Ppm Hydrogen Research Articles

Glucose-Assisted Synthesis of Porous, Urchin-like Co3O4 Hierarchical Structures for Low-Concentration Hydrogen Sensing Materials.

The Co3O4 is a typical p-type metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) that attracted great attention for hydrogen detection. In this work, porous, urchin-like Co3O4 was synthesized using a hydrothermal method with the assistance of glucose and a subsequent calcination process. Urchin-like Co3O4 has a large specific surface area of 81.4 m2/g. The response value of urchin-like Co3O4 to 200 ppm hydrogen at 200 °C is 36.5 (Rg/Ra), while the low-detection limit is as low as 100 ppb. The obtained Co3O4 also exhibited good reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity towards various gases (e.g., ammonia, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane). Porous, urchin-like Co3O4 is expected to become a potential candidate for low-concentration hydrogen-sensing materials with the above advantages.

Hydrogen embrittlement behaviors during SSRT tests in gaseous hydrogen for cold-worked type 316 austenitic stainless steel and iron-based superalloy A286 used in hydrogen refueling station

To consider an appropriate evaluation method for hydrogen compatibility, slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were conducted on high strength piping materials, cold-worked type 316 austenitic stainless steel (SUS316CW) and iron-based superalloy A286, used in hydrogen stations for two years.SUS316CW, used at room temperature in 82 MPa gaseous hydrogen, contained 7.8 mass ppm hydrogen. The SSRT test of SUS316CW was conducted in nitrogen at −40 °C. The fracture surface showed dimples, and no hydrogen embrittlement behavior was observed. While, the SSRT test of SUS316CW in 70 MPa gaseous hydrogen at −40 °C showed a slight decrease in reduction area and a brittle fracture morphology in the outer layer. This was considered to be the effect of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen during the SSRT test in addition to the pre-contained hydrogen.A286, used at −40 °C in 82 MPa gaseous hydrogen, contained negligible hydrogen (0.14 mass ppm). SSRT tests were conducted at 150 °C in 70 MPa gaseous hydrogen and in air, and showed a low relative reduction in area (RRA) value. To investigate the decrease in the RRA, we switched the gas from hydrogen to air in the middle of the SSRT test and closely examined the RRA values and fracture morphology including side cracks. The hydrogen embrittlement was found to originate from the elastic deformation region. Stress cycling in the elastic deformation region also accelerated the effect of hydrogen. These were attributed to an increase in the lattice hydrogen content. While in the plastic deformation region, hydrogen trapped in the defects and hydrogen through the generated surface cracks increased the hydrogen content at the crack tips, reducing the RRA value. And there was a good correlation between the crack lengths and RRA values.Then, hydrogen embrittlement mechanism depends on the operating conditions (stress and temperature) of the material, and evaluating the hydrogen compatibility of materials by controlling their hydrogen content and strain according to the service environment is desirable.

Raman spectroscopy of zirconium hydride

The characterization of zirconium hydride is important in the nuclear industry because of the hydrogen-induced embrittlement of Zircaloy cladding and its use as a neutron moderator. This paper introduces the use of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of zirconium hydride. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to predict the Raman spectra of ζ-ZrH0.5, γ-ZrH, δ-ZrH1.5, δ-ZrH1.66, and ε-ZrH2 with all their predicted symmetries; ζ-ZrH0.5 (P3m1, R3¯m, C2/m, Cm, Cmmm, and Pn3¯m); γ-ZrH (P222, Ccce, and P42/mmc); δ-ZrH1.5 (P4¯m2, P42/mcm, Fmmm, Pn3¯m, Ibam, P2/c, PI, and P42/nnm); δ-ZrH1.66 (Fm3¯m); and ε-ZrH2 (Fm3¯m, R3¯m, and I4/mmm). Two samples of Zircaloy-4 containing 133 wt ppm and 360 wt ppm hydrogen were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, showing two signal lines at 215 cm−1 and 1,187 cm−1, which were assigned to the presence of δ-ZrH1.66. These signals had a good spatial correlation with visible hydride precipitates in Raman spectroscopy images. This work provides the basis for the characterization of all possible zirconium hydride compositions and structures using Raman spectroscopy.

