Ppm Iron Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of in situ and ex-situ iron-complexing ability of exopolysaccharides producing lactic acid bacteria in whey medium

The present study investigated the iron-binding ability of exopolysaccharides (EPS) producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a whole-cell in comparison with its extracted crude EPS. A total of eight EPS producing LAB strains and four iron salts were tested for in-situ iron complex formation in whey as a basal culture medium. Among the four iron salts, ferrous sulphate showed maximum complexation with all the LAB strains. Amongst eight EPS producing LAB strains, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Kar1 showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) iron complexing ability in comparison with the other strains. In-situ iron chelating ability of EPS producing L. rhamnosus Kar1 strain was notably higher (65.5 ± 0.62%) than the ex-situ approach in whey (51.62 ± 0.89%) but was considerably lower than that observed in an aqueous medium (75.29 ± 0.824%). Under optimized conditions, L. rhamnosus Kar1 showed 81.20 ± 0.38% iron complex formation in whey supplemented with 11% glucose and 20 ppm iron (ferrous sulphate) at the fermentation duration of 14 h. These findings suggest that L. rhamnosus Kar1 and its EPS can be further explored to develop iron-fortified whey-based products upon amalgamation with suitable technology.

Tolerance of F6 Red Rice Lines against Iron (Fe) Stress

Dryland area in Indonesia reaches 108.8 millions ha (69.4%) of the total dry land with the potential to expand the area of food crops reaching 7.1 million ha, which is dominated by ultisol and oxisol soil types. Plant constraint cultivation on ultisol soil types is the acidic soil pH with high Al and Fe levels. One of the efforts that can be made to cultivate plants on ultisol soil is the selection of plants that are tolerant of Fe stress. This study aimed to determine a tolerance level and F6 red rice lines that were tolerant of iron (Fe) stress in ultisol soils. The experimental design used was factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors, the first factor consisted of 12 treatments (10 test lines and 2 comparison varieties) and the second factor was iron stress with concentrations (0 ppm and 551,55 ppm). The stress was applied after 3 WAP. The stress resistance test to iron (Fe) should that all lines of red rice F6 on ultisol soils have a score of 1 which indicates the stress tolerance of Fe at a concentration of 551,55 ppm Fe. The 23A-56-30-25-12 and 23A-56-30-25-13 lines were the best lines that were tolerant of 551,55 ppm iron (Fe) stress with the highest growth and yield. The lines tested can be developed on ultisol soils because they are tolerant of Fe.

Long-Term Iron Deficiency and Dietary Iron Excess Exacerbate Acute Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis and Are Associated with Significant Dysbiosis.

Background: Oral iron supplementation causes gastrointestinal side effects. Short-term alterations in dietary iron exacerbate inflammation and alter the gut microbiota, in murine models of colitis. Patients typically take supplements for months. We investigated the impact of long-term changes in dietary iron on colitis and the microbiome in mice. Methods: We fed mice chow containing differing levels of iron, reflecting deficient (100 ppm), normal (200 ppm), and supplemented (400 ppm) intake for up to 9 weeks, both in absence and presence of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced chronic colitis. We also induced acute colitis in mice taking these diets for 8 weeks. Impact was assessed (i) clinically and histologically, and (ii) by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA. Results: In mice with long-term changes, the iron-deficient diet was associated with greater weight loss and histological inflammation in the acute colitis model. Chronic colitis was not influenced by altering dietary iron however there was a change in the microbiome in DSS-treated mice consuming 100 ppm and 400 ppm iron diets, and control mice consuming the 400 ppm iron diet. Proteobacteria levels increased significantly, and Bacteroidetes levels decreased, in the 400 ppm iron DSS group at day-63 compared to baseline. Conclusions: Long-term dietary iron alterations affect gut microbiota signatures but do not exacerbate chronic colitis, however acute colitis is exacerbated by such dietary changes. More work is needed to understand the impact of iron supplementation on IBD. The change in the microbiome, in patients with colitis, may arise from the increased luminal iron and not simply from colitis.

