Ppm Spray Research Articles

860 PB 539 GROWTH RESPONSES OF CULANTRO (Eryngium foetidum L.) TO GIBBERELLIC ACID SPRAYS

Culentro, an umbelliferous aromatic saponin-containing biennial herb native of Central America and the West Indies is a major ingredient of many West Indian and Latin American dishes. Although closely related to the Asian culinary herb - cilantro or coriander, culantro is mainly prized for its green serrate spatulate-shaped leaves the main source of its oil. Like many other umbelliferoids under high temperatures and long summer days of the tropics culantro produces large umbel inflorescences and seedheads which are labor-intensive to remove, retard leaf growth and hence decrease the market value of the plant. Preliminary studies using ProGibb sprays from 50 to 200 ppm to 3- to 4-month old culantro plants grown under 53% shade showed increased leaf growth and chlorophyll content response to increasing levels of ProGibb. Maximum leaf length, fresh leaf weight, chlorophyll content and decreased flower growth were obtained at 100 ppm spray application. Treated plants remained in a vegetative phase for almost two years when vegetative side shoots were established. Postharvest observations showed no apparent decrease in shelf life nor loss of characteristic leaf aroma in leaves harvested from GA-treated plants. Inflorescences from sprayed plants were highly reduced in size, had leaf-like appearance and produced characteristic culantro aroma Indicating that they may also be utilized in culanto cuisines.

Sumagic (Uniconazole) Enhances Flowering of ‘Shishi-Gashira’ Camellia

Abstract Growth of Camellia sasanqua Thunb. [C. hiemalis Nakai] ‘Shishi-Gashira’ was either unaffected or was inhibited by single foliar sprays of Sumagic (uniconazole), while flower number was significantly greater. A 5 ppm spray of (Sumagic) uniconazole increased flower number 53% without influencing growth indices, days to flower or flower diameter. A 20 ppm spray increased flower number 113% without affecting days to flower or flower diameter; however, growth indices were reduced up to 21%.

Floral malformation, yield and fruit quality ofMangifera indicaL. in relation to ethylene

A three-year study of malformation in mango (Mangifera indica L.) revealed significantly higher levels of ethylene (46%, 145%, 67% and 34%) in malformed panicles than in healthy ones at development stages (I) fully swollen buds, (II) bud inception, (III) full grown panicles prior to full bloom, and (IV) full grown panicles at full bloom, respectively. Similarly, the shoots bearing malformed panicles showed significantly higher levels of ethylene (110%, 90%, 106% and 104%) over shoots bearing healthy panicles at the four developmental stages. Leaves borne on shoots bearing malformed panicles had significantly more ethylene (198%, 120%, 79% and 159%) than leaves on shoots bearing healthy panicles at all four stages. In a two year trial, exogenous sprays of ethephon at 400 ppm a.i. at bud inception stage were more successful in reducing floral malformation (8.9% and 10.2%) than ethephon sprays of 300 ppm, 500 ppm and water control sprays. Highest yields were obtained following application of ethephon (400 pp...

Zonal Geranium Growth and Flowering Responses to Six Growth Regulators

Two experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy of uniconazole (10-ppm spray and drench), paclobutrazol (15-ppm spray and drench), triapenthenol (132-ppm spray and drench), chlormequat (1500-ppm spray only), ethephon (500-ppm spray only), and chlormequat + daminozide (2500 + 1500 ppm spray only) combination for controlling stem elongation of zonal (cutting) geraniums [Pelargonium hortorum (L.H. Bailey)]. Additionally, the effect of these materials on days to anthesis, inflorescence number, and phytotoxicity was evaluated. Spray applications provided effective height control and did not affect days to anthesis or inflorescence number. Drench applications severely restricted growth and reduced inflorescence number, but did not delay flowering. None of the treatments was phytotoxic. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-meth-oxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); (2-chloroethyl) phosphoric acid (ethephon); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); β-(cyclohexylmethylene)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (triapenthenol); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-diemethyl 1-2(1,2,4-triazol-2-yl)-1-penten-3-o1 (uniconazole).

Growth Response of Selected Container-grown Bedding Plants to Paclobutrazol, Uniconizole, and Daminozide

A study was conducted to compare the growth-retarding effects of paclobutrazol (Bonzi), uniconizole (XE-1019, Sumagic), and daminozide (B-Nine) on container-grown bedding plants. Seedlings of Begonia semperflorens ‘Olympia’, ‘Scarletta’, and ‘Vodka’, Catharanthus roseus ‘Little Bright Eye’, Impatiens sultani ‘Blitz Orange’, and Zinnia elegans ‘Yellow Marvel’ were treated with a paclobutrazol spray at 0.15, 0.3 or 0.45 mg ai/plant, or a drench of 0.15 mg ai/pot. Uniconizole was applied as a spray at 0.025, 0.05, or 0.075 mg ai/plant, or a drench of 0.025 mg ai/pot. The daminozide was applied only as a 5000 ppm spray. Paclobutrazol and uniconizole were very effective in controlling the height of begonia, catharanthus (vinca), and impatiens at relatively low rates compared to daminozide. The height of zinnia was controlled by daminozide, but not by the other compounds at the rates tested.