Enhanced Potentiometric Hydrogen Sensing Response Based on the Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1-yFeyO3-δ Electrode with Unusual Polarity.

In this work, unusual potentiometric hydrogen sensing of mixed conducting Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ was reported. Inspired by the unusual polarity, a dual sensing electrode (SE) potentiometric hydrogen sensor was fabricated by pairing Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ with electronic conducting ZnO to enhance the hydrogen response. Hydrogen sensing measurements suggested that significantly higher response, larger sensitivity, and lower limit of detection (LOD) were achieved by the dual SE sensor when compared with the single SE sensor based on Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ or ZnO. A high response of 97.3 mV for 500 ppm hydrogen and a low LOD of 2.5 ppm were obtained by the dual SE sensor at 450 °C. Furthermore, the effect of the Fe doping concentration in Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1-yFeyO3-δ (y = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8) on hydrogen sensing response was investigated. The potentiometric response values to hydrogen increased monotonically with increasing Fe doping concentration. With the Fe/Co atomic ratio increased from 0.25 to 4, the responses to 500 ppm hydrogen raised by 69.6 and 94% at 350 and 450 °C, respectively. The sensing behaviors of unusual Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1-yFeyO3-δ may be ascribed to the predominant surface electrostatic effect. These results show that mixed conducting Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1-yFeyO3-δ is desirable for developing high-performance dual SE hydrogen sensors.

Unravelling the kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and mass transfer behaviours of Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5 in removing hydrogen sulphide resulting from a dark fermentative biohydrogen production process.

Research into the speciation of sulfur and hydrogen molecules produced through the complex process of thermophilic dark fermentation has been conducted. Detailed surface studies of solid-gas systems using real biogas (biohydrogen) streams have unveiled the mechanisms and specific interactions between these gases and the physicochemical properties of a zeolite as an adsorbent. These findings highlight the potential of zeolites to effectively capture and interact with these molecules. In this study, the hydrogen sulphide removal analysis was conducted using 0.8 g of the adsorbent and at various reaction temperatures (25-125 °C), a flow rate of 100 mL min-1, and an initial concentration of approximately 5000 ppm hydrogen sulphide. The reaction temperature has been observed to be an essential parameter of Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5 adsorption capacity. The optimum adsorption capacity attains a maximum value of 0.00890 mg g-1 at an optimal temperature of 25 °C. The formation of sulphur species resulting from the hydrogen sulphide adsorption on the zeolite determines the kinetics, thermodynamics, and mass transfer behaviours of Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5 in hydrogen sulphide removal and Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5 is found to improve the quality of biohydrogen produced in thermophilic environments. Biohydrogen (raw gas) yield was enhanced from 2.48 mol H2 mol-1 hexose consumed before adsorption to 2.59 mol H2 mol-1 hexose consumed after adsorption at a temperature of 25 °C. The Avrami kinetic model was fitted for hydrogen sulphide removal on Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5. The process is explained well and fitted using the Temkin isotherm model and the investigation into thermodynamics reveals that the adsorption behaviour is exothermic and non-spontaneous. Furthermore, the gas molecule's freedom of movement becomes random. The adsorption phase is restricted by intra-particle diffusion followed by film diffusion during the transfer of hydrogen sulphide into the pores of Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5 prior to adsorption on its active sites. The utilisation of Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5 for hydrogen sulphide removal offers the benefit of reducing environmental contamination and exhibiting significant applications in industrial operations.

High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) based hydrogen sensor for deep-surface applications: Effect of Air and N2 atmosphere

The detection of hydrogen in the Earth's deep underground poses a major challenge due to the lack of oxygen and continuous changes in environmental conditions. An innovative class of hydrogen gas sensors based on AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) with Platinum (Pt) gates as a functionalization layer, has been developed and optimized for geo-sensing. The study investigated the sensor characteristics using two carrier gases to simulate underground conditions, namely air (with 20 % O2) and N2 (with 0 % O2), across a range of temperatures from 50 °C to 300 °C and with hydrogen concentrations varying from 25 ppm to 400 ppm. The detection limit was found to be approximately 1 ppm of hydrogen in the atmospheric air. The gas sensor transduction is based on the modification of the conductivity of a 2-Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG). In this study, the principle was investigated using two gases, O2 and H2, with different electronegativities relative to platinum. The adsorption competition between H2 and O2 on platinum was evaluated, and this allowed the calculation of the ratio of thermodynamic adsorption constants between these two gases.