Atomic Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study

Water pollution has become one of the most serious intractable issues of this era. The use of aquatic plants is considered as one of the suitable routes to remove pollutants from industrial wastewater, to protect the environment and restore resources for reuse, especially water hyacinth plant. Multi studies have shown that the water hyacinth plant has an ability to recover heavy metals from different water bodies. This paper aims to study the efficiency of the different parts of water hyacinth plant to remove many ions of heavy metals, namely chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from polluted water bodies in Iraq, Thera Dejla channel in the northwest of Baghdad as a case study. The results obtained showed the ability of water hyacinth plant roots to adsorb lead, manganese and zinc metals with concentrations of 3.668, 3.1297 ppm and 1.1057 ppm, respectively and the rafts to adsorb 10.1545 ppm of iron while cobalt and chromium were adsorbed by stem with 0.2652 and 0.0852 ppm respectively. However, the leafs of water hyacinth were the lowest ability to adsorb the heavy metals than other parts. On the other hand, the concentrations of these heavy metals were close to zero in the water near this plant. Therefore, this plant can be used as a cheap and low-cost bio-filter to purify polluted water in rivers, lakes and ponds despite the harmful effects caused by its excessive spread. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP. 2020; 11(9): 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Web Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=7012 [Access: March 30, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP. 2020; 11(9): 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP. (2020), [cited March 30, 2021]; 11(9): 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Harvard Style Ali, G. A. A. & Abbas, . M. N. (2020) Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP, 11 (9), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Turabian Style Ali, Ghalib Adrees Atiya, and Mohammed Nsaif Abbas. 2020. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Chicago Style Ali, Ghalib Adrees Atiya, and Mohammed Nsaif Abbas. Atomic Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Ali, Ghalib Adrees Atiya, and Mohammed Nsaif Abbas. Atomic Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.9 (2020), 264-271. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Ali, G. A. A. & Abbas, . M. N. (2020) Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43

Quadruple fortification of salt for the delivery of iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 to vulnerable populations.

A process for simultaneous delivery of iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 through salt as a potential and holistic approach to ameliorate anaemia and reduce maternal and infant mortality is presented. Two approaches for adding folic acid and B12 to salt during double fortification with iron and iodine were investigated. Attempts to add both micronutrients through the iodine spray solution were unsuccessful. Hence, folic acid was added through a stabilized iodine solution, and B12 was added through the iron premix. Four approaches used to incorporate B12 into the iron premix were investigated: (1) co-extruding B12 with iron, (2) spraying B12 on the surface of the iron extrudate, (3) adding B12 to the colour masking agent, and (4) adding B12 to the outer coating. Of these approaches, coextrusion (1) was the best, based on the ease of production and stability of fortificants. The salt formulated with the solid iron-B12 premix and sprayed iodine and folic acid solution contained 1000 ppm iron, 50 ppm iodine, 25 ppm folic acid, and 0.25 ppm B12. Over 98% of B12, 93% folic acid, and 94% iodine were retained after 6-month storage in the best formulation. This technology can simultaneously deliver iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in a safe and stable salt enabling public health measures for improved health at a minimal additional cost.

DRIS indices as nutritional guide for aonla cultivation

Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms were computed from the data on leaf mineral composition, soil available nutrients, and corresponding mean fruit yield of 100 aonla orchards in Akhnoor, Raya and Purmandal areas of Jammu region during 2016 and 2017. The DRIS norms derived primarily from leaves suggested optimum leaf macronutrient concentration as 1.74-2.96% nitrogen (N), 0.13-0.23% phosphorus (P), 0.73-1.04% potassium (K), 0.18-0.27% sulphur (S), 1.72-1.93% calcium (Ca) and 0.35-0.55% magnesium (Mg) while, the optimum level of micronutrients as 9.34-11.93 ppm zinc (Zn), 89.24-156.98 ppm iron (Fe), 7.24-10.42 ppm copper (Cu) and 8.97-21.64 ppm manganese (Mn) in relation to fruit yield of 16.55-114.24kg/ tree. Likewise, DRIS indices for soil fertility developed from soil samples collected at 0-30 cm depth corresponding to similar level of fruit yield, the optimum limit of soil available nutrients (mg kg−1) was observed as 109.44-442.78 kg/ ha N, 8.84-15.46 kg/ha P, 93.17-199.15 kg/ha K, 6.79-11.42 mg/kg S, 0.35-4.36 mg/kg Zn, 2.81-13.42 mg/kg Fe, 1.44-4.43 mg/kg Cu and 0.28-2.84 mg/kg Mn. Primary DRIS indices developed on the basis of leaf revealed K as deficient in 55 per cent of the orchards followed by N in 25 per cent and Ca and Mg in 15 and 5 per cent, respectively, whereas Mg was identified as excess in 45 per cent orchards followed by N, P, K and Ca.

