Ppm Sn Research Articles

Geologic, geochemical, and fluid inclusion studies of the tin granites from the Bujang Melaka Pluton, Kinta Valley, Malaysia

The Bujang Melaka pluton, which has an area of 20 X 10 km, is located on the eastern side of the Kinta Valley, Malaysia. It is a typical example of the granite magmatism of this mining area. The Kinta Valley granites belong to the Permo-Triassic Main Range batholith or western granite belt of peninsular Malaysia. The Bujang Melaka pluton is composed mainly of S-type biotite granites, which cover a narrow compositional range, and was emplaced into a sequence of Devonian to Lower Permian sediments.The main intrusive phase of the pluton is a megacrystic (microcline) medium-grained biotite granite which contains abundant metasedimentary xenoliths. It is peraluminous (average A/KNC = 1.03) and has characteristics common of granites derived from a sedimentary parent rock. Its high initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.7193 and the low magnetic susceptibility of 0.2 X 10 (super -3) SI units are indicative of a significant crustal component.The megacrystic medium-grained biotite granite is a little-evolved phase, as can be shown by its relatively high concentrations of compatible elements such as Fe, P, Sc, Ti, V, and Zr.The megacrystic medium-grained biotite granite differentiated into nonmegacrystic biotite granite and (tourmaline-) muscovite granite, thereby increasing the concentration of Sn and other incompatible elements. A low-salinity, acid, Sn-bearing, aqueous fluid phase, partly mixed with CO 2 , separated from the crystallizing magma. The residual fluids interacted with the solidified part of the granite, cooled, and deposited cassiterite in the 440 degrees to 240 degrees C temperature range at pressures of approximately 1 kbar. The crystallization of cassiterite was followed by arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, Bi sulfosalt, and native Bi. The style of mineralization is a variable, greisen type in the muscovite granite in the center of the pluton and a vein type in the megacrystic medium-grained biotite granite close to the contact with the sedimentary rocks.The tin granites from the Bujang Melaka pluton are similar to many other tin granites in the concentrating of Sn by fractional crystallization and by fluid-rock interaction. However, the outstanding feature of the pluton is the high level from which this concentration process started, as demonstrated by the high content of tin in the megacrystic medium-grained biotite granite (27 ppm Sn). Most tin granites in the world would have half this value or less at the same differentiation stage, taking their TiO 2 concentration as the differentiation index. The granite magma must have originated in a segment of the crust which was already enriched in tin.

Petrogenesis of the Ear Mountain tin granite, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Ear Mountain is part of a belt of Cretaceous tin on the Seward Peninsula of western Alaska. Porphyritic and seriate biotite quartz monzonite and quartz syenite represent early pluton units. These were followed by equigranular and fine-grained two-mica tourmaline-bearing granite. Late units are enriched in B, F, and Na/K and are depleted in Ti, A greisen alteration assemblage of tourmaline-quartz-cassiterite-white mica + or - magnetite + or - pyrite + or - pyrrhotite + or - rutile + or - arsenopyrite is found in the granite and skarns surrounding the pluton.Granite compositions approximate the minimum in the synthetic granite system at a pressure of 0.5 kb. Compositions of fine-grained granite are shifted toward the F-enriched minimum in the synthetic system. Temperature estimates based on feldspar geothermometry range from 624 degrees to 501 degrees C and are close to the solidus temperature in the F- and B-enriched systems. Coexisting Fe-Ti oxide mineral data give temperature estimates of 625 degrees to 675 degrees C and indicate cooling along a buffered path intermediate between the quartz-fayalite-magnetite and nickel-nickel-oxide curves. Biotite compositions (Fe/Fe + Mg = 0.69-0.99) combined with the feldspar geothermometry also indicate that crystallization of the pluton followed a buffer near the nickel-nickel-oxide curve.The tin contents of Ear Mountain granites largely correlate with degree of greisen alteration. Unaltered granites contain less than 80 ppm Sn, whereas thoroughly altered granites contain over 950 ppm Sn. Tin concentrations in unaltered granitic rocks increase progressively from porphyritic to seriate to some equigranular rocks, indicating a progressive concentration of Sn with fractional crystallization. Most unaltered fine-grained granites contain low Sn values, interpreted as results from Sn lost to the evolved vapor phase.The moderately reducing, weakly peraluminous and low calcium conditions during crystallization of the Ear Mountain pluton allowed for concentration of Sn into the melt. High B and F contents in the melt promoted prolonged fractionation of the system and increased concentration of Sn. Evolution of a vapor phase removed Sn from the granitic melt and reaction of this vapor with the granite and the skarn produced the Sn-enriched greisen alteration. There is no evidence that Sn was remobilized from Sn-enriched biotites into greisen.Greisen development is not extensive at present levels of erosion. Abundant cassiterite in placers surrounding the pluton suggest much of the greisen zone has been removed by erosion. The apical parts of other tin granites on the Seward Peninsula, such as Lost River and Kougarok, have well-developed greisen zones. Ear Mountain probably resembled these systems prior to erosion.