In Situ Measurement of Hydrogen Absorption into Copper-Coated Titanium Using Neutron Reflectometry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

We set out to investigate the possibility that a small amount of hydrogen, generated by sulfide-driven corrosion or radiolytic processes, might be absorbed into the copper coating proposed for use as corrosion protection for the used nuclear fuel containers (UFCs) to be stored in a deep geological repository (DGR) in Canada. Hydrogen absorption may have the potential to alter the mechanical properties of the copper coating. This contribution discusses our initial study, using in situ neutron reflectometry (NR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), of hydrogen absorption into a 50-nm layer of copper coated onto 4 nm of Ti on a Si single-crystal substrate. In situ NR-EIS experiments detected no increase in the hydrogen content within the copper layer of the copper-titanium thin film following 55 h of polarization in deoxygenated 0.1 M NaCl solution at pH 9, at potentials ranging from −444 mV/SCE to −1300 mV/SCE (detection limit ~2 at.%). However, these NR results showed that hydrogen can be absorbed into copper when the latter is cathodically polarized below about ─900 mV/SCE, which is the experimentally measured potential threshold for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under these conditions. Although hydrogen did not accumulate in the outer Cu layer, our experiments revealed that the absorbed hydrogen quickly traversed the Cu layer to concentrate in the underlying titanium layer, which favours absorbed hydrogen. This observation is consistent with hydrogen uptake measured using inert gas fusion analysis on oxygen-free, phosphorus-doped (OFP) copper, which showed that in the absence of hydrogen recombination inhibitors (e.g., As(III)), only a small increase of 22 wt. ppm hydrogen was absorbed into the copper after 24 h at E = −1300 mV/SCE, and no increase in absorbed hydrogen occurred at potentials of −1100 mV/SCE or more positive. The initial absorption efficiency for electrolytically produced hydrogen atoms at the copper surface was determined to be 3.2%, suggesting that there may be an upper limit for hydrogen uptake by the copper coating of the UFC, although studies on 3 mm copper-coated steel samples representative of UFC materials will be required to confirm that. This result supports the prediction that hydrogen absorption is unlikely to lead to any failure of the copper barrier within a proposed DGR, in which it will not be possible to achieve such negative electrochemical potentials. Intended future research using in situ NR-EIS to study hydrogen absorption during the corrosion of copper thin films by HS⁻ ions and further studies on hydrogen absorption into 3-mm-thick copper-coated steel samples will help to validate these conclusions.

Hydrogenation effect on 2D ZnO single crystal/ZnO–SnO2 two phase ceramics and its enhanced mechanism in H2 gas sensing

In this work, a 1D/2D two-phase structure of ZnO single-crystal nanosheets/ZnO–SnO2 nanorods was constructed, and the hydrogen gas sensing properties including selectivity have been enhanced by this low-cost way without noble metal doping. It was proved that hydrogenation effect on ZnO (0001) single crystal facets was the key to forming the low resistance surface in hydrogen gas, leading significantly enhancement in response and selectivity. The response (Ra/Rg) to 200 ppm hydrogen gas exceeded 400 at a low operating temperature of 150 °C, response/recovery time in 100 ppm H2 was only 30 s/8 s. The sensor also has good selectivity for hydrogen detection. The enhancement in gas sensing properties due to dual mechanism of the hydrogenated low-resistance surface and the resistance modulation of ZnO/SnO2 heterojunctions, which proposed in this paper.

Ultrafine Pd nanoparticles-decorated TiO2 three-dimensional (3D) hybrid aerogel with large specific surface areas and highly interconnected porous networks for hydrogen sensing

A hybrid aerogel structure for hydrogen sensing was produced and tested, which consists of Pd nanoparticles decorated on a TiO2 aerogel skeleton structure with large specific surface areas and high porosity. The effects of decorated with different contents of Pd nanoparticles on the microstructure of anatase TiO2 aerogel and the hydrogen response characteristics were investigated. The contribution of the doping of Pd nanoparticles to the specific selectivity of the anatase phase TiO2 aerogel for hydrogen sensing was investigated. Benefiting from highly interconnected porous networks of aerogel, ultra-large specific surface area, and homogeneous Pd nanoparticles dispersion, the resulting Pd nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 3D hybrid aerogel hydrogen sensors express high hydrogen sensing performance. The response was 4.8 toward 100 ppm hydrogen at the optimal working temperature of 325 °C, with a short response time (<2 s), short recovery time (<22 s), and high selectivity and long-term stability. A hydrogen-sensitive mechanism is proposed in which metal atom doping causes more oxygen defects in metal oxide semiconductor lattice. The approach of constructing aerogel network structures by decorating metal nanoparticles on metal oxide semiconductors provides a new way to develop gas sensors.