RESPONSE OF SAKKOTI DATE PALM TO SPRAYING ABSCISIC ACID

Sakkoti cultivar is one of the most important and wide dry variety in Aswan Governorate. (Hussien Fathy, 2005 and Ibrahim, 2011). A remarkable decrease in yield (kg/palm) and fruit quality characteristics of Sakkoti under Aswan Governorate conditions were observed in last decade (Al-Bakry 2020). In order to study the effect of spraying abscisic acid (ABA) at different concentration on leaves mineral content, yield, and fruit physical and chemical properties of Sakkoti date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L), a field experiment was conducted in two successive seasons (2018 and 2019) at a private farm located at Edfo, Aswan Governorate. The obtained results confirmed that spraying Sakkoti date palm with ABA at 150, 300 and 450 ppm significantly enhanced leaves mineral contents (i.e. nitrogen%, phosphorus%, potassium%, iron ppm, Zinc ppm and manganese ppm), yield (kg)/tree and bunch weight (kg), as well as fruit physical and chemical properties (i.e. fruit length (cm), fruit dimensions (cm), TSS%, total and reducing sugars%), compared to untreated palms. However, the total acidity% and crude fibers % were significantly decreased rather than untreated palms. The maximum values in above mentioned parameters were observed when the palms received ABA at 450 ppm three times yearly. Furthermore, increasing ABA concentration from 300 ppm to 450 ppm failed to enhance some studied parameters significant. The results of the present work showed that spraying ABA at 450 ppm plays a remarkable role in improving leaf mineral contents, yield kg/palm and fruit physical and chemical properties of Sakkoti date palm under Aswan Governorate conditions.

Response of Indonesian rice varieties to iron toxicity under field and green house condition

Excess of reduced iron (Fe2+) will affect the plant growth of rice when it is grown under waterlogged condition. Some rice genotypes have been identified tolerance to iron toxicity with different mechanism-type of tolerance. This study aims to identify the response of some rice genotypes to iron toxicity, and to evaluate their consistency in the greenhouse screening method and the field condition. The experiments were conducted in iron toxicity hotspot area, Banyuasin (South Sumatera) and the control as irrigated rice field was in Sukamandi (West Java). The green house experiment of Fe toxicity was done using 400 ppm of Iron with Yoshida Agar Solution method. The response of rice plant to iron toxicity was observed on leaf bronzing score (LBS), iron content and uptake, biomass, yield and yield components and stress tolerant index (STI). We found that there was not clear relationship between the iron content with the leaf bronzing symptom depending on type of tolerant while the stress tolerance index was corelated with the yield. There were two varieties was identified as tolerant, namely Cilamaya Muncul as includer tolerant genotype and Awan Kuning as the excluder tolerant genotype. The information of the distinct response those rice germplasms can be used for recommendation for further study and development of rice tolerant to iron toxicity condition.

To study the interaction effect of Fe×Mn on yield, chemical composition and nutrient uptake at various cuttings of spinach plants and grain, straw at maturity

A pot experiment was conducted at pot culture yard in Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra (UP). To study the interaction effect of (Fe × Mn) on yields, chemical composition of plants at different growth stages and uptake of nutrients by grain and the straw at maturity by spinach crop. Four levels (0, 5, 10, 20 ppm) of each iron and manganese were evaluated in factorial design with three replications. The results indicated that the interaction of effect of (Fe × Mn) on yields was found to be significant. The maximum values (19.5, 49.0 mg/pot) of green foliage and dry matter (2.4, 5.6 mg/pot) were noted under 10 ppm Fe + 10 ppm manganese dose. The highest dose (20 ppm iron and 20 ppm manganese) reduce the yields upto minimum levels. Nutrient composition of spinach plants grain and straw in respect of N, P, Fe, Mn content was consistently increase up to (10 ppm) dose of iron and manganese level. Thereafter, a deduction was noted with higher dose (20 ppm) iron and manganese. Similar tend was noted in case of nutrients uptake by spinach plants. It is concluded from the results that (Fe × Mn) with dose of 10 ppm was found to significantly superior over rest of the combinations. Investigations also revealed that Fe and Mn has antagonistic relation in respect their content and uptake in all the growth stages of spinach plants.

