Ppm Indole-3-butyric Acid Research Articles

Propagation of Lindera umbellata by Stem Cuttings

Abstract Stem cuttings of Lindera umbellata Thunb. (Chinese spicebush) were taken on three dates representing three growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, or hardwood). Semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings were treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm of the free acid of indolebutyric acid (IBA) dissolved in 50% isopropyl alcohol, whereas softwood cuttings were treated with the same concentrations of the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) dissolved in distilled water. All cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. After 12 weeks, the cuttings were harvested and various data recorded. The majority of the hardwood cuttings died, with none of the survivors rooting. Softwood cuttings survived but with overall rooting of only 5%. Response of the semi-hardwood cuttings to IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting (73%) observed for those cuttings treated with 7500 ppm IBA. However, root number and root length were not significantly affected by IBA treatment. Sixty of the rooted semi-hardwood cuttings were potted and later provided with overwinter protection in an unheated greenhouse but only three of these cuttings were alive by the following summer.

EX VITRO SURVIVAL OF HYBRID HAZELNUT SHOOTS PRODUCED IN VITRO

Basal ends of micropropagated hazelnut shoots were dipped in 1000 ppm IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) solution for 5 or 10 sec, and were then cultured on plant growth regulator (PGR)-free Woody Plant Medium (WPM), or after dipping in IBA solution for 10 sec, microshoots were placed directly in peat plugs; all were then placed in culture vessels with 100% relative humidity but containing no plant nutrients or sugar. Over 70% of shoots cultured on WPM rooted within two weeks, and 98% of shoots in the peat plugs rooted between 15 to 45 days. Rooted microshoots were transplanted to pots, and then grown in an acclimatization room for 30 days. After acclimatization, survival rates of plants placed in the greenhouse were 62% and 53% for microshoots treated with IBA for 5 and 10 sec and rooted on WPM, respectively. The survival rate for plants cultured directly in jiffy peat plugs was 98%.

Foliar Application of Auxin for Rooting Stem Cuttings of Selected Ornamental Crops

Abstract Research was conducted to determine whether a foliar spray application of the commercial root-promoting formulation Dip 'N Grow® [10,000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 5,000 ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid] or the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) would be as effective as a basal quick-dip for rooting stem cuttings of selected ornamentals. Cuttings of Chrysanthemum pacficum sprayed with Dip 'N Grow® at 50 + 25 ppm IBA + NAA or K-IBA at 0 to 50 ppm showed generally similar root development measures compared to a basal quick-dip; an exception was 10 ppm K-IBA which produced greater total root length. Cuttings of Forsythia x intermedia ‘Lynwood Gold’ typically did not differ in root development under the two application methods, but cuttings sprayed with Dip 'N Grow® at 0 + 0 to 10 + 5 ppm IBA + NAA exhibited greater shoot growth 80 days after sticking (insertion into the rooting substrate) than cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip. Root and shoot development measures were similar or lower for cuttings of Abelia x grandiflora, Hydrangea paniculata, and Lagerstroemia (indica x fauriei) ‘Natchez’ sprayed with auxin compared to a basal quick-dip.

347 Rooting of Softwood Cuttings from Dormant Woody Stems Forced in a Forcing Solution Containing Silver Thiosulfate and Gibberellic Acid

Research was conducted in Feb. 1999 to study the effects of including silver thiosulfate (STS), gibberellic acid (GA3), or both in the forcing solution on rooting of softwood cuttings produced by forced dormant woody plant species. The cuttings were dipped for 10 s in 2000 ppm indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or 2000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA). High percentages of rooting were observed in the two woody plant species examined. Root number and length of the new growth of Cornus alba and Euonymus alatus forced in a forcing solution containing the basic forcing solution treatment (8-HQC at 200 mg·L-1 + 2% sucrose), the STS treatment, or the combination treatment of STS + GA3 were not significantly different. However, treating the dormant stems of the two woody plant species examined in a forcing solution containing only GA3 led to fewer and shorter roots when compared to all other treatments. Applying either IAA or IBA to the new softwood growth led to similar root length and number for both species. This forcing solution approach provides an attractive alternative for propagating woody plants during winter months.