焼なました銅線の剛性

Windability of annealed pure copper wires, which depends on its stiffness was studied in relation to the effects of working conditions and other factors. Several kinds of hot-rolled copper wire rods were annealed after 90% cold drawing. Stiffnesses of annealing copper wires were evaluated by the spring elongation number (SEN) which can indicate a precise softening state with high sensitivity. Crystallographic textures of the annealed copper wires were examined by means of the X-ray diffraction method. Crystal grain sizes were measured by the intercepting method. The dislocation distribution of the annealed copper wires were observed by transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of these observations, the stress-strain curves were analyzed in relation to SEN.It was found that SEN of TPC1 (normal tough pitch copper) was the highest when copper wires were annealed at a lower annealing temperature for a shorter annealing time, and the copper wire specimens can be arranged as follows, according to the order of SEN by annealing:TPC1>OFC(Oxygen Free Copper)>SCR(Southwire Continuous Rod)>TPC2(Tough Pitch Copper with 16 ppm Pb and 11 ppm Sn). The relation between SEN and the reciprocal of the root of mean grain size gives a nearly straight line. On the other hand, the ratio of the texture component of annealed copper wires, Ir=(111)⁄{(111)+(100)}, shows a nearly constant value after annealing at various temperatures from 600 to 900 K. This indicates that anisotropic crystal structure does not develop after annealing.From these experimental results, we may conclude that SEN depends on the resistance of the grain boundary against dislocation movement, and that the higher the annealing temperature, the better becomes the windability of copper wires.

Foam Separation of Stannous Ion from Aqueous Solution

Sn(II) was removed from solution using various foam separation techniques. It was found that Sn(II) could be effectively removed by adsorbing colloid flotation using either Fe(OH)3 or Al(OH)3 as the adsorbing colloid. Over 99% of the Sn(II) was removed from a solution initially containing 50 ppm Sn(II).

Västanå-Järkvissle Sn-Li occurrence found by regional grid sampling of heavy-mineral till concentrates in northern central Sweden

Regional exploration for pegmatite hosted Sn-mineralization in Sweden by LKAB Prospektering has, since the early 1980s, generally been based on the use of heavy-mineral concentrates from till collected by roadside sampling. The average sampling density has been 0.5–1.0 sample/km 2, but with an uneven distribution of sample points within areas investigated. Planning of the regional sampling grid in this study has been based on a statistical analysis to answer the following question: What sample density and grid-spacing should be used to hit an anomalous target with the highest possible probability. The statistical analysis indicates that using a rectangular grid, 750 × 1,500 m (0.88 sample/km 2), the probability of intersecting an anomalous target is 100%. Heavy-mineral till concentrate sampling using this grid design in northern central Sweden in 1981 revealed one single, extremely high sample with 4,622 ppm Sn indicating mineralization in the area north of the village of Järkvissle. In 1982–1983, while boulder tracing up-ice from the anomalous regional sample point, cassiterite and spodumene-bearing boulders and outcrops were found. Two parallel mineralized pegmatites within an area of approximately 5,000 m 2 with grades of 0.04–0.07% Sn and 0.40–0.92% Li 2O have recently been located NW of Järkvissle. Semi-regional (250 × 500 m) and local (20 × 20–160 m) sampling of till gave some anomalous values of Sn and Li in concentrates, which to some extent could be correlated with mineralized boulders and outcrops, and also indicated new targets for drilling. The results from a simplified sample preparation technique for heavy-mineratl till concentrates show that a new device, named the Goldhound, can be used in future geochemical prospecting for Sn and Li in Sweden.