To study the effect of iron and manganese on yield, nutrients content and their uptake by spinach crop at various cuttings

A pot experiment was conducted at pot culture yard in Department of Agricultural chemistry and soil science of R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra, (U.P.). To study the effect of iron and and manganese on yield, nutrients content and their uptake by spinach crop at various cuttings. Four levels (0, 5, 10, 20 ppm) of each iron and manganese were evaluated in factorial design with three replications. The results revealed that the consistent and significant increase in green foliage and dry matter yield was noted with increasing levels of Fe and Mn at various cuttings. The highest green foliage (18.63 g/pot) and dry matter yield (2.08 g/pot) was recorded with 10 ppm iron and Mn treatments. Higher yield of green foliage and dry matter was noted with the advancement of growth. Highest dose (20 ppm) of iron and manganese caused reduction in yield of green foliage dry matter in both the cuttings. Nutrient composition of spinach plants at both cuttings in respect of N, P, Fe, Mn content was consistently and significantly increased up to (10 ppm) dose of iron and manganese level. Thereafter, decrement was noted. Similar tend was noted in nutrient uptake by spinach plants at various cuttings. Investigations also revealed that Fe and Mn has antagonistic relation in respect of their content and uptake in both the cuttings of spinach plants.

Oral Iron Supplementation Increases Severity of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection

Abstract Objectives Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether unabsorbed iron in the cecum of mice increases the severity of S. Typhimurium infection. Methods Three-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were fed diets containing 300 (iron supplemented, FeS) or &amp;lt;4 ppm iron (iron deficient, FeD) for 6 weeks (n = 30/diet). Following feeding, mice were given an oral gavage of streptomycin 24 h prior to oral gavage of 108 CFU S. Typhimurium (FeSS.Tm or FeDS.Tm, n = 15/diet/treatment). Mice were monitored for up to 1-week post-infection prior to euthanasia and tissue collection. Severity of infection was assessed by cecal weight, spleen index, and change in bodyweight post-infection. Data are presented as means ± SD. Results Hematocrits were greater in FeS (51.3 ± 0.8%) compared to FeD (43.8 ± 2.7%), FeSS.Tm (40.3 ± 3.8%) and FeDS.Tm (40.2 ± 7.3%, P &amp;lt; 0.01 for all comparisons). FeS had higher cecal iron (331.3 ± 59.3 μg Fe/mg tissue) compared to FeD (5.7 ± 2.4 μg Fe/mg tissue), FeSS.Tm (64.6 ± 26.4 μg Fe/mg tissue) and FeDS.Tm (6.7 ± 3.3 μg Fe/mg tissue, P &amp;lt; 0.0001 for all comparisons). Cecal weight was ∼40% lower in FeSS.Tm (0.3 ± 0.1 g) compared to FeD (0.5 ± 0.1 g), FeS (0.5 ± 0.2 g) and FeDS.Tm (0.5 ± 0.1 g, P &amp;lt; 0.05 for all comparisons). Spleen index was greater in FeSS.Tm (15.3 ± 7.2 A.U.) compared to FeS (4.3 ± 0.5 A.U.), FeD (4.0 ± 0.5 A.U.) and FeDS.Tm (8.8 ± 5.2 A.U., P &amp;lt; 0.01 for all comparisons). FeSS.Tm lost more bodyweight (−21.7 ± 5.4%) compared to FeDS.Tm (−14.5 ± 6.3%, P &amp;lt; 0.01) post-infection. Conclusions Findings suggest that unabsorbed iron in the cecum of mice promotes a more severe S. Typhimurium infection. Alternative iron supplementation strategies should be considered in countries where S. Typhimurium infections are common. Funding Sources Intramural funds to S.R.H.

