Ppm Magnesium Research Articles

Tomato Seedling Performance in Commercial Organic Growing Media

Healthy transplants are critical to productivity in the field. For certified organic production in the United States, seedlings must be grown in media that meet the standards of the US Department of Agriculture’s National Organic Program. Many commercial organic media options are available, they vary substantially in composition, and it is unknown to what extent this influences seedling performance. This project compared tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling emergence and growth in seven commercially available media for organic production and evaluated posttransplant performance. Tomato seedlings were grown in greenhouses at Wanatah, West Lafayette, and Vincennes, IN, USA. Chemical characteristics of the media measured in saturated media extract ranged as follows: pH 5.2–7.5; electrical conductivity (EC) 0.79–4.68 dS·m−1; 1–332 ppm nitrate-nitrogen, 5–69 ppm phosphorus, 41–451 ppm potassium, 78–714 ppm calcium, and 25–121 ppm magnesium. Higher media EC was associated with slower and less uniform seedling emergence and reduced total emergence. Seedling aboveground dry weights were significantly greater in media that contained compost. Relative performance in media containing compost varied across trials. The aboveground dry weight of tomato seedlings 4 weeks after transplanting did not differ for seedlings started in the five compost-based media, and those plants were significantly larger than plants started in the two media without compost. Larger plants tended to flower and set fruit earlier. Media testing protocols that predict nutrient supply over the production cycle could likely improve management in organic transplant production.

Transport and retention of silica nanoparticles in glass-bead columns: effects of particle size, type, and concentration of ionic species

Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have garnered substantial attention as versatile additives in saline fluids, finding application in areas like environmental remediation, wastewater treatment, enhanced oil recovery, and carbon geo-sequestration. Despite their potential, the intricate interaction between electrolyzed nanoparticles and porous media remains inadequately researched in these contexts. This study delves into the pivotal yet underexplored aspect of silica nanoparticle absorption behavior within porous media, a key determinant of their practical effectiveness. The research focuses on silica particles with dimensions of 10 nm and 50 nm, synthesized via hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in methanol. Employing packed glass bead columns as a surrogate for porous media, the study unravels the complex mechanisms governing nanoparticle transport and deposition. Comprehensive investigations encompass variations in particle sizes, ionic strength, and ionic species, resulting in the examination of 48 distinct flooding scenarios. UV/Vis spectrophotometry is used to quantify nanoparticle concentrations in effluents, elucidating their transport behavior within the porous media. Concurrently, pressure drop alterations across the media serve as indicators of particle plugging and changes in permeability. Intriguingly, specific conditions involving a nanofluid comprising 50 nm silica nanoparticles and 10,000 ppm of magnesium chloride exhibit pronounced permeability reduction, offering potential insights for optimizing applications. Particularly noteworthy is the unique reduction in silica particle retention on glass bead surfaces as salinity increases, especially in the presence of magnesium sulfate. A concentration of 5000 ppm magnesium sulfate induces a log-jamming mechanism, resulting in an amplified final-to-intermediate permeability ratio. Experimental outcomes align with observations from scanning electron microscopy, improving understanding of porous media retention mechanisms. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of interactions between nanoparticles and porous media, paving the way for enhanced application strategies.

Performance and emission characteristics of Waste cooking oil biodiesel blended with nano additives on single cylinder diesel engine

In this paper, used cooking oil was investigated as a possible source of biofuel and blending with nano particles which increases the efficiency of biofuel, reduces the emissions, and ensures that the fuel burns completely. The (CeO2) cerium oxide and (MgO) magnesium oxide nano particles are blended with WCO using magnetic stirrer and ultrasonicator. The test being conducted using the sequence of fuel blends: 80% of diesel and 20% of WCO biofuel and 30 ppm Cerium oxide, 90% of diesel and 10% of WCO biofuel and 45 ppm of Cerium oxide, 80% of diesel and 20% of WCO biofuel and 30 ppm magnesium oxide, 90% of Diesel and 10% of WCO biofuel and 45 ppm magnesium oxide and testing its properties which include density, Kinematic Viscosity, Flash and fire point, Calorific value and using a variable compression ratio (VCR) engine, we test its BP, BTHE, SFC, and emissions characteristics such as NOx, CO, HC, CO2, and O2. Evaluating different blends and determining which one is a renewable alternative fuel by comparing their characteristics. Overall analysis shows that the B10CeO2 blend and B20CeO2 blend produces lower density, lowest kinematic viscosity, the highest flash and fire point and highest calorific value and B20CeO2 blend is more efficient than other biofuel blends. It gives higher BTHE and lower SFC. It also produces less HC, NOx, CO2 emission and high O2. That concludes B20CeO2 45 PPM blend indicating that the use of blended WCOB has the potential to be a more environmentally friendly alternative fuel.