Single-node Stem Cuttings from Root Suckers to Propagate a Potentially Dwarfing Rootstock for Japanese Persimmon

A potentially dwarfing rootstock for japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) was propagated by single-node stem cuttings taken from root suckers. When a mature tree was cut down at ground level and part of the roots was exposed to the air, numerous suckers formed on the exposed parts of the roots. Single-node stem cuttings 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 inches) long survived and rooted better than 10-cm (3.9-inch) and 25-cm (9.8-inch) leafy stem cuttings with several buds. Dipping cuttings in 3000 mg·L-1 (ppm) IBA for 5 s or in 25 mg·L-1 IBA for 24 h resulted in similar rooting. Most of the single-node stem cuttings taken in late-June and July survived and rooted well, whereas those prepared in late August rooted poorly and few survived. The survival and rooting percentages were unaffected by the position on the suckers (top vs. base) from which cuttings were taken. High relativehumidity in the propagation frame appeared to enhance survival and rooting. This clonal propagation method will make a rapid multiplication of japanese persimmon, a difficult-to-root species, possible. Chemical name used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

Survival and Growth of Stewartia pseudocamellia Rooted Cuttings and Seedlings

Abstract Japanese Stewartia, Stewartia pseudocamellia (Maxim.), cuttings were rooted and seeds germinated to compare growth and survival of the two plant types. Softwood cuttings collected from 18-month-old, 1 to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) tall stock plants were rooted successfully (greater than 64%) at two propagation times by giving severed cuttings a basal quick dip in 0.1 M ascorbic or caffeic acid, before a basal quick dip in 100 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA). Cuttings were overwintered in either a minimum heat (3C, 35F) polyhouse (89% survival), or in a 7C (45F) cooler (97% survival). There was no difference in height following overwintering, but by the end of the first growing season following propagation, seedlings were significantly taller than rooted cuttings, 84 vs 72 cm (33 vs 28 in), respectively. Although growth was vigorous, survival after upcanning was poor; rooted cutting survival was 17%, seedling survival was 48%. This study demonstrates that Japanese Stewartia can be propagated readily by softwood and semi-hardwood stem cuttings dipped in low IBA concentrations if cuttings are pre-treated with either ascorbic or caffeic acid. These cuttings can also be overwintered successfully.

Nursery Rooting and Growth of Loblolly Pine Cuttings: Effects of Rooting Solution and Full-Sib Family

Abstract This research examined the effects of various rooting solutions and full-sib families on the rooting ability and subsequent growth and morphology of dormant loblolly pine stem cuttings set directly into open nursery beds. Two recommended concentrations of a commercial rooting compound (Woods Rooting Compound®), 9 and 17% (10:1 and 5:1 dilutions, respectively), and a water control in combination with four boron and four thiamine concentrations were tested. The 9% concentration contained 924 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA ) + 594 ppm α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) while the 17% concentration contained 1751 ppm IBA + 1122 ppm NAA. Family, rooting compound concentration, and their interaction were significant, while boron and thiamine main effects were not significant for percent rooted nor other traits assessed. Overall, 75% of cuttings treated with the water control rooted while cuttings receiving the 9 and 17% rooting compound concentrations rooted at 64 and 55%, respectively. However, the root systems of cuttings receiving the rooting compound treatments were more symmetrical, more vertically oriented and had greater dry weights than cuttings receiving the water control treatment. In addition, basal stem caliper and shoot dry weight, as well as the root:shoot ratio, were greater for cuttings receiving the rooting compound treatments. The trade-offs between rooting percent and root system morphology were addressed by investigating treatment differences in final crop yields as a percent of cuttings set. When seedling caliper standards were used as the grading criteria, no rooted cuttings were culled. Under this scenario, the water control treatment yielded the highest percent of acceptable (combined Grades 1 and 2) rooted cuttings (75%) since it also yielded the highest rooting percent. The range in yield of acceptable rooted cuttings for the five full-sib families receiving the water control treatment was 58 to 84%. When additional root system standards were imposed upon the caliper grades, the 9% rooting compound concentration yielded the highest percent of acceptable rooted cuttings (53%). The range in acceptable yields of the five full-sib families receiving the 9% rooting compound treatment when the additional root system grading standards were imposed, was 35 to 79%. A better understanding of the trade-offs between rooting percent and root system morphology as well as the effect of root system morphology on long-term growth of cuttings is needed. However, the rooted cuttings produced in this study by directly setting cuttings into open nursery beds exceeded commonly used seedling grading standards. While production costs were not addressed in this study, and significant additional development is needed, these results provide encouragement that an economical system of rooting loblolly pine cuttings in open nursery beds may be feasible. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):108-115.