Iron Chlorophyllin Bio-efficacy and Metabolites Following Simulated Digestion and Incubation with Caco-2 Cells

Abstract Objectives Developing countries rely on poorly bioavailable plant-based sources of iron (i.e., FeSO4), leading to iron deficiency anemia. Heme iron is more bioavailable, but predominantly found in red meat. Iron chlorophyllin (IC) utilizes the porphyrin ring of plant-based chlorophyll to bind iron. IC has previously been shown to survive digestion, and to deliver iron to Caco-2 cells (measured as increased ferritin levels). However, the dose-response of IC treatment has not been assessed. We hypothesized that increasing IC concentrations would increase Caco-2 cell iron in a dose dependent manner. We also hypothesized that novel IC metabolites would be observed following in vitro digestion and incubation with Caco-2 cells. Methods In vitro digestion was performed using FeSO4 and hemoglobin as positive controls, deionized water as a negative control, and IC as the treatment (n = 3). Two doses (low and high) of both FeSO4 and hemoglobin were tested, in addition to four doses of IC (i.e., 2, 8, 34, and 81 ppm iron). Gastric and intestinal phases of digestion were mimicked, and digested chyme was centrifuged and filtered before incubation with differentiated Caco-2 human intestinal cells for 4 h. Cell were harvested, and iron concentrations in the chyme, micelles and harvested cells were tested using furnace atomic absorption spectrometry at 248.3 nm, and concentrations compared using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Metabolites of IC following digestion and cell incubation were tested using UHPLC-DAD-HRMS. Results A fraction (6–15%) of the IC was micellarized, with 19%-28% of heme iron micellarized. Cellular iron concentrations increased through the 8 ppm IC dose, but higher doses did not result in greater concentrations of cellular iron. IC delivered as much iron to the cells as heme, and trended toward increased iron delivery relative to FeSO4 (P = 0.068) when comparing across the low dose concentrations. Following digestion, Fe-chlorin e4 and e6 were totally converted to IC derivatives. Dehydrogenated and demethylated IC metabolites were also detected in the cell. Conclusions Results suggest that IC may better deliver iron to Caco-2 cells as compared to FeSO4, and should be further explored for iron supplementation. Funding Sources This project was partially supported by USDA-NIFA-AFRI A1363.

The Clinical Iron Supplement Fer-In-Sol Improves Fetal Iron Status and Brain Weight in Rats Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol

Abstract Objectives Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes iron deficiency in fetal rats, even when their mothers consume enough iron. Increasing maternal dietary iron improves fetal outcomes, including blood status, brain iron, and proinflammatory cytokines. Clinically, gestational iron deficiency is widespread, with a great need for effective iron interventions in alcohol-exposed pregnancies. Here, we test the ability of a popular clinical iron supplement, Fer-In-Sol (ferrous sulfate), to mitigate PAE's effects when co-administered with alcohol during pregnancy. We hypothesized that the prenatal iron supplement would normalize fetal iron status and have minimal adverse effects on the PAE dams and fetuses. Methods Pregnant Long-Evans rats consumed an iron-adequate diet (AIN-76A, 100 ppm iron) and received 5 g/kg alcohol or isocaloric maltodextrin (MD) by gavage on gestational days (GD) 13.5–19.5. Some dams received 6 mg/kg oral iron as ferrous sulfate from GD12.5–19.5, generating a 2 × 2 design. At GD20.5, we used an ANOVA to analyze mothers and fetuses, with litter as the experimental unit. Results Iron had no effect on PAE-induced reductions in maternal gestational weight gain (P = 0.7818) or maternal food intake (P = 0.7299). Iron did not mitigate a PAE-induced 17% reduction in fetal weight (P = 0.4803). Although iron failed to improve a 10% reduction in placental efficiency (P = 0.0589) or 10% elevation in relative heart weight (P = 0.2958) due to PAE, iron did elevate PAE fetal brain weight by 5%, and it no longer differed from MD-controls (P = 0.5255). Furthermore, iron normalized fetal hematology values in PAE, and improved fetal red blood cell numbers (P = 0.0458) and hematocrit (P = 0.0439) and trended to normalize hemoglobin (P = 0.0585). Iron did not significantly alter maternal blood, suggesting that this iron dose was not excessive. As expected, PAE increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in maternal (+10%, P = 0.0224) and fetal livers (+44%, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Iron supplementation caused an additional, modest rise in maternal (+15%, P = 0.0042) and fetal (+22%, P = 0.0093) livers. Conclusions These data show that maternal iron supplementation improves select fetal outcomes in PAE, including brain weight and blood values, and suggests that this may be a clinically feasible approach to improve prenatal iron status and fetal outcomes in PAE pregnancies. Funding Sources NIAAA NIDDK.