Dispersion into pisolitic laterite from the greenbushes mineralized Sn-Ta pegmatite system, Western Australia

A study of dispersion into pisolitic laterite duricrust in the Archaean Greeenbushes mineralized pegmatite district reveals a geochemical anomaly that measures some 20 km by 12 km centred on the ore deposits that, prior to commencement of mining operations, were concealed. The anomaly is broadest for As, Sn, Be and Sb, all of which show well-defined centres over the swarm of mineralized pegmatites. Coincident highs of Nb, Ta and B also define the 5 km by 1 km anomaly centre. Over the strongest part of the multi-element anomaly, the following levels in ppm are reached in the pisolitic laterite: As 1150, Sb 75, Sn 4200, Nb 75, Ta 75, W 30, Li 100, B 500 and Be 60. The immediate source for the dispersion anomaly is the swarm of soft, weathered pegmatites and their wall rocks, most of which occur within a 5 km by 1 km area, elongated along strike. The source, as judged from past production plus soft pegmatite reserves, was a mass of some 30–40 million tonnes with an approximate average grade of 220 ppm Sn, 25 ppm Nb and 30 ppm Ta. The geochemical expression of the multi-element anomaly can conveniently be expressed in a map of pegmatite-associated elements. For example, the index PEG-4*X which uses an empirically derived weighted linear combination 0.09As + 1.33Sb + Sn + 0.6Nb + Ta (where values for each element are in ppm) gives a broad consistent anomaly. Investigation of dispersion processes shows that mechanical dispersion of cassiterite and columbo-tantalite took place for distances of at least 5 km during laterite formation along gradients ranging from 5 m to 20 m per km. The occurrence of anomalous As in the skins of pisolites indicates hydromorphic dispersion during laterite formation, but mechanical dispersion of goethitic material with scavenged As has also taken place. The size of the geochemical dispersion anomaly, together with its contrast and consistency, shows that it is feasible in the Australian environment to explore for concealed mineral deposits using low-density surface sampling. Sample spacings of 3 km are being tested in an extension of this approach to exploration.

Tin granites, geochemical heritage, magmatic differentiation

Metallogenic provinces are not self-evident geochemical provinces. A scheme to quantify the processes of »geochemical heritage« and »magmatic differentiation« in the evolution of tin granites is presented. Geochemical heritage can be limited to a maximum contribution in the 5–10 ppm Sn range. The crucial process in the formation of tin granites is magmatic differentiation. A variable bulk Sn distribution coefficient controls the tin ore potential of granites.

銅線の軟化特性に及ぼす熱間圧延銅線製造方法と不純物の影響

The softening characteristics of cold-drawn pure copper wires were studied in relation to hot-working processes and impurities of hot worked Cu wire rods. The characteristics of several kinds of hot-rolled wire rods were examined by means of structural observations, tensile tests and electrical resistivity measurements. The softening characteristics of cold-drawn copper wires were obtained from spring elongation tests and electrical resistivity measurements of 90% cold-drawn wires.It was found that the grain size and Cu2O particle size of the continuous casting and rolling rod (SCR: Southwire Continuous Rod) were the smallest and its Cu2O particle distribution was uniform. On the other hand, the grain size of Oxygen Free Copper (OFC) wire rod was the largest and its electrical conductivity was the highest. SCR cold-drawn copper had the lowest softening temperature. Specimens of copper wires could be arranged according to the order of softening tendencies by annealing:\ oindentSCR>TPC 1(normal Tough Pitch Copper)>OFC>TPC 3(Tough Pitch Copper with 16 ppm Pb and 11 ppm Sn).\ oindentA large amount of annealing twins was observed in the SCR wires.From these experimental results, the softening characteristics of the cold-drawn copper wires are considered to be related to metallurgical structure which depends on the hot-working processes and purities.

