plasma inclusion (with or without; APC Inc., Ankeny, IA). Diets with pharmacological levels of Zn had 3,000 and 2,000 ppm of Zn in phase 1 and 2 diets, respectively. Diets with low level of Zn had 110 ppm of Zn in phase 1 and 2 diets. Bovine plasma replaced a portion of a fermented vegetable protein source (MEpro, Prairie Aquatech, Brookings, SD) in diet formulation with bovine plasma included at 5% and 2% in the phase 1 and 2 diets, respectively. Treatment diets were fed in 2 phases (phase 1: d 0 to 9; phase 2: d 9 to 24) with a common diet (110 ppm of Zn without plasma) fed from d 24 to 38. Fecal samples and scores were collected on d 9 and 24 for determination of fecal dry matter. There was no evidence of Zn × plasma interactions (P > 0.10) throughout the trial for any growth criteria. From d 0 to 9, pigs fed bovine plasma tended to have improved ADG (P = 0.066) and had improved (P ≤ 0.035) ADFI and BW, while pigs fed high Zn had improved (P ≤ 0.018) ADG, BW and F/G. From d 9 to 24, pig fed high Zn had improved (P < 0.001) ADG and ADFI. During the common period (d 24 to 38), pigs previously fed high Zn had reduced ADFI (P = 0.046). Overall (d 0 to 38), pigs fed high Zn had improved (P ≤ 0.029) BW, ADG, and F/G. For fecal DM, there was a tendency of plasma × Zn interaction (P = 0.067) where pigs fed high Zn had increased (P < 0.05) fecal DM compared to pigs fed low Zn when bovine plasma was added, while this Zn effect was not significant (P > 0.05) when fed in diets

Effects of Folic Acid and Zinc Oxide on Nursery Pig Growth Performance

A total of 360 barrows (DNA 600 × 241; initially 12.1 ± 0.07 lb) were used in a 38-d growth study to evaluate the effects of including folic acid (Rovimix Folic Acid, DSM, Parsippany, NJ) with or without pharmacological levels of Zn provided by zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance and fecal characteristics in nursery pigs. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. A total of 72 pens were used with 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with main effects of folic acid (0, 20, or 40 ppm) and ZnO (3,000 ppm of Zn in phase 1, 2,000 ppm in phase 2, or no Zn other than 110 ppm from the trace mineral premix). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in 2 phases. A common phase 3 diet was fed to all pigs. For the experimental period (d 0 to 24), pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn had improved (P £ 0.030) d 24 BW, ADG, and ADFI. There was a quadratic (P < 0.05) response for d 24 BW, ADG, and ADFI when pigs were fed folic acid with pigs fed 0 or 40 ppm having improved performance compared with pigs fed 20 ppm. For the common period (d 24 to 38), pigs previously fed pharmacological levels of Zn had poorer (P = 0.028) feed efficiency compared to pigs previously fed diets without pharmacological Zn. Additionally, a quadratic (P = 0.008) response was observed in ADG and ADFI when pigs were previously fed folic acid with pigs fed 0 or 40 ppm having improved performance compared with pigs fed 20 ppm. Overall (d 0 to 38), there was a quadratic (P < 0.05) response in final BW, ADG, and ADFI when pigs were fed folic acid, with pigs fed 0 or 40 ppm having improved performance compared to pigs fed 20 ppm. However, no overall differences (P > 0.10) were observed when pigs were fed diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn in phase 1 and 2 diets. Additionally, no statistical differences (P > 0.10) in mortality were observed when pigs were fed diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn although pigs fed no folic acid had numerically the lowest mortality. In conclusion, the addition of folic acid did not improve nursery pig performance with a negative response observed at 20 ppm, regardless of Zn inclusion in the diet.

Effect of Increasing Manganese from Manganese Hydroxychloride on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economics of Grow-Finish Pigs

A total of 2,025 grow-finish pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 88.0 ± 2.68 lb) were used in a 95-d trial to determine the impact on growth by increasing Mn from Mn hydroxychloride compared to a control diet containing MnSO4. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment. The treatments were structured as a completely randomized design and consisted of a control diet containing 30 ppm of Mn from MnSO4 (Eurochem, Veracruz, Mexico) or 15, 30, 45, or 65 ppm of Mn from Mn hydroxychloride (IBM; IntelliBond M, Micronutrients USA, LLC, Indianapolis, IN). Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and were formulated with a premix without Mn and containing 150 ppm of Cu from IntelliBond C (Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) and 100 ppm of Zn from IntelliBond Z (Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN). Diets were fed in four phases from 88 to 110, 110 to 165, 165 to 220, and 220 to 294 lb. In the grower period (d 0 to 43), F/G was improved (quadratic, P = 0.036) when IBM level increased up to 45 ppm but then worsened thereafter. Overall (d 0 to 95), there was no evidence of difference for any growth or carcass response criteria when comparing the Mn sources at 30 ppm of Mn or when increasing the level of IBM in diets. In conclusion, no differences were observed in this trial with the exception of an improvement in F/G observed in the grower phase as IBM increased up to 45 ppm.

Growth performance of 'Mentik Wangi' rice (Oryza sativa L.) with Zn nano application on drought stress

Mentik wangi rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a variety originating from Magelang Regency, Central Java. Mentik wangi has the advantages of fragrant smell, fluffier texture, and high market demand. The weakness of mentik wangi rice is long life (4 months), long stems, easy collapse. The problem of long-lived rice if the planting period enters the dry season and the availability of water is limited, it will have an impact on productivity. This study aims to overcome problems by applying Zn nano to drought stress. Zn is one of plant microelements that functions as auxin biosynthesis, cell elongation, stem segments, and enzyme activator. Enzyme activators function in slowing the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) during drought stress, maintaining physiological resistance and rice growth. The study was conducted with a factorial completely randomized design in a screen house. The results showed Zn nano maintains yield and plant growth under stress. The most optimal dose. However, there is a tendency at the 3.75 ppm Zn nano dose to get low yields, it is suspected that if an excessive dose of Zn causes poisoning in plants. The application of Zn nano is optimal when applied under stressed conditions compared to normal conditions.