Proximal and mineral composition analysis of castilla squash seeds (C. moschata), green pea (P. sativum) and green bean (P. vulgaris) for use in 4.0 Agribusiness

Objective: To determine the proximal and mineral composition analysis of of castilla squash seeds (C. moschata), green pea (P. sativum) and pinto saltillo green bean (P. vulgaris). Design/methodology/approach: The contents of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, crude fiber, protein, and ash) and micronutrients (minerals) of the evaluated species were determined using the AOAC standard procedures, and the quantification of minerals was performed by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. A variance analysis and means comparison were performed with Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: The squash seeds with shells contain 291,500 ppm of protein, 417,000 ppm of fat, 66,700 ppm of carbohydrates, 134,000 ppm of crude fiber, 972,319.678 ppm of phosphorus, 3,380.09158 ppm of potassium and 3,183.2744 ppm of magnesium. The whole pea pod has 230,600 ppm of protein, 17,200 ppm of fat, 456,000 ppm of carbohydrates, 220,800 ppm of crude fiber, 5,438.18,991 ppm of phosphorus, 7,349.23753 ppm of potassium and 1,719.56882 ppm of magnesium. The whole green bean pods had a content of protein (185100 ppm), fat (2540 ppm), carbohydrates (377500 ppm), fiber (208000 ppm), phosphorus (6068.44661 ppm), potassium (15626.9991 ppm) and magnesium (17222.16567 ppm)). Study limitations/implications: Studies on the chemical characteristics of other agroindustrial residues should be carried out. Findings/conclusions: The foods analyzed have adequate characteristics to satisfy the demands with respect to some macronutrients and micronutrients. They can optimize the availability of nutrients in the generation of natural or synthetic foods that can change the future.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SEPARATION OF MAGNESIUM AND LITHIUM FROM SEAWATER WITH SODIUM SILICATE PRECIPITATION PROCESS

Experiments have been carried out to separate elements of magnesium and lithium from seawater to produce a lithium concentrate product that is free of magnesium through sodium silicate precipitation processes. In this study, the sample used was seawater taken from the Ancol Lagoon Area, North Jakarta. The sea water used contains 0.1674 ppm lithium ions and 1761 ppm magnesium ions with a high Mg/Li ratio of 10521. The seawater containing high levels of magnesium is not suitable as a raw material for for the manufacture of lithium carbonate (battery active ingredient) prior to initial processing. The research variable was the volume of sodium silicate solution added by 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml, 50 ml, 60 ml, 70 ml, and 100 ml which were equivalent to 13%, 27% 40%, 53%, 67%. , 80 %, 93%, and 107% stoichiometry of magnesium ion and the technique of adding sodium silicate solution included a single stage and multi-stages. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the most effective addition of sodium silicate is the addition of 80% stoichiometry. The sodium silicate precipitation process succeeded in separating magnesium ions and lithium ions from seawater as indicated by a decrease in the Mg/li ratio from 10521 to 64. The obstacle in this study was that there were still many lithium ions that were also precipitated with magnesium silicate during the precipitation process so that the lithium lost in the filtrate reached 82.26% in the single stage process. Therefore, a multi-stage process was carried out with 6 stages of the process that the addition of sodium silicate for each stage was 1/6 of the volume of sodium silicate solution at single stage optimum conditions. The results obtained from the multi-stage process were able to reduce the lithium ion lost in the filtrate to 76.54%. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that efforts to reduce the percentage of lithium ions lost in the filtrate product need to be carried out through the development of a sodium silicate precipitation process.