Physico-chemical and sensory properties of HTST Pasteurized milk fortified with casein hydrolysate-iron complex

This study investigated the effect of Buffalo Casein Hydrolysate-Iron complex (BCH-Iron) on fortification in milk. The high temperature sort time (HTST) pasteurized milk was fortified with 30 ppm iron using BCH-Iron complex (1.4 mg Fe/ml). The effect on physicochemical and sensory properties of HTST pasteurized milk was evaluated for 7 days. During storage non-significant (p>0.05) difference in sensory properties of BCH-Iron complex fortified milk observed compare to control. TBA value were significantly (P

Iron fortification in kulfi

Kulfi was prepared from milk standardized to 2% fat and 9% MSNF. Iron fortified kulfi formulated to contain 30 ppm iron from external added iron salts (based on the approximate iron content and bioavailability of different sources of iron) was prepared using six iron salts viz., Ferrous gluconate (FG), Iron reduced (IR), Ferric chloride (FC), Ferric pyrophosphate (FP), Ammonium ferric citrate (FA) and Ferrous sulphate (FS). The experiment samples were compared with control (C). Fortification of kulfi with FA and FC did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the acidity, viscosity and meltdown time of the samples. From amongst the six types of iron sources only FA was found to be acceptable. The effect of level of addition of FA at different levels viz. 15, 30, 40 and 50 was studied. It was found that addition of iron at the highest level i.e. 50 ppm resulted in significant reduction in overall acceptability of the resultant product. In shelf life studies, it was found that fortification of iron @ 40 ppm resulted in significant reduction in flavour and overall acceptability scores after 30 days of storage whereas iron fortified samples @ 30 ppm remained acceptable up to 90 days of storage. Hence, it can be concluded that acceptable quality iron fortified kulfi can be prepared by addition of ferric ammonium citrate (30 ppm available iron) just before freezing of kulfi mix is acceptable up to 90 days at -18±2 °C.

Bioregeneration of saturated natural mordenite to reduce iron and manganese in groundwater

Significant improvement of technologies was developed to remove iron and manganese contamination from ground water. One of the technologies is the use of adsorbents but, recycling of used adsorbents is little to be done. Only a few researchers reported studies that highlighted on recovery of adsorbent through biological processes. In this study, bio-regeneration chosen as a technical approach to reduce the rate of waste generation from the saturated mordenite (adsorbent). The principle of bio-regeneration adopted the mechanism of desorption after the use of adsorbents by empowering single culture of microorganism. To determine its capacity, activated minerals mordenite were used to treat water containing 2.29 ppm of Iron and 2.47 ppm of manganese for the first stage (Pre bio-regeneration). This artificial iron and manganese contaminated solution was used as a representation of ground water in Bandung area. The reactor used have continuous stream with up-flow direction. Iron and manganese removal efficiency respectively in the 1st stage of adsorption (before bio-regeneration process) reaches 95% and 97%. After the 72 hour submergence process by cultivated Thiobacillus ferooxidan, ability of the adsorbent still fulfil the drinking water quality standard in Minister of Health Regulation No. 492 of 2010. The removal efficiency reached 85% for iron but not suitable for manganese which only reached 30% of removal. This bio-regeneration can be applied as much as 2 times rounds.