Adventitious root formation in Acacia baileyana F. Muell

SummaryThe induction and anatomy of adventitious root formation were investigated in stem cuttings of six genotypes of Acacia baileyana treated with 0, 1,000 and 5,000 ppm indole butyric acid (IBA) in spring and autumn. Eight weeks after strike there was a highly significant effect of IBA on adventitious root formation, and a significant difference between genotypes in rooting ability. Rooting percentages were higher in autumn than in spring. Stem anatomy was similar in all genotypes, irrespective of rooting ability, with a sclerenchymatous fibre sheath located between the cortex and phloem. Stems treated with 5,000 ppm IBA showed statistically significant increases in ordered vascular tissue growth, cortical callus production and vascular ray development over a four week period. Adventitious root primordia were initiated in the proliferated cortical callus, and vascular connection was established via vascular rays which forced apart the sclerenchyma fibres. This often occurred in the vicinity of a leaf trace.

Vegetative propagation of Colutea arborescens L., a multipurpose leguminous shrub of semiarid climates

The vegetative propagation of the multipurpose leguminous shrub Colutea arborescens from leafless hardwood cuttings was examined. Specific attention was paid to the factors: 1) cutting origin (apical, medial or basal); 2) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment (0, 50 or 200 ppm); and 3) relative humidity of the propagation environment (high or low humidity). After 120 days, 67.6% of the C. arborescens cuttings had rooted. The rooting ability of the cuttings was significantly influenced by the cutting origin and hormonal treatment. No effects on rooting percentage were shown by the relative humidity of the propagation environment. The best rooting response (95%) was shown by basal cuttings treated with 200 ppm IBA. Cutting origin, IBA treatment and relative humidity were significantly related to the root number, longest root length and the fresh/dry biomass of roots and leaves. Under conditions of high humidity, basal cuttings treated with 200 ppm IBA gave rise to the most highly developed plants. The positive relationship between sprouting and rooting suggests that successful propagation is related to the shoot formation potential of the cutting's food reserves. These findings were used to propose an efficient method for the vegetative propagation of C. arborescens plants.

Propagation of Thuja x ‘Green Giant’ by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Growth Stage, Type of Cutting, and IBA Treatment

Abstract Stem cuttings of Thuja L. x ‘Green Giant’ (‘Green Giant’ arborvitae), consisting of 22 cm (8.6 in) terminals (tips of first-order laterals) or 20 cm (7.8 in) laterals (side shoots removed from those portions of terminal cuttings inserted into the rooting medium), were collected on three dates associated with specific stock plant growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood) and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol ranging from 0 to 9000 ppm (0.9%). Regardless of cutting type or auxin treatment, cuttings rooted in high percentages at each growth stage. Overall rooting for softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood, cuttings was 85%, 86%, and 96%, respectively. Semi-hardwood cuttings were the only cuttings in which percent rooting was affected by IBA treatment or cutting type, with lateral cuttings rooting in higher percentages than terminal cuttings (92% vs. 79%, respectively), while IBA concentrations of 3000 (0.3%) or 6000 ppm (0.6%) proved optimal for both cutting types. Mean root number and mean root length varied by growth stage, cutting type, and IBA concentration. In general, rooting percentages and root length were optimized at the hardwood stage with either cutting type treated with 3000, 6000 or 9000 ppm (0.3%, 0.6% or 0.9%) IBA, resulting in >10 roots per cutting.

Plant regeneration from in vitro-cultured seedling leaf protoplasts of Actinidia eriantha Benth.

Newly expanded in vitro leaves of Actinidia eriantha were used for protoplast isolation. Protoplasts were cultured in liquid MS medium (lacking NH4NO3) supplemented with 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 0.4 M glucose. The plating efficiency after 3 weeks of culture was 19.4%, and calli were recovered without addition of fresh medium. These calli regenerated shoots on transfer to MS medium containing 2.28 μM zeatin and 0.57 μM IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). Regenerated shoots were rooted by immersion in 20 ppm IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) solution before culturing on half-strength MS medium lacking growth regulators. Somaclonal variation, in terms of chromosome number and nuclei per cell of protoplast-derived plants, was estimated.