High performance potentiometric hydrogen sensor based on ZnO porous cage sensing electrode

In this paper, ZnO porous cages were prepared by a facile one-pot encapsulation-calcination method and used as sensing electrodes for planar mixed-potential hydrogen sensors. As the amount of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) added during the preparation increased, the size of the individual ZnO cage decreased while the average pore size increased. The hydrogen sensing performance was enhanced with the increase of CTAB addition. At 0.35 wt% CTAB addition, the response value of the cages to 20 ppm hydrogen at 450 °C was −60.8 mV, which was 11.5 times higher than that of the conventional particles. A high response of −10.6 mV was obtained for 0.3 ppm hydrogen. Moreover, the response time to 500 ppm hydrogen was 26 s, which was 10.6 times shorter than that of the particles. Better selectivity and excellent repeatability were also achieved. Superior potentiometric hydrogen performance is mainly attributed to the highly porous sensing electrodes constructed from cages.

Hydrogen sensing characteristics of an Al-doped SnO2 thin film incorporated with palladium nanoparticles

An interesting hydrogen sensor prepared by an Al (3 at %)-doped SnO2 (ATO) thin layer decorated with palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) is demonstrated herein. The related hydrogen detecting characteristics are systematically investigated. The elemental and intrinsic properties are characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The specific surface area and catalytic ability are remarkably enhanced due to the presence of Pd NPs on the ATO thin layer. This causes the considerable improvement of hydrogen sensing behaviors. Under introduced 1000 ppm hydrogen gas in air, a higher sensing response of 3152 with a corresponding response and a recovery times of 17 s and 4 s and a lower detectable concentration of 50 ppb H2/air are obtained at 225 °C for the studied Pd NP/ATO sensor. In addition, the studied sensor shows good repeatability and long-term stability. From a kinetic adsorption analysis, an activation energy about 43.6 kJ mol−1 is observed for this hydrogen detecting action. The studied Pd NP/ATO sensor also shows favours, e.g., simple device structure, easy production, lower consumed power, and a widespread sensing region of hydrogen gas content.

Creating oxygen vacancies on porous tungsten oxide nanospheres via one-step muffle calcination for ultra-fast detection of ppb-level hydrogen sulfide sensors

Exploring the relationship between tungsten oxides with a controlled amount of oxygen vacancies and their gas-sensing properties with respect to hydrogen sulfide is interesting for developing excellent comprehensive gas-sensing performance materials with fast and accurate response. In this work, the WO3 nanoparticles with oxygen defective structure were synthesized by a straightforward one-step muffle calcining method. The WO3 nanoparticles prepared at the calcination temperature of 600 ℃ (Ov-WO3-600) display the high response value (2777) and ultra-fast response time (2 s) to 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at 100 ℃. Moreover, it also exhibits low practical detection limit (100 ppb), long-term stability, as well as remarkable admirable selectivity. The gas sensing mechanism can be explained by the fact that oxygen vacancies, as donor energy levels provide more electrons, increase the carrier mobility and narrow the band gap. This makes it easier for oxygen to capture electrons to form more adsorbed oxygen, which improves the gas sensing performance of WO3-based sensors. Hence, our study can offer guidance for the construction of fast and accurate sensing materials based on WO3.