PSIX-31 The mineral profile of GuarPro F-81, a potential protein source for swine and other livestock in the United States

Abstract High feed cost is a major economic concern in animal production industries, largely due to the increasing global demands for foods, feeds, and biofuels. Animal producers, especially animal nutritionists, have been searching for alternative feedstuffs to reduce the feed cost. Guar meal is the main by-product from the guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba L.) gum industry. Although said to be unpalatable and maybe toxic, the new guar meal products, such as GuarPro F-81, possess promise to be alternatives for feeding animals, mainly because they contain great amounts of protein and carbohydrates and are inexpensive. The proximate nutrient values and amino acid profile of GuarPro F-81 have been previously reported, and this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the mineral contents of GuarPro F-81 are comparable to that of soybean meal. Three GuarPro F-81 samples were randomly collected from a guar meal production company in India and aliquoted to 30 to 100 g/sample after arrival for analysis in four university and commercial laboratories. The results showed that GuarPro F-81 contained (as-fed basis; mean ± SD, n = 4) 0.22 ± 0.015% calcium, 0.77 ± 0.022% phosphorus, 0.40 ± 0.023% magnesium, 1.67 ± 0.079% potassium, 0.016 ± 0.012% sodium, 249 ± 42.8 ppm iron, 21.3 ± 1.78 ppm manganese, 72.8 ± 9.00 ppm zinc, and 11.5 ± 7.25 ppm copper. The sulfur content was 0.54 ± 0.177% (n = 2) and the nickel content was 5.30% (n = 1). When compared with soybean meal (dehulled, solvent extracted), the contents of iron, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, and phosphorus in GuarPro F-81 are approximately 154, 50, 49, 34, and 8% greater, respectively, while the contents of copper, potassium, calcium, manganese, and sodium are approximately 24, 25, 34, 40, and 80% less, respectively. Nonetheless, the bioavailabilities of these minerals warrant further investigation.

Biological removal of iron and sulfate from synthetic wastewater of cotton delinting factory by using halophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria

Industrial and agricultural wastewater treatment, which has the potential to cause serious risks to human health and the environment, has special importance at the lowest cost and highest efficiency such as biological processes to treat wastewater. The purpose of the study was removing iron and sulfate from very saline synthetic wastewater by means of halophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. This process was performed under anaerobic conditions to change wastewater to a chemical fertilizer to use in saline and alkaline soils. Three halophilic SRBs were isolated and purified from wastewater of the cotton delinting factory by Postage C medium which supplemented with sodium chloride and magnesium chloride hexahydrate. The highest NaCl tolerance strain (HSR973) was allocated to Desulfovibrio halophilus sp. This experimental study was conducted in a fluid bed reactor at anaerobic conditions. Diluted concentrations of cotton linters wastewater containing 50–400 ppm iron were added to the reactor. After the bacteria fixation to different iron concentrations, the maximum removal efficiency of iron and sulfate was achieved 85.3 % and 78.4 % at the optimum retention time of 24-hours respectively. Sulfate concentration in samples decreased to about 20 % of initial concentration after 24-h retention time. The highest production of H2S at optimum operational conditions was about 228 ml l−1. The reduction of sulfate and iron biological precipitation by anaerobic rector presented high performance. This removing accompanied with the alkalinity increase during the process which could be improved condition for acidic wastewater treatment. The produced iron sulfide sludge was not suitable for use as a chemical fertilizer due to its lack of complete separation. However, the total sludge produced was able to be consumed in saline and alkaline soils for various purposes after additional treatment.

Iron Restriction Improves Markers of Disease Severity in the Townes Mouse Model of Sickle Cell Anemia

