PowerPoint Slides Research Articles

Investigating the Impact of Smartphones on Blended Learning Effectiveness for Project Management Certifications: Case Study in Bahrain

This paper examines the impact of smartphones through integration and enhancing the effectiveness of blended learning activities for project management training programs in Bahrain. Building on previous research, this study report on how smartphones can improve real-time communication, boosting engagement, and provide trainees’ continuous access to learning materials. Smartphones served as real-time tools for trainers by facilitating group chats, organizing meetings, and sharing educational content, such as YouTube videos and training PowerPoint slides, thus ensuring the fulfillment of training objectives. The case study demonstrates how smartphones contributed to a more dynamic, flexible, and collaborative learning environment, optimizing the blended learning model for professional project management programs in Bahrain. Additionally, since smartphones enabled real-time updates and notifications, they supported trainers to stay organized and engaged with the trainees while tracking their tasks throughout the course. Hence, this tool for sure supported the trainer role as project manager, encompassing the initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, and control phases of activities, all in real-time, to ensure the successful completion of the training program.

Voices From the Field: A Quality Improvement Project for Progressive Tinnitus Management 2.0.

Tinnitus is a common health condition in the general population, with increased prevalence among military Veterans. Tinnitus is, in fact, the most prevalent military service-connected disability. There is no cure for tinnitus, but interventions are available to help patients manage their reactions to tinnitus and reduce its functional impact. Progressive tinnitus management (PTM) is a stepped-care protocol that involves coordinated audiological and behavioral health clinical services. PTM was endorsed by national Veterans Affairs (VA) audiology leadership in 2009. Given new clinical insights and research findings since the initial rollout of PTM, it remains necessary to improve and update the protocol in response to feedback from clinicians and patients. This two-phase quality improvement project captured quantitative and qualitative feedback from VA and Department of Defense (DOD) clinicians and patients concerning PTM materials. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was used to integrate the quantitative and qualitative data, and a consensus method was used to adjudicate any discrepant findings. In Phase 1, 21 VAs and DOD clinicians and patients completed semistructured interviews and quantitative measures on the PTM handbook and workbook revisions. Phase 1 findings were recommendations to modify content, format, and adaptations of content (e.g., electronic formats with a clickable index). In Phase 2, six non-Veteran patients assisted in pilot testing PTM PowerPoint slides used by clinicians for PTM skills education sessions. Phase 2 findings indicated that the revised PTM PowerPoint slides were useful and clinically acceptable. Findings from this study are being used to revise and update materials in the PTM skills education sessions. More generally, the study demonstrates the necessity of end-user input to inform and implement clinical updates. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27057691.

Oral and poster contributions for conferences: Some observations and recommendations

The recent 13th South American Symposium on Isotope Geology (SSAGI) in May 2024 in Buzios (Brazil) was an excellent conference, showcasing the current diversity and high standard of isotope geochemistry and geology at universities and research institutions across Latin America. Three days of oral and poster presentations provided a great forum for scientific and social exchange. This conference, however, also further supported observations made at earlier events that many oral and poster presentations by postgraduate students and docents alike suffer from a number of problems. There is ample scope for improvement, in the interest of more efficient information transfer and better exchange with colleagues. The main problem areas noted (e.g., overloading of powerpoint slides, and of posters, with diagrams and/or text; application of poor color, etc.) are discussed here, and suggestions are made how to avoid these issues and improve our scientific communication.

Effects of Kahoot! on K-12 Students’ Mathematics Achievement and Multi-Screen Addiction

Digital platforms are increasingly prevalent among young students in K-12 education, offering significant opportunities but also raising concerns about their effects on self-assessment and academic performance. This study investigates the effectiveness of Kahoot! compared to traditional instructional methods in enhancing mathematics achievement and its impact on multiple screen addiction (MSA) among Greek students aged 9 to 12 during a STEM summer camp. A quasi-experimental design was employed with a purposefully selected sample of one hundred and ten (n = 110) students, who were non-randomly divided into two groups: (a) an experimental group of fifty-five students (n = 55) who engaged with Kahoot! (using dynamic visual aids and interactive content) and (b) a control group of fifty-five students (n = 55) who received traditional instruction (using digital textbooks and PowerPoint slides with multimedia content) on laptops and tablets. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference in MSA scores, with the experimental group exhibiting lower MSA scores compared to their counterparts, indicating a positive impact on reducing screen addiction levels. While Kahoot! led to lower MSA levels, it significantly improved overall mathematical achievement, with a substantial effect size, suggesting a strong positive impact on learning outcomes. The current study highlights the importance of aligning educational tools with the intended outcomes and recommends further research to explore the broader impact of gamified learning on student engagement, screen addiction, and learning outcomes.