Synergistic effects of bimetallic Pd-Au(alloy)/SnO2 nanocomposites for low temperature and selective hydrogen gas sensors

In view of the explosive nature of hydrogen gas, the demand for detection is increasing. Although Pd-based chemiresistive sensors are gaining much attention in hydrogen detection, it is easily oxidized at high temperatures, leading to the deterioration of sensing performance. To address this issue, we synthesized bimetallic Pd-Au alloy nanoparticles (NPs) and mixed them with SnO2 powder for improving the hydrogen sensing performance. The response of the bimetallic Pd-Au(alloy)/SnO2 nanocomposites (NCs) sensor toward 100 ppm hydrogen was 72.78 which is 7 times higher than that of the pure SnO2 sensor at a relatively lower working temperature of 150°C. Furthermore, when compared to other interfering gases, the sensor revealed high selectivity for hydrogen gas. The enhanced hydrogen sensing performance was attributed to the synergistic effect arising from the formation of a heterojunction interface between Pd-Au alloy and SnO2 NPs and the decomposition and absorption of hydrogen molecules by Pd-Au alloy NPs.

Deuterium Content and Site Occupancy in Iron Sulfide at High Pressure and Temperature Determined Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction Measurements

AbstractWe have performed in situ time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction experiments to examine the uptake of deuterium in iron monosulfide at pressures up to 11.4 GPa and temperatures to 1300 K. A D2 fluid was formed in the experiments through the decomposition of ND3BD3, resulting in an oxygen fugacity of approximately 1.2 log units below the iron‐wüstite buffer. Deuterium positions and site occupancies were determined in FeS V, using Rietveld refinements of the powder neutron diffraction patterns. Our structural model indicates that two normally unoccupied sites in the P63/mmc FeS V structure, at Wyckoff positions 6h and 4f, are partially occupied by D atoms, with the latter being more dominant. The deuterium content Dx in FeSDX increases with both pressure and temperature over the experimental conditions explored, from 0.126 (14) at 2.3 GPa and 787 K to 1.20 (16) at 9.7 GPa and 1300 K. The unit‐cell volume expansion per deuterium atom is 1.53 ± 0.16 Å3 at 6.9 GPa and 960 K, which is smaller than that determined for metallic iron phases at similar conditions. The variation in unit‐cell volume indicates that most deuterium is lost from FeS V upon temperature quenching at high‐pressures. By fitting the obtained FeS V deuterium site occupancies to a thermodynamic model, estimates for the hydrogen contents of iron monosulfide at conditions and oxygen fugacities consistent with the base of the cratonic lithosphere can be made. This results in values in the range of 1,700–2,700 ppm, which contribute to approximately 2–3 ppm hydrogen in the bulk mantle.

Smoldering fire detection using low-power capacitive MEMS hydrogen sensor for future fire alarm

In this study, we demonstrated detection of a smoldering fire using a low-power hydrogen sensor. To detect the low levels of hydrogen gas generated by smoldering fires, we used a capacitive MEMS hydrogen sensor with a microheater. The microheater accelerates the reduction of palladium oxide on the surface of the sensing film by hydrogen. Thus, more hydrogen is entrapped within the sensing film, and the sensitivity to ppm amounts of hydrogen is improved. The low thermal capacity and high thermal resistance of the structure enabled localized heating of the sensitive film at high speed (1 ms), thereby achieving sub-mW low power consumption by intermittent sensing. The fabricated hydrogen sensor was installed in a small wireless module and placed on a ceiling 3 m from a smoldering cotton fire. Our hydrogen sensor successfully detected 66 ppm hydrogen generated by the fire, and also detected the decrease in hydrogen by room exhaust.

Combined influence of strain rate and hydrogen on the deformation behavior of a near-α titanium alloy

The deformation behavior of the near-α titanium alloy Ti–6Al–3Nb–2Zr–1Mo, containing 20–210 ppm hydrogen and tested at strain rates of 10−5–10−1 s−1, has been investigated by conducting tensile testing and microstructural characterization. The results show that at strain rates ≤10−3 s−1, increasing hydrogen concentration improves ductility, while it deteriorates ductility at higher strain rates. The change in ductility with increasing strain rate remains relatively small at strain rates ≤10−3 s−1 for all hydrogen concentrations, but at higher strain rates, an increase in strain rate results in a decrease in ductility. Additionally, the addition of hydrogen has little effect on the strain rate sensitivity and work hardening exponent. The detrimental effect of hydrogen addition on ductility at strain rates >10−3 s−1 can be attributed to the enhanced strain localization caused by the presence of hydrogen. In cases of lower strain rates, the increase of ductility with the addition of hydrogen is due to the promotion effect of hydrogen on dislocation mobility.