Introduction: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is caused by mutations in β-globin that result in the production of the abnormal hemoglobin, HbS, with deleterious effects on erythrocyte shape and life span. Because the propensity of erythrocytes to sickle is inversely proportional to the concentration of HbS in the cell, decreasing the mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) represents a potential therapeutic approach. Whereas iron restriction in healthy individuals does not alter MCHC, concomitant iron deficiency has been associated with decreased MCHC in SCA patients. Isolated case reports have linked iron restricted erythropoiesis with decreased hemolysis, increased red cell lifespan, and improvement in certain outcomes in SCA patients. We systematically examined the effects of iron restriction on erythropoietic outcomes in SCA utilizing the Townes murine model to investigate the hypothesis that mice with dietary iron deficiency will demonstrate a decreased MCHC, decreased erythrocyte sickling propensity, and improved anemia compared with mice on an iron sufficient diet. Methods: Townes SCA mice were weaned to diets containing either 20 ppm iron (low) or 48 ppm iron (sufficient) and maintained on those diets until sacrifice at 2 months of age. Blood was collected for complete blood count by submandibular or cardiac puncture. Spleen weight was normalized to body weight for calculation of the splenic index. Red cell deformability, defined by the elongation index (EI), and the oxygen pressure at which sickling occurs (point of sickling) during deoxygenation were characterized by oxygenscan ektacytometry using a laser optical rotational red cell analyzer (Mechatronics, The Netherlands). Results: SCA mice fed a 20 ppm low iron diet demonstrate a significant decrease in MCHC compared to SCA mice fed a 48 ppm iron sufficient diet (17.7+1.1 vs 22.7+5.5 g/dL; p &lt;0.05). Mice fed the low iron diet produced more circulating RBCs (5.98+1.03 vs 4.61+0.84 x 106 cells/uL; p &lt;0.05) and a higher hematocrit (39.4+7.1 vs 24.6+4.6%; p &lt;0.05) with a corresponding decrease in splenic index (0.074+0.14 vs 0.087+0.006 g/g body weight; p &lt;0.05) compared to mice fed the iron sufficient diet. RBCs from mice fed the low iron diet showed a significant decrease in the oxygen pressure at the point of sickling compared to RBCs from mice fed the iron sufficient diet (31.9+4.7 vs 40.6+4.6 mmHg; p &lt;0.01). The low iron diet also resulted in an overall improvement in deformability as evidenced by an increase in the EI minimum compared to the iron sufficient diet (0.25+.07 vs 0.12+.03 au; p &lt;0.01). No significant differences between groups were found in maximum deformability (EI max). The improved EI minimum translates to a decreased change in elongation (Delta EI), defined as EI max minus EI min, in RBCs from mice fed the low iron diet compared to mice fed the iron sufficient diet (0.11+.08 vs .23+.02 au; p &lt;0.01). Conclusions: Decreased dietary iron intake is associated with a decrease in the MCHC in Townes SCA mice. The lower MCHC is accompanied by an amelioration of anemia, decreased extramedullary erythropoiesis, improved RBC deformability and a shift in the initiation of sickling to lower oxygen pressures during deoxygenation. We speculate that iron restriction may decrease the clinical complications arising from both hemolysis and sickling in SCA. Future studies will utilize this model system to further characterize the effects of manipulating iron homeostasis on erythropoietic outcomes in SCA. Disclosures Fleming: Protagonist: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Silence Therapeutics: Consultancy; Ultragenyx: Consultancy.

Effect of processing conditions on the stability of native vitamin A and fortified retinol acetate in milk.

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the stability of vitamin A in fortified milk which was exposed to different processing conditionsviz. heat treatments (pasteurization, boiling and sterilization), light exposure treatments (1485, 2970 and 4455 lux for 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32h) and different packaging materials (polyethylene pouches and glass bottles) and also to evaluate the effect of fortified iron (ferric pyrophosphate soluble (FPP) and ferrous gluconate hydrate (FG) on vitamin A stability during processing and storage. Toned milk was fortified with 25ppm iron and vitamin A acetate 2500IU/L, singly and also in combination. The vitamin A analysis method was optimized and accuracy and precision were below±5%. The results indicated that vitamin A was heat-labile and its degradation increased with the increase in the intensity of heat treatments. Pasteurized milk (318.11IU/L) showed non-significant (p>0.05) decrease, however, boiling (250.21IU/L) and sterilization (205.65IU/L) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in vitamin A content in comparison to control (324.71IU/L). Similarly, vitamin A was light sensitive and its degradation significantly increased (p<0.05) with an increase in the intensity of light exposure (34.82 to 92.53%). Loss of vitamin A (%) was significantly greater (p<0.05) in iron-fortified milk suggesting that iron might have played a role in accelerating the degradation of vitamin A. Extent of losses were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FG compared to FPP fortified milk. Vitamin A (microencapsulated form) which was added externally was more stable than the inherent vitamin A present in milk.