MINERAL PROFILING OF RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CHILLI PEPPER (Capsicum annum L.) AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE

Fusarium wilt is one of potential threat to the successful production of chill. Present study was conducted to observe alterations in the biochemical profiling of chilli leaves after attack of fusarium wilt. For this purpose seedlings of three resistant (Fengaio, Glaxy-2 and BPVLC14-1) and three susceptible varieties (Amber F1, Tejal and BSS-410) were grown in pots under Randomized Complete block Design. Both types of varieties were divided into two groups (inoculated and un-inoculated). Samples were collected from resistant and susceptible type of varieties from both groups (inoculated and un-inoculated) and were subjected to analysis to observe alterations in the mineral profiling by using Nested structured analysis.in response to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. Resistant group showed 45.05% Phosphorus, 2.57 ppm, Potassium, 0.49 ppm Magnesium, 1.48 ppm Calcium (Ca), 0.29 ppm Zinc (Zn), 0.70 ppm Sodium (Na), 2.90 ppm Iron (Fe) and 0.048 ppm Copper while susceptible group showed 38.89, 2.30, 0.43, 1.35, 0.27, 0.56, 2.33 and 0.04 ppm of P, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Na, Fe and Cu. This experiment showed that resistant varieties expresswd higher mineral contents as compared to susceptible group. Similarly the mineral profile (P, Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Na, Cu and Fe) was greater in un-inoculated lines/varieties (58.58, 2.86, 0.56, 1.63, 0.31, 0.86, 3.71 and 0.056) as compared to inoculated varieties (25.35, 2.01, 0.35, 1.20, 0.25, 0.41, 1.51 and 0.039). These finding are helpful for researchers and scientists not only to develop a strong management strategy toward Fusarium wilt but also supportive to develop biochemical markers to identify source of resistance against Fusarium wilt of chilli.

Retracted] Nanometal‐Based Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle with C. vulgaris Algae Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

Many researchers are interested in biofuels because it isenvironmentally friendly and potentially reduce global warming. Incorporating nanoparticles into biodiesel has increased its performance and emission characteristics. The current study examines the influence of magnesium oxide nanoadditions on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine that runs on C. vulgaris algae biodiesel. The transesterification process produced methyl ester from C. vulgaris algae biodiesel.The morphology of nanoadditives was studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The fuel sample consisted of biodiesel blends with and without magnesium oxide nanoadditives. The fuel properties of the prepared C. vulgaris methyl ester were found to conform with the ASTM standards. The experimental results were determined by running a single‐cylinder four‐stroke diesel engine at different load conditions. When compared to B20, a B20 blend containing 100 ppm magnesium oxide nanoparticles enhanced brake thermal efficiency while reducing specific fuel consumption, according to the research. When MgO nanoparticles were introduced to B20, engine emissions of HC, CO, and smoke were decreased.

Specifically Adsorbed Ions in the Reverse Cationic Flotation of Iron Ore

ABSTRACT Although extensive research has been conducted on the effect of water chemistry in flotation, no single study exists which describes the effect of calcium and magnesium on the adsorption of starch onto the hematite in iron ore flotation. In this work flotation, entrainment, zeta potential, and settling tests were performed to determine the differing impact of calcium and magnesium in iron ore flotation. Results showed that magnesium is more detrimental to the flotation process at far lower concentrations than calcium. Performing flotation with 45 ppm of calcium resulted in a comparable impact on the process as performing flotation with 7 ppm of magnesium. While calcium promotes the adsorption of starch onto the hematite and reduces entrainment, past an optimal dosage magnesium is promoting the adsorption of starch to everything in solution causing low grades and recoveries. It was found that the starch adsorption onto the hematite is strongly impacted by the presence of magnesium, suggesting that starch is collecting the magnesium and self-flocculating prior to adsorption onto the hematite. Thus, the presence of magnesium can significantly reduce the flotation performance far more than what would be expected from calcium.