تأثير الرش بالزنك والبورون في نسبة العقد والإنتاج للكرز الحلو (Prunus avium L. var. Bing)

هدفت الدراسة إلى زيادة نسبة عقد ثمار أشجار الكرز الحلو وتقليل نسبة تساقطها وزيادة نسبة الاحتفاظ بالثمار التي تصل إلى مرحلة النضج وأجريت خلال العامين 2019/2020 في بستان كرز يقع في منطقة الزبداني- سرغايا- محافظة ريف دمشق في سورية، حيث شملت التجربة 4معاملات رش ورقي (T1: المقارنة (بدون أي إضافة)، T2: Zn(100 ppm)، T3: B (500 ppm)، T4: (100 ppm Zn + 500 ppm B) على أشجار الكرز الحلو (Prunus Avium L.) صنف (Bing)، تم حساب نسبة العقد ونسبة التساقط ومعامل الإثمار وكمية الإنتاج لكل المعاملات. أظهرت النتائج تفوق جميع معاملات الرش (T4, T3, T2) على معاملة المقارنة (T1) مع عدم وجود فروق معنوية فيما بينها بنسبة العقد حيث وصلت إلى ((% 76.25, 76.35, 74.83 على التوالي في حين كانت لدى معاملة المقارنة (72.76%)، كما تفوقت معنويا المعاملة (T4) على بقية المعاملات حيث حققت اعلى نسبة لمعامل الإثمار (41.40%) مع عدم وجود فروق معنوية بينها وبين المعاملة (T3) (37.12%)، وأعلى إنتاج (19.98 كغم)، تلتها المعاملتين (T3,T2) (10.80, 9.39 كغم/ الشجرة) على التوالي، في حين لم يتجاوز الإنتاج لدى المقارنة (5.93 كغم/الشجرة)، وبالتالي يمكن القول أن المعاملة (T4) قد نجحت في التقليل من تساقط ثمار الكرز الحلو حيث لم تتجاوز نسبة التساقط (70.27%)، تلتها المعاملتين (T3,T2) (74.94، 72.99%) على التوالي، في حين وصلت في معاملة المقارنة إلى (80.64%).

Physico-chemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of stirred yoghurt containing Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) fruit extract

In this study Ber polyphenol extract (BPE) was prepared by vacuum evaporation of ethanol extract of edible portion (pulp and skin) and fortified into stirred yoghurt. A ratio of 0.20 BPE (mg/g) to 1.0 BPE (mg/g) was added for yoghurt preparation. Based on various sensory attributes, stirred yoghurt with BPE 0.8 mg /g per cent was chosen as best among these samples when compared with the control stirred yoghurt. Optimized yoghurt with 0.8 mg/g BPE contains 82.36±0.545 % moisture, 6.45±0.08 % protein, 0.98±0.001 % ash, 0.1% fat, 0.026 ppm Mn, 3.85 ppm Zn, 0.9407 ppm Cu and 950 ppm Ca, respectively. Water holding capacity of the fortified yoghurt increased significantly on increasing the BPE concentration from 41.23±0.73g/100g to 46.66 ± 1.13g/100g. Total phenolic content increased significantly on increasing the concentration of BPE 0.8 mg/g. Fortification of BPE resulted in TPC of 504.4± 9.3μg GAE/ g from 216.88±9.41μg GAE/ g in control sample. Storage period of 20 days showed non-significant losses in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. TPC decreased from 504.4±9.3 μg GAE/g to 438.17±15.58 μg GAE/g and % DPPH inhibition decreased from 74.22 ±2.77% to 67.4 ±1.32% after 20 days storage at 4°C.

Macro and Micro-Nutrients of Azolla pinnata as a Soilless Growth Media

Azolla pinnata is a small floating fern which widely occurs in certain regions such as Southeast Asia. Azolla is utilized in the new plant research on the currently existing products for soilless growth media. Soilless growth media are an alternative component to replace soil for cultivation uses. In urbanization scenario nowadays, most of the flatten open-area soil is used for development, affecting the soil supply for plants. To introduce a new component such as the soilless growth media, it must have the same or more nutrients than soil or other existing soilless growth media. A study found that Azolla is used as a soilless growth media in the nursery for olive trees cultivation. According to the study, the nutrients obtained from Azolla are sufficient to replace soil as a growth media. In this experiment, the Single Dry Ashing, and Kjeldahl and Dummas methods were used to evaluate and compare both macro and micronutrients of Azolla to Midorie Pafcal and Jiffy-7 pallets. Based on the results, the values were 0.94 % (N), 4352.00 ppm (P), and 563.13 ppm (K); compared to 1.35% (N), 377.13 ppm (P), 1512.33 ppm (K); and 0% (N), 563.13 ppm (P), 1343.67 ppm (K), respectively. The results also showed the values of Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and Zinc (Zn) for Azolla, Midorie Pafcal and Jiffy-7 samples were 15.33 ppm (Cu), 2579.67 ppm (Fe), 93.63 ppm (Zn); 7.53 ppm (Cu), 9988.33 ppm (Fe), 26.77 ppm (Zn); and 13.01 ppm (Cu), 1150.30 (Fe), 12.40 ppm (Zn), respectively. In conclusion, Azolla pinnata is capable of providing the nutrients required for a plant, making it suitable as a soilless growth media for all plants.