Propagation of Thuja × `Green Giant' by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Growth Stage, Type of Cutting, and IBA Treatment

Stem cuttings of Thuja L. × `Green Giant', consisting of 22-cm terminals or 20-cm laterals, were collected on three dates associated with specific growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood), and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol ranging from 0 to 9000 ppm and placed under intermittent mist. Regardless of cutting type or auxin treatment, cuttings rooted in high percentages at each growth stage. Overall rooting was highest for hardwood cuttings (96%) followed by semi-hardwood (86%), and softwood (85%) cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings were the only cuttings in which rooting was affected by IBA or cutting type with the greatest rooting (94%) attained using lateral cuttings treated with 6000 or 9000 ppm IBA. Although an interaction occurred between IBA treatment and cutting type for mean root length of hardwood cuttings, only mean root length of semi-hardwood cuttings was influenced by IBA concentration alone with the greatest length (25 mm) achieved with 6000 ppm IBA. An interaction was noted for root count between cutting type and IBA concentrations for softwood cuttings, whereas IBA and cutting type affected independently root count on semi-hardwood cuttings. Treatment with 9000 ppm IBA resulted in 18 roots per rooted cutting whereas lateral cuttings responded with a mean of 16 roots over all IBA concentrations. Root count on hardwood cuttings was affected by IBA treatment only, with 9000 ppm being optimum (14 roots per rooted cutting).

Propagation of Quercus myrsinifolia and Quercus canbyi by Stem Cuttings

Abstract Stem cuttings of two clones (clone 1 and 2) of Quercus myrsinifolia Bl. (Chinese evergreen oak), and one clone of Quercus canbyi Trel. (Canby's oak), of seedling origin and in the adult growth phase, were taken on various dates representing specific growth stages. Cuttings of clone 1 of Q. myrsinifolia were collected at the semi-hardwood, hardwood, or softwood stages in addition to a transitional stage between softwood and semi-hardwood. For clone 2, stem cuttings were taken only at the softwood and transitional softwood/semi-hardwood stages. Cuttings of Q. canbyi were collected at the semi-hardwood, hardwood, or softwood stages. Cuttings of both species were treated with 0, 1500 (0.15%), 3000 (0.3%), 6000 (0.6%), or 9000 ppm (0.9%) indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol. All cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. Semi-hardwood or hardwood cuttings of Q. myrsinifolia or Q. canbyi did not root. Responses of stem cuttings of Q. myrsinifolia to IBA treatment varied by growth stage. For softwood cuttings response to IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting noted for clones 1 (56%) and 2 (72%) when treated with 1500 and 3000 ppm IBA, respectively. Treatment with IBA had no effect on percent rooting of softwood/semi-hardwood cuttings of clone 1, with rooting ranging from 47% to 58%. However, a linear decrease in rooting in response to IBA was observed fordone 2 with the greatest rooting occurring for the nontreated cuttings (89%). Softwood cuttings of Q. canbyi responded quadratically to IBA treatment, with maximum rooting of 33% noted for cuttings treated with 1500 ppm IBA.

Rooting and Subsequent Overwinter Survival of Stem Cuttings of Stewartia ovata

Abstract Three experiments were conducted using stem cuttings of Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby to evaluate: 1) effects of indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentration on percent rooting and rooting index (root system size), 2) influence of N rate and medium amendments (dolomitic lime and/or complete fertilizer) on budbreak prior to overwintering and survival and shoot growth of cuttings following overwintering, and 3) effects of chilling duration on overwinter survival and subsequent shoot growth. Softwood cuttings of S. ovata were taken on June 19 and July 23, 1992, and treated with 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, or 8000 ppm IBA in 50% isopropyl alcohol. Rooting percentages and rooting index were highest for cuttings taken in June and treated with 2000 or 4000 ppm IBA. In the second experiment, cuttings were rooted in pine bark containing three different amendment combinations, and fertilized weekly with either 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppm N following root initiation. Overwinter survival was higher for cuttings rooted in pine bark or pine bark amended with lime, but decreased for cuttings in pine bark amended with lime and a complete fertilizer. Increasing N fertilization up to 200 ppm weekly stimulated budbreak prior to overwintering, resulted in greater shoot growth following overwintering, but had no effect on overwintering survival. In the third experiment, rooted cuttings were subjected to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks chilling at 6C (43F). Cuttings chilled for 10 weeks had the highest percent budbreak (survival) and greater overall shoot growth over a 12 week forcing period.