Extraction of magnesium from salt pond waste with low lithium grade using sodium silicate reagent

Nowadays, Indonesia’s salt production process has shifted from a traditional salt pond process to a salt pond with a geomembrane tarpaulin system. This system has the advantage of producing a faster salting process and a better salt quality and producing a thick yellow liquid waste known as bittern. The waste produced has not been fully utilized, even though the waste contains valuable elements, namely magnesium, lithium, and others. This paper investigates the potential utilization of bittern by extracting magnesium from by-product salt pond using sodium silicate reagent with various concentrations of 125–250 g/l. The bittern used in this experiment had the chemical composition as follows: 33,184 ppm magnesium (Mg), 23,787 ppm sodium (Na), 6.1 ppm lithium (Li), 5,491 ppm potassium (K), 617 ppm calcium (Ca), 152 ppm boron (B). The highest removal of magnesium ion by addition of sodium silicate of 250 g/l was about 96.2%. The results showed that the solid products were magnesium silicate precipitates without containing asbestos compounds. The magnesium silicate precipitate product can be applied as talc raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.

Preparation of fouling resistant and highly perm-selective novel PSf/GO-vanillin nanofiltration membrane for efficient water purification

To meet the rising global demand for water, it is necessary to develop membranes capable of efficiently purifying contaminated water sources. Herein, we report a series of novel polysulfone (PSf)/GO-vanillin nanofiltration membranes highly permeable, selective, and fouling resistant. The membranes are composed of two-dimensional (2D) graphite oxide (GO) layers embedded with vanillin as porogen and PSf as the base polymer. There is a growing interest in addressing the synergistic effect of GO and vanillin on improving the permeability and antifouling characteristics of membranes. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to perform detailed physicochemical and morphological analyses. The optimized PSf16/GO0.15-vanillin0.8 membrane demonstrated 92.5% and 25.4% rejection rate for 2000 ppm magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions respectively. Antifouling results showed over 99% rejection for BSA and 93.57% flux recovery ratio (FRR). Experimental work evaluated the antifouling characteristics of prepared membranes to treat landfill leachate wastewater. The results showed 84–90% rejection for magnesium (Mg+2) and calcium (Ca+2) with 90.32 FRR. The study experimentally demonstrated that adding GO and vanillin to the polymeric matrix significantly improves fouling resistance and membrane performance. Future research will focus on molecular sieving for industrial separations and other niche applications using mixed matrix membranes.

Physico-chemical characteristics and therapeutic potential of Chutrun thermal springs in Shigar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan)

Current studies were performed to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics and therapeutic potential of Chutrun thermal springs located in the North-west of Shigar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). Thermal springs with different mineral contents have been used by people for bathing and health purposes since old timings. The mineral water of these springs contains elements like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium as chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, phosphates and bicarbonates which may be responsible for cure of various diseases. Chutrun hot springs have 7.21–7.8 pH, 40–42° C Temperature, 300–310 ppm TDS, 3.1–6.7 ppm DO, 278–285 ppm hardness, 1.62–2.42 ppm turbidity, 250–260 ppm alkalinity, 500–516 ppm conductivity, 12–18 ppm sodium, 3.8–4.1 ppm potassium, 80–82 ppm calcium, 20 ppm magnesium, 9.6–12 ppm chlorides, 3.4–3.9 fluorides, 260–282 bicarbonates and 80–85 ppm sulphates. Absence of E.Coli and faecal coliforms indicated that waters from thermal springs are free from organic wastes contaminations. Water from thermal springs of Chutrun was unsuitable for drinking purposes due to the presence of high fluoride content and also small amount of total coliforms which may be due to the presence of environmental bacteria and non-protective measures during sampling but it was found suitable for bathing and other body contact activities.

Characterisation of andrographolide in andrographis paniculata under different cultivation conditions