Nb [sbnd]Th [sbnd]Zr mineralization in microgranite—microsyenite at Jabal Tawlah, Midyan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

A composite sill of mineralized and highly radioactive microgranite—microsyenite caps Jabal Tawlah, a low ridge in the extreme NW of the Arabian Shield. The leucocratic composition, distribution of quartz and low K 2O:Na 2O ratios indicate that deuteric processes, including separation of a silica-rich phase and albitization, played a major role. Mineralization is in the form of a disseminated enrichment in Nb, Ta, Sn, Th, Y, heavy REE and Zr. Four Y- and heavy REE-bearing minerals, gagarinite [NaCaY(F,Cl) 6], fergusonite [(Y,Er,Ce,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O 4], xenotime and yttrian fluorite, as well as zircon, columbite, thorite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, ilmenite, hematite, limonite, magnetite, goethite, siderite, possible chrysocolla and an MnO-bearing mineral have been identified. The geochemical signature of the mineralization is similar to that which distinguishes alkali granites from other granitic rocks. Jabal az Zuhd, a major plutonic complex consisting largely of alkali granite, crops out only 5 km NW of Jabal Tawlah. However, there is no other evidence of possible derivation from a parental alkali granite magma. Reserves indicated by outcrop dimensions and three drill-hole intersections are 6.4 million tonnes to an average depth of 65 m below wadi level, grading 0.34% Nb, 0.52% Y, 0.47% Zn and approximately 4% zircon (plus 175 ppm Ta, 380 ppm Sn, 700 ppm Th and heavy REE).

Geology and tin-greisen mineralization of the Akash granite, northern Arabian Shield

The western margin of the postorogenic Akash granite, 30 km E of Ha'il in the northern Arabian Shield, is greisenized and contains anomalous concentrations of Sn. The pluton intrudes metamorphic and intrusive rocks, and crops out as a 10 by 15 km elliptical body with its long axis oriented N. It consists predominantly of metaluminous alkali-feldspar granite or syenogranite, with accessory biotite and muscovite, and traces of fluorite. Greisenization extends discontinuously in a zone at least 3 km long parallel to the western contact, and along E-trending hematitic quartz veins for more than 2 km from the contact. The veins occupy fractures that were probably conduits for ascending mineralizing fluids. Within about 20 m of the contact, they are enclosed in quartz—white mica greisen containing hematite, fluorite, and locally, topaz and cassiterite. Composite chip samples from the greisenized zone have an average Sn content of 710 ppm, and a maximum of 1600 ppm. Anomalous values for Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Bi and Cu also occur, but none of the samples contain detectable W. Three samples of hematitic quartz averaged 126 ppm Sn, and one contained 200 ppm W.

Effects of feeding stannous chloride on different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of the rat

The effects of feeding inorganic tin on the gastrointestinal tract were examined in rats. Three groups of male weanling Wistar rats were fed a diet to which 0, 250, or 500 ppm Sn 2+ had been added as SnCl 2. A fourth group was subjected to feed restriction by pair feeding with the 500-ppm group. Comparison of the data from the tin-fed groups with both the control and the reduced diet groups allowed discrimination between effects of reduced feed intake and Sn 2+ effects. Independent of the reduced feed intake, Sn 2+ affected hemoglobin concentration in the blood and several small intestine parameters. Total length of the small intestine, as well as absolute and relative weights, was increased. An increase was also observed in the migration of epithelial cells along the villus, as revealed by [ 3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiography in rats fed 900 ppm Sn 2+ for 4 weeks. Stereo-light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of ridge-like villi due to Sn 2+ feeding and a decreased number of villi per unit surface. These data suggest that an increase in cell turnover in the small intestine, due to Sn 2+, was responsible for these changes.