Challenges and Solutions of Using Technology at Undergraduate Level in a Northern Border Area Government College in Bangladesh

This study seeks to detect the problems and solutions of using technology at Kurigram Government College at the undergraduate level, located in the northern border area of Bangladesh. The study presents the existing scenario of using technology in Kurigram Government College at the undergraduate level since the practice of technology in the class is not standard. Semi-structured interviews and focus group methods have been applied, following the qualitative method. The principal and four teachers were selected for semi-structured interviews from three faculties, namely science, arts and social science, and business studies. Simultaneously, 40 students (20 males and 20 female) participated in the focus group discussion at the undergraduate level. A purposive sampling method was used to select participants. After collecting the qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, the data was analyzed. Lack of training in preparing PowerPoint slides, dependency on following the traditional lecture method, the senior teacher's unwillingness to receive the training on technology, and limitations such as load shedding, low speed of the internet, inadequate internet facilities, and the absence of a biometric system are the main causes of not using technology in the class at the undergraduate level. Based on the problems, the study provides some recommendations. Proper training on technology for the teachers should be mandatory. Moreover, the use of email, video, mobile, image multimedia projectors, Facebook, and browsers can strengthen the quality of class. Through the use of these devices and mediums, the transmission of ideas and documents can easily be accessed.

Strategi Penanggulangan Stunting Melalui Peningkatan Pengetahuan Pasangan Usia Subur Tentang Bahaya Stunting di Desa Oringbele Kecamatan Witihama Kabupaten Flores Timur

One of the primary causes of stunting is the lack of public knowledge and awareness about stunting prevention, particularly among couples of childbearing age who play a crucial role in preventing stunting. Adequate knowledge about healthy eating patterns, exclusive breastfeeding, the importance of pregnancy control, and child immunization is still lacking among this group. This community service activity aims to: (1) Increase the knowledge and awareness of couples of childbearing age about stunting prevention in Oringbele Village; (2) Encourage the application of healthy behaviors during pregnancy preparation and childcare; and (3) Support government efforts to reduce stunting rates in Indonesia. The service activities utilized counseling and lecture methods, supported by PowerPoint slides and leaflets that provided explanations on the definition, causes, negative impacts, risk factors, and prevention strategies of stunting. The results showed a significant improvement in the knowledge of couples of childbearing age across all dimensions of the questionnaire, including the definition, symptoms, causes, dangers, and prevention of stunting. Thus, it can be concluded that the stunting prevention counseling activities in Oringbele Village were successful, as evidenced by the increased awareness and healthy behaviors among the participants, contributing to the reduction of stunting incidents from the outset.

Bachelor Level Student's Perspective on Teaching Methodology: Traditional vs. Modern

This study attempts to examine the present need for teaching methodology from the perspective of learners. It studies the ground-level opinion of students of Kathmandu Valley studying at the bachelor’s level regarding traditional and modern teaching methodology. It is based on information provided by students collected through questionnaires and interviews, based on 536 respondents aged 18-22. The findings might be contrary to our existing knowledge and expectations of modern teaching methodology as most students were not ready to accept and adapt to modern teaching methodologies such as PowerPoint slides, group discussions, quizzes, etc. Even though their belief in modern teaching methodology was somehow positive, the study revealed that students still were not used to the modern method of teaching. They were unprepared to be independent learners and still depend on their teachers. This study implies that if universities and institutions in Kathmandu favor adopting modern teaching methodology as believed to be the best alternative to traditional teaching methods, student orientation and practice about modern methods is required.

Instructor presence in instructional videos in higher education: three field experiments in university courses

AbstractIn formal educational settings, such as online university lectures, instructional videos often consist of PowerPoint slides accompanied by a video or audio explanation from the instructor. It has been assumed that the social cues provided by the instructor’s video may facilitate affective processes and affect learning outcomes. Research on instructor presence in instructional videos has focused primarily on laboratory and online studies that are not embedded in the courses in which learners are enrolled. Therefore, we present three field studies examining instructor presence in instructional videos embedded in higher education courses to strengthen external validity (exam-relevant topic, > 30 min long, personally known instructor). The results of these studies show positive effects of a visible instructor compared to no visible instructor on some affective measures: social presence in Study 1 (n = 18, d = .85) and well-being in Study 3 (n = 38, d = 1.01), but not on others (well-being in Studies 1 & 2 (n = 53); motivation in Studies 1–3, social presence in Studies 2 & 3). They also show no effects on extraneous processing or learning outcomes (Studies 1–3). Thus, no general effect of instructor presence can be shown for instructional videos embedded in university courses in higher education, but there are also no detrimental effects. This leads to implications for future research, teaching, and design practice.

The influence of electronic module of marriage age maturity towards the self-efficacy of adolescent cadres in conducting education in Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R), Bantul Regency