The trend in the practical uses of herbal medicine has gained increasing momentum in recent years. One of the trends includes the use of the andrographolide-containing Andrographis paniculata, which is a herb that is traditionally used as medicine. There are not many studies have investigated the cultivation of this plant. The aim of this study is to develop a standard of procedure for cultivating Andrographis paniculata using the fertigation technique. A total of 6 treatments in 2 growth medium compositions were studied; treatments T1, T3, and T5 in Cocopeat-RHA (70:30) and treatments T2, T4, and T6 in 100 % cocopeat. 3 magnesium compositions of 10 ppm (T1 and T2), 50 ppm (T3 and T4), and 70 ppm (T5 and T6) in nutrient solution were also studied. Treatments T1, T3, and T5 showed the potential for better growth quality with a maximum plant height of 32.51 cm, 32.51 cm, and 31.75 cm. The andrographolide content was comparable with controls 1 and 2 (0.67-0.70 µg/mL). In higher magnesium compositions of the nutrient solution, the dry herb yield of T5 and T6 decreased from 2.4 g to 1.6 g and 2.4 g to 1.2 g. The T3 and T5 treatments exhibited a higher yield than T4 and T6 based on a comparison of dry herb yield. The incorporated fertigation technique showed an on-par quantity of andrographolide yield to that of conventional techniques (0.67-0.70 µg/mL) although it showed an advantage of overcoming the cleanliness problem faced in this study. Hence, the T3 standard of procedure was deemed the best, as it gave better plant growth quality with a maximum plant height of 31.75 cm, a maximum number of leaves (141 total count), a good dry herb yield of 2.2 g, and better andrographolide content 0.7 µg/mL. The fertigation technique incorporated with the combined Cocopeat-RHA medium and 50 ppm magnesium composition in the nutrient solution is suggested for the cultivation of Andrographis paniculata.

Exploration on the behaviour pattern of a DI diesel engine using magnesium oxide nano additive with plastic pyrolysis oil as alternate fuel

To transform pollution to the solution, a trial was made to assess the change in physiochemical properties of plastic pyrolysis oil due to the addition of different dosage of magnesium oxide nano additive and use it to learn the burning, recital and discharge properties of a mono barrel compression ignition power train. Investigation reveals that the Brake thermal efficiency of plastic pyrolysis oil added with 75 ppm magnesium oxide nano additive enhanced the brake thermal efficiency by 2.5% and the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions reduced marginally and the smoke emission decreased by 5 opacity % and NOx emissions increased by 25 ppm when compared to pure plastic oil. It can be concluded that plastic oil added with 75 ppm magnesium oxide reveals good engine behaviour and minimised pollutants when compared with other combinations.

A new approach for determination of carbonate rock electrostatic double layer variation towards wettability alteration

Focus on the molecular scale of low salinity brine effects seems to be necessary to clarify the possible mechanisms of carbonate rock wettability alteration. This study aimed at investigating the effects of different operational parameters such as pH, salinity and types of ions on wettability alteration (WA) during low salinity brine injection as a tertiary recovery process. In the present study, using the electrostatic double-layer concept and molecular behavior, along with a good view of the past studies, led to the justification of the obtained results. The studied reservoir is one of the Middle East carbonate reservoirs which is considered for low salinity brine injection plan. Although the concept of ζ potential is ill-defined in electrostatic or/and electrokinetic topics, nonetheless, to the extent possible, has been tried to use this concept to illustrate and justify underlying mechanism during low salinity process beneficially.Resultant findings have shown that pH value directly affects carbonate rock powder ζ potential and determine the type of surrounding ions that form Stern layer and ion distribution in diffuse layer as well. A close examination at two temperatures of 25 °C and 80 °C, showed that active ions in WA e.g. Ca2+ and Mg2+ and SO42− as an agent facilitator to access active ions to the rock powder surface, have profound impacts on the Stern layer. The obtained optimal ions concentrations, (i.e., 1000 ppm sulfate + 1000 ppm magnesium @ 80 °C) and (500 ppm calcium and 800 ppm sulfate @ 25 °C) have changed the ζ potential of oil wet rock powder in Seawater form −23.6 mV to −6.71 mW and −8.7 mV respectively, using a new designed procedure. In the present study, influence of ion valence on the electrostatic double layer variation of an oil-wet rock powder has been led to directly link this alteration to the wettability state changes. Therefore, this approach could be very helpful to monitor the wettability state of the rock powder in molecular scale.