Grain boundary segregation of copper, tin and antimony in C-Mn steels at 900�C

The segregation of copper, tin and antimony to austenite grain boundaries at 900° C has been investigated in C-Mn steels using a scanning Auger microprobe (SAM). The specimens for microanalysis were prepared in a manner such that the prior austenite grain boundaries could be exposed by fracturing at room temperature in the UHV chamber of the SAM unit. Initial bulk concentrations ranged between 600 and 2600 ppm Cu, 50 and 360 ppm Sn and 8 and 35 ppm Sb. Significant enrichment of copper, tin and antimony was detected along the austenite grain boundaries. The grain boundary concentration of copper and tin was found to vary depending upon the initial bulk concentration while the average concentration of antimony at the grain boundaries was found to be approximately 1 at % for all of the heats studied. For heats in which a significant level of copper segregation was detected, a relationship of at % Cu = at % (Sn+Sb) at the austenite grain boundaries was observed. Deformation at 900° C prior to fracture in UHV was found to be necessary to promote segregation. Samples that were annealed at 900° C but not hot worked did not exhibit evidence of copper, tin or antimony segregation. These results have been interpreted in terms of the effects of deformation on segregation kinetics, and were correlated with hot ductility measurements made at 900° C.

Effects of heavy metals on phagocytosis by Molluscan hemocytes

Abstract The effects of ten heavy metal cations on phagocytosis of polystyrene latex spheres by hemocytes of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica , were investigated. Exposure to 1 and 5 ppm Cd 2+ , 5 ppm Co 2+ , 1 ppm Cr 3+ , 1 ppm Cu 2+ , 0·5 ppm Fe 3+ , 0·05 ppm Hg 2+ , 1 and 5 ppm Mn 2+ , 1 and 5 ppm Pb 2+ , 1 ppm Sn 2+ , and 1 and 5 ppm Zn 2+ resulted in no alteration of phagocytic ability. However, exposure to 1 ppm Co 2+ , 5 ppm Cu 3+ , 5 ppm Cu 2+ , 1 and 5 ppm Fe 3+ , 0·1 ppm Hg 2+ and 5 ppm Sn 2+ resulted in significantly enhanced uptake of polystyrene spheres. Finally, exposure to 0·5, 1 and 5 ppm Hg 2+ resulted in inhibition of phagocytosis and increased cell death.

Tin abundance of some geosynclinal shales from Japan.

The Japanese geosynclinal shales studied contain 2-4 ppm Sn in general (average 2.9 ppm, n=51). Those intermingled with basaltic and intermediate volcanic rocks have much lower values (average 1.9 ppm, n=39). The whole average of 2.4 ppm (n=90) is nearly half of the averaged Pacific red clay (4.6 ppm, Hamaguchi et al., 1964). Tin anomaly around 4 ppm in average is seen in the Sangun metamorphic belt of Tottori Pref., San-bosan belt and Iwaizumi belt. Tin content of sandstones is about half of that of shales.

Inorganic tin in the diet affects the femur in rats

The effects of dietary levels (10, 50, 100 and 250 ppm tin) of stannous chloride on the femur were studied for 90 days on weanling male rats. The 100 and 250 ppm tin (Sn) caused significant decreases in serum calcium (Ca) and serum inorganic phosphorus (P), Ca content in the femoral diaphysis and epiphysis, and acid phosphatase activity in the femoral epiphysis. 50 ppm Sn produced significant reduction of serum Ca concentration and Ca content in the femoral epiphysis. These significant decreases were not observed with 10 ppm Sn. These results suggest that the maximal allowable concentration of inorganic Sn contained in a diet would be < 50ppm Sn.

Temper embrittlement of low alloy NI-CR steels—I. The susceptibility to temper embrittlement and the influence of intermediate tempering treatments

A comprehensive study has been made of the temper embrittlement behaviour of Ni-Cr steels using a commercial low alloy steel (En30A) and a high purity Ni-Cr steel doped with 425 ppm Sn(BElO). The embrittlement was characterised as a function of intermediate tempering treatments at 650°C and subsequent ageing treatments within the temper embrittlement regime (350–575°C), with the ageing being studied up to long ageing times (10,000h). Complementary Auger Electron Spectroscopy studies identified the grain boundary segregation of Ni, Sn, P and Si, with the segregation being strongly dependent upon the bulk composition, intermediate tempering treatment and ageing time within the embrittling temperature regime. The results have important implications to the long term service behaviour of ferritic steel components in engineering plant operating at elevated temperatures.