Thinning golden delicious apples using ethephon sprays

SummaryIn southern Tasmania ethephon sprays were applied at two stages of bloom and after bloom at concentrations from 350 to 1 400 ppm. At both the balloon blossom stage and 42 days after full bloom (AFB) 350 ppm ethephon caused satisfactory thinning of fruit by decreasing fruit set and increasing the number of fruits 70 mm or more in diameter. Higher concentrations of ethephon at these stages overthinned. At full bloom concentrations below 1 050 ppm ethephon did not remove significant numbers of fruit but both 1 050 and 1 400 ppm spray concentrations satisfactorily thinned the fruit. The spray of 1 400 ppm ethephon 42 days AFB significantly restricted fruit growth. Shoot length was reduced by all ethephon treatments and return bloom in the following spring was heavy in all thinned treatments. A mathematical model describing numbers of fruit set was developed and used to demonstrate a three-dimensional response surface to ethephon thinning sprays.

Postharvest Effects of Ancymidol on Ficus benjamina L.1

Abstract Ficus benjamina were treated with ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α- (p- methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol] as a soil drench using 1.0 mg/15-cm pot plus 200 ppm spray. Plants were exposed to dark storage treatments (0, 4, 8, and 12 days) in shipping boxes before being held 4 months in a simulated interior environment (SIE) under 15 μE m−2s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from incandescent (INC) lamps or Cool White fluorescent (CWF) lamps. Leaf drop was less for ancymidol-treated plants for all dark storage periods in comparison to untreated plants. In addition, leaf drop was less on plants held in SIE 4 months under INC lamps. Ancymidol-treated plants had better plant grade for all dark storge periods than untreated plants when held under both lamp sources and were superior under INC lamps.

The use of ethephon in advancing red colour in the apple cultivar Tydeman Early

A trial in the Huon Valley of southern Tasmania in 1976 showed that ethephon sprays applied seven days prior to harvest strongly advanced the red colouration of the apple cultivar Tydeman Early. Urea sprayed with the ethephon did not have a synergistic effect on apple colour as suggested for other types of fruit. In a second trial in 1977, sprays were applied two, one and zero weeks before the normal date of first picking, and the fruit harvested one week after spraying. At the first harvest the percentages of fruit in the economically important colour category (61-100% red) were 8.5, 39.9, 53.4 and 60.4 in the 0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm ethephon treatments, respectively. The 100 ppm spray was better than the control (P < 0.001), and 200 ppm was better than 100 ppm, (P < 0.05) ;the 300 ppm spray was not significantly better than 200 ppm. The 200 ppm treatment achieved the over 50% target in the high colour category at the first harvest. Even at the third harvest, fruit on unsprayed trees was not red enough for a one-pick harvest. Treatments reduced yield through an increase in windfalls from 12 to 22% as the ethephon concentration increased from 0 to 300 ppm. No effect on mean fruit size was detected. No commercially important quality problems arose during storage although there was a small overall incidence of slight core rots. This work leads to a recommendation that in Tasmania 200 ppm ethephon should be sprayed two weeks prior to the normal first pick, allowing the complete harvest of marketable fruit one week prior to normal first pick. A stop-drop spray such as NAA or 245TP should be sprayed with the ethephon to reduce abscission losses. Storage is recommended as a method of bridging the supply gap between Tydeman Early and mid-season cultivars.

Use of Ethephon and Chlorflurenol in a Once-Over Pickling Cucumber Production System1

Abstract Ethephon and chlorflurenol were applied to hybrid pickling cucumber Cucumis sativus L. cvs. Pioneer and Pickmore to study the use and effectiveness of the chemicals on promoting fruit yields and quality in a once-over harvest system. Ethephon was applied either at the first or the fourth true-leaf stage of growth. Chlorflurenol was applied at 0, 50 or 100 ppm when 6-8 female flowers reached anthesis. Dollar value per ha was increased by approximately 14% when ethephon or chlorflurenol was used alone. However, when these 2 growth regulators were used in combination, yields were increased by as much as 68% in ‘Pioneer’ and 40% in ‘Pickmore.’ Chlorflurenol significantly increased the number of fruit per plant and reduced the length to diameter ratio. Fruit shape and L:D ratio were significantly improved when ethephon was applied in the fourth true-leaf stage regardless of chlorflurenol usage. Chlorflurenol slightly reduced the fresh quality of ‘Pioneer’ but had no such effect on ‘Pickmore.’ Salt stock quality was improved slightly by chlorflurenol. To obtain best yield, fruit shape, fresh salt stock quality, ethephon should be applied twice, 1 week apart commencing at the fourth true-leaf stage, followed by a 50 to 100 ppm spray application of chlorflurenol when 6-8 female flowers have reached anthesis.