Toxicity assessment and chemical properties of dolomite for use in dentistry

The dolomite (DMT) can affect the metabolism of calcium and hydroxyl ions mineralization. To evaluate the toxicity, chemical properties and release of calcium and magnesium ions about 4 samples of DMT: Bioficina® - DMT I, Flora Pinhais® - DMT II, Dolomitex® - DMT III and Gran-White - DMT IV and hydroxide calcium PA (Biodinâmica® - HCA). Through bioassay Artemia Salina, hydrogen potential (pH), atomic absorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of 4 samples of DMT was verified that the samples are suitable for potential use in dental materials. XRD and XRF techniques allowed to characterize the spatial conformation of the unit cell of dolomite, crystalline phases, mass percentage of chemical elements present in the samples. The presence of crystalline phases in addition to DMT has been identified as quartz and calcite. Impurities were detected in small amounts (Fe, K, Sr, Tm, S, Cu) and HCa to expectations about 100% portlandite. The pH was measured at concentrations of 1000 μg/mL;750 μg/mL;500 μg/mL;250 μg/ml and 100 ug/ml of the diluted crude extract of the sample at initial (0) and the periods of 24 and 168 hours wich were characterized in alkalinity pattern. In the interpretation of XRD and XRF tests have been detected the presence of silica, calcite and impurities besides the pure DMT in trace amounts in 2 samples while HCa to expectations of approximately 100% portlandite. To determine the toxicity was used the alternative method of lethal concentration 50 (CL50) with the bioassay model Artemia Salina. It resulted in low level of toxicity of DMTs with insignificant difference between times 24 and 48 hours. There was a release of 100ppm calcium and 32 ppm magnesium ions. None of the samples showed a significant percentage of other constituents considered harmful to health. It could be concluded that DMT is non-toxic, alkaline pH, considerable release of calcium ions, with crystalline phase that is characterized as a potential dental use.

Functional Jam Production from Blends of Banana, Pineapple and Watermelon Pulp

Functional jam from blends of banana, pineapple and watermelon pulp was produced and evaluated. The aim was to develop a locally but nutritionally rich, functional jam. Various blends of the fruit pulp were considered in order to select the best. The percentage compositions of the blends were 50:25:25; 25:50:25; 25:25:50 and 33.33:33.33:33.33 of banana, pineapple and watermelon pulps respectively. In addition to the pulp blends, 2.9% pectin produced from citrus peel was added together with citric acid, sodium benzoate and sugar. The entire mixture was heated at 110°C for 55 to enhance the viscosity of the blends. Proximate analyses, mineral analyses, brix, pH and Vitamin constituents of the sample were determined. The blend with the best result from the analyses was selected for rheological and sensory evaluations. The best blend was 25:25:50. The result of the proximate analyses of this best blend were 8.58% protein, 1.41% fibre, 0.38% ash, 3.92% fat, 2.52% moisture and 83.20% carbohydrate. The vitamin compositions were; 1.32 mg/100 g vitamin A, 8.22 mg/100 g vitamin C and 0.015 mg/100 g vitamin E. The pH was 4.16, viscosity 58.77 cp while the specific gravity was 1.016. The mineral compositions of the best blend were 0.34 ppm iron, 28.90 ppm sodium, 80.90 ppm potassium, 1.50 ppm calcium and 0.60 ppm magnesium.

In situ observation of growth behaviour of acicular ferrite in low-carbon steel containing 13 ppm magnesium

ABSTRACTSS400 steel with 13 ppm magnesium was prepared to study the effects of supercooling degree on the formation behaviour of acicular ferrite (AF) and microstructures of Mg-containing low-carbon steel. The inclusions characterised using an automated inclusion analyzer, ASPEX, were mostly MnS, MgAl2O4 and MgO with sizes of 1–2 μm. The growth behaviour of AF during the cooling process for austenite transformation to ferrite and continuous cooling temperature diagram was investigated using in situ observation with high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy. The initial formation temperature of AF decreased with increasing cooling rate. The temperature of AF transformation was in a narrow range of around 100–150 K. The probability of AF nucleation from inclusions and the average AF lath growth rate increased with increasing cooling rate due to the larger driving force and thermal strain energy around the inclusions during the cooling processes.