MoS2-GO hybrid sensor: A discerning approach for detecting harmful H2S gas at room temperature

The molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)- graphene oxide (GO) hybrids have fashioned by a clean hydrothermal route. Initially, two-dimensional GO sheets have synthesized using the modified Hummer’s method and intercalated into the MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs). The sophisticated characterizations comprising X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyzer, custom designed gas sensing set-up, etc. utilized for the analysis of as-prepared MoS2-GO (1 to 5 wt%) hybrids. The maximum sensor response exhibited by as-prepared MoS2-GO (3%) hybrid sensor was 39.16% towards 100 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas at room temperature (RT, i.e., 28 °C) in a quickest response time (6.13 s) and least concentration of H2S detected was 1 ppm with response value 0.51%. This report investigated first time that as-prepared MoS2-GO (MG) hybrids with varied proportion of GO (1 to 5 wt%) demonstrated spectacularly improved gas sensing performance towards H2S at RT. The boosted gas sensing performance of MG hybrids could be attributed to the synergistic influence of constituents i.e., MoS2 NPs and GO sheets. An impedance spectroscopy has been exploited to study the interactions between H2S gas molecules and MG hybrid sensor surface.

A Chemical Synthesis of CdSnO 3 Nanoparticles and their Performance in Hydrogen Sensing

Abstract: CdSnO3 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized without any templates by simple co-precipitation synthesis route. Further characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and their hydrogen sensing properties were investigated. The CdSnO3 nanoparticles exhibited outstanding gas sensing characteristics such as, higher gas response, extremely rapid response, fast recovery, excellent repeatability, good selectivity and at ambient operating temperature (~ 30C). Furthermore, the CdSnO3 nanoparticles can detect up to 5 ppm for hydrogen with reasonable sensitivity at an ambient operating temperature.

THE EFFECT OF ADDITION BISPHENOL-A-POLYCARBONATE FROM CD-R WASTE AS A CATALYST FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

In producing hydrogen, various methods can be used, one of which is the electrolysis of water. Electrolysis is a method for breaking water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen by using an electric current. Electrolysis does not require complicated equipment and systems, so it can be said to be the easiest method of producing hydrogen. But of the various methods for producing hydrogen, the electrolysis method is not widely used because of its low efficiency. Because of this, many efforts have been made with the aim of increasing hydrogen production in the electrolysis of water. In this paper, we use Bisphenol-A-Polycarbonate (BPA) compounds obtained from unused CD-R layers. BPA has aromatic compounds that have been tested by FTIR. Aromatic compounds can generate their own magnetic field; this magnetic field is used to disrupt hydrogen bonds in water so that the electrolysis process can be more optimal. It is also known that, on the surface of BPA, it has a tendency to be positively charged by FESEM testing. The predominantly positive BPA surface works effectively to attract OH- ions. This causes a lot of H+ ions to move freely so that the solution becomes more acidic, which results in easier mobility of electric currents. With the addition of 3 grams of BPA, it can produce 46% more ppm of hydrogen than conventional.

Combination of ERDA, FTIR spectroscopy and NanoSIMS for the characterization of hydrogen incorporation in natural diamonds

Hydrogen is a volatile element involved in several geological processes ranging from rock weakening to the initiation of tectonic plates. Because it is present in diamond, the investigation of hydrogen content in natural diamonds could provide valuable information. Such studies are scarce despite hydrogen being among the main impurities in their structure. Using Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Nanoscale Secondary Ions Mass Spectrometry, we analyzed the incorporation of hydrogen in three diamonds growth habits: octahedral, cuboid and fibrous. Up to 25 wt. ppm of hydrogen was measured in some samples, placing hydrogen as the second most abundant impurity in natural diamonds after nitrogen and before boron. Comparison between the three methods indicates a difference in the main mode of hydrogen incorporation depending on the growth habit. Hydrogen is more readily incorporated in the fibrous and cuboid habits compared to the octahedral one. We also show that the incorporation of hydrogen is not correlated with the incorporation of nitrogen. Results suggest no chemical equilibration of hydrogen by diffusion through geological times and also confirm that not all hydrogen may be infrared active.