An Old Case Reopened: Mite Stimulation by Insecticide Residues

A P-generation of female Tetranychus urticae Koch kept on residues of a 200 ppm spray of carbaryl, 100 ppm DDT, and 25 ppm dioxacarb showed significantly (carbaryl and DDT) higher egg-totals than their untreated controls. With dioxacarb the increase of egg production was marginal in the statistical analysis. The ratio females/males in the F1 was shifted in favor of the females in the broods reared on carbaryl and DDT residues, but not in the case of dioxacarb. This increase in the female proportion is highly significant for carbaryl with the strongest shift and DDT with a lesser one. Adult females of the F1, too, had a significantly higher egg production on carbaryl and DDT than their untreated counterparts. Hormoligosis—stimulation by small quantities of a stressor—is assumed responsible for observed effects, not an improved nutritional basis via an altered physiology of the host plant.

Response of ‘Trent’ and ‘Canby’ Red Raspberry to SADH Applications1

Abstract Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied as 1000 and 2000 ppm sprays to ‘Trent’ and ‘Canby’ red raspberries on 4 dates during the 1970 and the 1971 growing seasons did not effect bud survival, yield, or number of flowers per lateral. Inconsistent reductions occurred in berry weight, number of flowering laterals, and buds per cane diameter. In all instances cane height was reduced.

The effect of benomyl systemic fungicide and the growth regulator CCC on eyespot disease of barley

SUMMARYThe systemic fungicide benomyl was used as a seed dressing and as a spray at two concentrations, 250 and 500 ppm, on the winter barley variety Pella. An additional treatment was a spray application of CCC at 500 ppm. All spray treatments were applied at growth stage 3–4. Without fungicide treatment, total yield in the inoculated plots was approximately 40% of that in the uninoculated plots. The 500 ppm fungicide-spray treatment significantly decreased incidence and severity scores of eyespot, the seed dressing being significant only for the latter. The seed dressing and 500 ppm spray treatments significantly increased mean yield/head, fertile tiller number and 1000 grain weight. All the fungicide treatments significantly increased total yield in the inoculated plots. There were no significant effects of CCC upon disease or upon yield, neither was there any interaction between benomyl and CCC.

Influence of Summer Application of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Firmness of ‘Delicious’ Apples in Storage1

Abstract ‘Delicious’ apples treated with a 1,000 ppm spray of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at 70 to 80 days after full bloom were firmer than control fruit at harvest and remained firmer throughout the 9-month storage period.

Studies on the Wilting Treatment of Corn Plants : V. The influence of tryptophan spray treatment on the growth and fodder yield of plants

We reported in previous papers that the growth and fordder yield of the corn plants passed through temporary or successive wilting at early definite of growth were increased certainly, and then this increaring was considered to be due to the raising of tryptophan content in the corn plants. But it is very difficult in practice to do wilt the corn plants cultivated in field as our pleases. Then we tried to spray tryptophan 1000 ppm solution on the nine leaves age of corn plants cultivated in field instead of wilting treatment. At the same the spray treatments with indoleacetic acid (IAA) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) solutions were tried as compared with tryptophan spray treatment. 1. Both IAA as the nature auxin and NAA as the synthetic auxin had the same effects on the growth and root behavior of corn plants. 2. The effects of tryptophan treatment upon the primordium of roots in the neighbouring of each node were a few. On the plants with the spray of IAA or NAA 100 ppm solutions, not only increasing the number of roots in neighbouring of lower nodes but also the decrease of those in upper were significant. The effects of IAA or NAA 10 ppm spray on the corn plants were between the effects of tryptophan spray and those of IAA or NAA 100 ppm spray. 3. The rate of that the primordiums grew ub to absorptive roots was about a hundred per cent in the neighbouring of lower nodes. But in upper nodes, tryptohan spray had the greatest effect upon the increase of absorptive roots, next was IAA or NAA 100ppm spray, and then there was the least significance between IAA or NAA 10ppm spray and control. 4. The effects of tryptophan spray upon the root behavior of corn plants were just same as the effects reported in previous papers, and the assumption that tryptophan absorbed into corn plants will gradually turn into IAA and will actuate upon the growth of corn plants was reaffirmed. 5. Absorbed tryptophan must gradually have turned into IAA and had good effects on the growth of corn plants, and those effects seemed to have continued to the final stage of growth. But IAA or NAA absorbed must have had some effects upon corn plants immediately aeter the spray, and then those effects must have decreased in consequence of the lapse of time in order to be oxidized during a short term. 6. The dry matters at the harvest time were increased by spraying tryptophan. Those with IAA or NAA spray were more weighty than those of control, but were more light than with tryptophan spray. Such significant increases on the yield of corn plants appeared a few on leaves or internodes, and much on ears.