Propagation of Quercus phillyreoides by Stem Cuttings

Abstract Stem cuttings of two clones (clones 1 and 2) of seedling origin of Quercus phillyreoides A. Gray (ubame oak) in the adult growth phase were taken on four dates that represented four growth stages (semi-hardwood, hardwood, softwood, and transitional growth between softwood and semi-hardwood). All cuttings were treated with selected concentrations and formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and placed under intermittent mist for rooting. Greatest rooting for both clones was achieved with softwood cuttings with 97% and 56% rooting for clones 1 and 2, respectively, treated with 8000 ppm (0.8%) IBA in talc. Six weeks later when cuttings were in a softwood/semi-hardwood condition, rooting of clone 1 was still comparable to softwood cuttings whereas clone 2 rooted poorly. For both clones, rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings was poor, which was the same for hardwood cuttings of clone 2. Moderate rooting of 58% was noted for nontreated hardwood cuttings of clone 1. Auxin treatments generally increased root number. As mean root number increased mean root length decreased. Greater overwinter survival was observed for rooted softwood cuttings, which produced a flush of new growth following rooting in comparison to softwood/semi-hardwood cuttings that did not flush following rooting.

Effects of IBA, cutting type and rooting media on rooting ofRosa centifolia

SummaryTreatment of semi-hardwood cuttings of Rosa centifolia with the auxin indolebutyric acid (IBA) was found to promote rooting. Percentage rooting, root number and root length were enhanced when cuttings were treated with 3500 ppm IBA in a 0.03% solution of potassium hydroxide. Medial and basal cuttings gave a better rooting response than apical and sub-apical cuttings, suggesting that cutting origin may be important for the rooting performance of this species. Rooting percentage and root length appeared to be improved if cuttings were planted in peat:perlite:vermiculite medium as compared with peat:perlite or vermiculite alone. The interaction between IBA concentration, cutting type and media was found to enhance rooting percentage and root number but not root length.

Factors affecting rooting ability of Coleonema aspalathoides

Rooting of Coleonema aspalathoides was found to be affected by the cutting type (soft or semi-woody), concentration of indolebutyric acid (IBA) solution in which cutting bases are immersed prior to rooting, duration of the immersion, as well as the photoperiod and shading of stock plants. The most successful rooting was obtained with soft cuttings pretreated for 4 h with 250 ppm IBA. Shading of stock plants also improved rooting ability. The rooting ability is seasonal and was found to decline during the plant's natural flowering season. Under controlled environmental conditions, rooting ability declined as the plant approached peak flowering. Cuttings taken from stock plants exposed to fully inductive conditions (short days, 12:17°C night/day) exhibited lower rooting ability than those taken from stock plants grown under semi-inductive conditions (long day, 12:17°C night/day).

PROPAGATION OF BLACKBERRIES USING VARIOUS ROOTING COMPOUNDS

Two cultivars of blackberry (Rubus sp.) were propagated in July under intermittent mist by rooting 2-node softwood stem cuttings. Differences in root development among cultivars were evident with the thornless erect cultivar, `Navaho', producing a better root system than the thorny erect cultivar, `Cheyenne'. Treatment of `Navaho' with 3000 and 8000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) in water and treatment of `Cheyenne' with 8000 ppm IBA in water and 3000 ppm IBA in talc improved rooting.

In VitroProduction of Artemisinin fromArtemisia annuaL.

Shoot proliferation of Artemisia annua L. was achieved in modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Shoots removed from culture and dipped in 3000 ppm indolebutyric acid, rooted and acclimated to in vivo conditions using mist. Artemisinin was produced in vitro and ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 mg/g dry weight. Of four growth regulators tested (BA kinetin, butanedioic-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide, and chlormequat chloride), only BA at 1.0 mg/.iter and kinetin at 10.0 mg/liter increased yield of artemisinin in vitro, but this effect was due to an increase in dry matter production which overcame a decrease in artemisinin content.

Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Eastern Redcedar. II. Influence of Stock Plant Fertility on Adventitious Rooting of Stem Cuttings

Hardwood stem cuttings of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), taken from containerized stock plants fertilized weekly with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, or 640 ppm N, were treated with 7500 ppm IBA and placed under intermittent mist for 12 weeks. Foliar starch and sucrose concentrations within cuttings at time of excision were significantly correlated with percent rooting and root length, respectively. Of the mineral nutrients analyzed (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and B), only B and K were significantly correlated with rooting response. A threshold N level (20 ppm), applied weekly, maximized rooting; higher concentrations decreased response. Although N fertilization of stock plants affected adventitious rooting, there were no significant correlations between foliar N levels and measures of rooting response. Chemical name used: 1 H- indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).