Production of biodiesel from <i>Parinari polyandra B.</i> seed oil using bio-based catalysts

Two agricultural residues, cocoa pod ash (CPA) and rice husk ash (RHA), were investigated as bio-based catalysts for the transesterification of Parinari polyandra seeds oil and the results obtained using these bio-based catalysts were compared with potassium hydroxide which is a conventional catalyst. Oil was extracted from parinari seeds and a yield of 57% was obtained. Cocoa pod and rice husks were ashed in muffle furnace at 600 o C and then characterized. Atomic Absorption Spectrometric analysis indicated the metal constituents of CPA as 13.05 ppm potassium, 6.65ppm sodium while RHA contained 3.24 ppm potassium, 1.748 ppm sodium, 0.053 ppm iron, 1.575 ppm magnesium, 2.325 ppm calcium and 0.009 ppm aluminum. Various concentrations of KOH, CPA and RHA (0.5-0.4%) were investigated in the transesterification reactions. Methanol - to - oil ratio of 6:1 with 1% KOH, 2% RHA and 4% CPA catalysts gave good biodiesel yields. The biodiesel yields of 99.94%, 98.61% and 88.85% were obtained with 1% KOH, 4% CPA and 2% RHA catalysts respectively. The properties of the biodiesel produced were determined and found to fall within the ASTM specification for standard biodiesels.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Date Seed Oil Grown in Sudan

Problem statement: Studies were conducted on the physical-chemical properties of Sudanese date seed oil extracted from two date palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) ALBarakawi and Alqundeila. The extracted oil from ALBarakawi seeds weighed 6.833% w/w oil, Alqundeila oil extracted weighed 5.064% w/w. Approach: The physical properties of ALBarakawi oil were: viscosity: 17cp, refractive Index: 1.444, density: 0.9116 g cm-3 color: Within the range 1. 6-11.1 (red-yellow). For Alqundeila the physical properties were: viscosity: 20cp, refractive index: 1.458, density: 0.9174 g cm-3 color: 1.8-12.1 (red yellow). Results: The chemical properties were: Acid value 2.55, saponfication value 0.255 mg g-1, iodine value 71.12 gm I2/100 gm fat, peroxide value: 4.8 mg. Peroxide/Kgoil for ALBarakawi. For Alqundeila they were: acid value 2.47, saponfication value 0.267 mg g-1 and iodine value 83.31gm I2/100 gm fat, peroxide value: 7.4 mg Peroxide/Kgoil. In this study, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was utilized for the identification and quantification of vitamin E in these samples. The content of vitamin E for ALBarakawi was 5.821 and 6.054 ppm for Alqundeila. For the fatty acid content in these oils, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. The constituents of fatty acids (calculated % relative to total fatty acid constituents) in ALBarakawi were: Saturated lauric acid 37.10%, palmitic acid: 9.24%, Stearic acid 1.71%, Unsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic acid (Omega-6) 4.33%, Oleic acid (Omega-9) 32.66%. For Alqundeila, the found fatty acids were: Saturated lauric acid o.11%, Palmitic acid: o.42%, Stearic acid 46.93%. Conclusion/Recommendations: The elements types and contents in these oils were: Iron 0.27 ppm, Magnesium 0.204 ppm, Sodium 60 ppm, Potassium 470 ppm, Calcium 25 ppm, Selenium 34.4 ppb for ALBarakawi. The contents of these elements in Alqundeila were: iron 0.27 ppm Magnesium 0.07 ppm, Potassium 2.3 ppm, Selenium 12.6 ppb. The methods involved in this study covered, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Refractometry. Physico-chemical properties of date seed oil reported in this study were found similar to most of the early published results in this field.

녹차 추출물 및 프로폴리스의 항산화 및 갈변억제 효과

This study was designed to investigate the properties related to browning of hot water and 80% ethanol extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and propolis. The extracts were assessed for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitory activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In addition, apples were cut into 15 mm thick slices and dipped for 1 min in 0.5% of the green tea extracts and the propolis solutions and stored at room temperature for 24 h. The PPO inhibitory activity of the green tea extracts was better than that of the propolis. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (90.81%), total phenol contents (170.42 mg/mL) and the metal chelating effects (45.93%) were measured in the green tea hot water extracts. The mineral content of the green tea water extracts was 69,328.44 ppm potassium and 2,409.42 ppm magnesium. After 24 h, the value of the apple slices treated with the green tea water extracts was the lowest (1.35). The antibrowning effects of the green tea extracts were higher than those of propolis in the apple slices.