Surface geochemical and biogeochemical expression of base‐metal mineralization at Woodlawn, New South Wales, Australia

Abstract The presence of base‐metal mineralization at Woodlawn was first recognised early in 1968 when a roadside reconnaissance geochemical sampling survey, conducted over felsic volcanic rocks in the Goulburn‐Tarago area, encountered anomalous B horizon soils containing up to 200 ppm Cu, 800 ppm Pb and 300 ppm Zn. Regional soil thresholds have been determined at 50 ppm Cu, 90 ppm Pb and 50 ppm Zn. Chip samples from the subsequently located gossan revealed up to 2000 ppm Cu, 8000 ppm Pb and 2000 ppm Zn, 500 ppm Sn, 25 ppm Ag and 3000 ppm As. The first grid B horizon soil geochemical survey was conducted in 1968 over the gossan and surrounding area, and repeated with closer spaced sampling in the first half of 1970. The first survey delineated strong Cu (to 1000 ppm) and Pb (to 2500 ppm) anomalies coincident with the gossan zone, and intense hydromorphic zinc anomalies (to 3000 ppm) located down slope from the gossan in residual clay‐soils derived from dolerite bedrock. Threshold values have been determin...

A Rapid Screening Method for the Determination of Di-(n-octyl) Tin Stabilizers in Alcoholic Beverages, Using a Heated Graphite Atomizer

Abstract A method is described for the rapid screening of di-(n-octyl) tin stabilizers in alcoholic beverages, using a heated graphite atomizer coupled to an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Benzene can selectively extract di-(ra-octyl) tin stabilizers in the presence of inorganic tin. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to confirm the presence of the ra-octyl grouping in a benzene extract of a plastic container and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry is used to follow the efficiency of the purification steps. The tin content of 5 types of plastic containers presently used in Canada for the storage of alcoholic beverages was obtained by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry and levels of up to 1700 μg Sn/g plastic were found. The alcoholic beverages contained therein, which included 22 samples of gin, martini, cognac, red wine, and sherry, were analyzed for di-(n-octyl) tin content. Although the method used will detect 0.04 ppm Sn, there was no evidence of leaching in any of the samples analyzed.

Responses of bush bean and barley to tin applied to soil and to solution culture

The present series of studies was made to assess the potential toxicity of Sn to plants. Tin as SnCl2 was applied to bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Improved Tendergreen) grown in Yolo loam (pH 6) and Hacienda loam (calcareous) soils at rates of up to 500 ppm of dry weight of soil. Yields were slightly decreased at the highest application rate. Tin concentrations in leaves and stems as determined by emission spectrography were around 1 ppm with leaves greater than stems. In the noncalcareous soil, a high level of Sn resulted in decreased Fe concentrations in leaves. In soil acidified with S, 500 ppm Sn applied as SnCl2 was extremely toxic to barley plants with most of the effect due to Sn. Again, very little Sn was transported to shoots. Tin increased Zn and Mn levels in the shoots. Bush beans were grown in solution culture with 0, 10−6, 10−5, 10−4, and 10−3M levels of SnCl2 with and without CaCO3. Without CaCO3 the 10−3M Sn was very toxic. Leaf and stem levels of Sn were increased only slightly by the Sn applications, however; most of the accumulated Sn remained in roots.

Influence of tricyclohexyltin hydroxide on fermentation, and its residues in musts and wines

AbstractField and laboratory trials with tricyclohexyltin hydroxide (Cy3SnOH) acaricide, were carried out on two varieties of grapevine, to examine the influence of residues on the must fermentation. Laboratory tests showed that Cy3SnOH inhibits fermentation, for a period up to 2‐5 days, only at very high concentrations (0.75‐6.75 ppm). After this time, fermentation always starts again, so that in field tests, no delay in fermentation resulted. Analytical values for tin residues, obtained spectrophotometrically by using the catechol violet complex, showed residues to be quite high in musts from grapes treated 6 days before vintage (0.50–0.98 ppm Sn  1.63–3.14 ppm Cy3SnOH), but very low in musts from grapes treated 30 days before vintage (0.04–0.07 ppm Sn  0.13‐0.25 ppm Cy3SnOH). It was also demonstrated that the acaricide and its degradation products go to the bottom with the lees during fermentation.