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Insufficient understanding of marriage-age maturity education related to self-efficacy among adolescent cadres contributes to early marriage and pregnancy at a young age, consequently elevating the risk of maternal mortality. Adolescent cadres play a crucial role as both peer groups and agents of change. Addressing this issue can be facilitated through the use of electronic modules, which have demonstrated effectiveness.</em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>This study aims to determine the influence of electronic module of marriage age maturity towards the self-efficacy of adolescent cadres in conducting education in Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R), Bantul Regency.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>This research employed a non-equivalent quasi-experimental design featuring pre-test and post-test assessments with a control group setup. The sample was selected through total sampling, comprising 50 respondents divided into two groups: 24 in the intervention group at Ngireng-ngireng Village (PIK-R Fresh) and 26 in the control group at Padokan Lor Village (PIK-R Pelangi). This research was conducted from February to March 2023. The instruments used in the study, including the electronic module of marriage age maturity and a self-efficacy questionnaire for adolescent cadres. The analysis used in this research was the paired sample t-test. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The paired sample t-test statistical analysis yielded a significant value of p-value 0.000 (p<0.05). This indicates that there is an influence on self-efficacy in the intervention group and the control group after being provided with education about marriage-age maturity using electronic modules and PowerPoint slides.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>The electronic modules of marriage-age maturity education have an impact on the self-efficacy of adolescent cadres involved in education in PIK-R, Bantul Regency. Consequently, it's advisable for adolescent cadres to integrate these electronic modules into their daily routines to boost their self-efficacy and educate their peers more effectively.</em></p>

The Effectiveness Of Canva Application In Fun English Learning To Improve The Students’ English Vocabulary (An Experimental Study For Grade XI Of SMK Balekambang Jepara)

Canva application functions to revive students' enthusiasm for learning English, especially in mastering vocabulary, an application medium that is attractive, flexible, and easy to operate is also needed. This study aims to describe the effectiveness of Canva application in Fun English Learning to improve the student’s English vocabulary. The participants were eleventh graders of SMK Roudhotul Mubtadi'in Balekambang Jepara from two different study groups. Each study group consists of 22 female students. Researchers then divided them into two groups, namely experimental and control. The experimental group received an English vocabulary-assisted by Canva, while the control group used PowerPoint slides as learning media. This experimental research uses a pretest-posttest test for each group. Data analysis techniques include descriptive analysis techniques and ANCOVA. The table also shows that the effect of pretest F(1,43) is 15.69, less than 0.05. The posttest effect F(1,43) was 1.422, less than 0.05, with an ETA squared of 0.03. The Fcount calculation result is 15.69 with df = (1, 41), p-value = 0.000 < 0.05. These results show differences in the average vocabulary of students who received media learning English using Canva compared to the control group.

Transforming histology students from passive lecture listeners into active lecture learners.

Traditional academic lectures have long been criticized as providing a passive learning environment to students. Often, they do not capture the audience's attention, resulting in learners being distracted or bored and thereby reducing their learning efficacy. Consequently, they are being abandoned by many schools and universities as an educational modus or modified into more learner-centered experiences. This descriptive article outlines a strategy of inserting active learning PowerPoint slides into traditional histology lectures. Suggestions and advice for adding or improving existing active learning slides are being offered to readers, who are planning to modify their own lecture presentations. The author's experience of using this formative assessment strategy with different types of histology learners is also discussed.

Training on Making Sunscreen Cream from Tapak Dara Leaf Extract in Banjarsari Bojonegoro Village

Background: The use of natural ingredients, especially family medicinal plants (TOGA), for treatment has not received much attention from the public. The tapak dara plant has benefits, including being antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic, and antibacterial, an agent for reducing oxidative stress, and a sunscreen effect that can protect the skin from ultraviolet rays. This service activity aims to provide a new understanding to the public about the benefits of the TOGA plant, especially periwinkle so that they can preserve and process it as sunscreen cream. Method: This training uses a technique of presenting material through training videos and explanatory slides. This training activity was conducted in Banjarsari Village using video material and PowerPoint slides. This training in making sunscreen cream involved 50 PKK cadres and was carried out for two months. Results: During the two-way discussion, participants' enthusiasm was seen in the questions asked regarding the technicalities of making the cream and the benefits of the tapak dara plant, showing the public's great interest in using herbal cosmetics from the TOGA plant. Conclusion: Training on making sunscreen cream from tapak dara leaf extract in Banjarsari Village is an effort to inform the community about the process of making cream from the TOGA plant with the result of community enthusiasm for holding similar activities.

The Effect of Education on Writing Integrated Patient Progress Notes (IPPNs) at Several Government Hospitals in Bukittinggi, Indonesia

Background: The writing of Integrated Patient Progress Notes (IPPNs) by pharmacists generally does not fulfil the correct writing standards. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of education on the level of knowledge and writing profile of IPPN. Methods: A prospective analytic method research design was used with data collection techniques through questionnaires and total sampling for IPPN data. The researcher developed a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure pharmacists' level of knowledge. Education was conducted through "Focus Group Discussion" with PowerPoint slides of SOAP method writing material and SOAP framework leaflets. Quantitative analysis of IPPN data was performed using the Wilcoxon test on SPSS. Results: The results showed that the highest percentage of pharmacists' knowledge level before education was A.M Hospital (87%) and after education was B Hospital (95%). The profile of IPPN writing by pharmacists before being given education showed the highest percentage of IPPN writing suitability was at A.M Hospital (21.6%), and the completeness of IPPN writing was at M.H Hospital (99%). After education, the highest percentage of IPPNs writing suitability was in B Hospital (64.3%), and the completeness of IPPNs writing was in M.H Hospital (97.9%). Education has an effect on pharmacists' knowledge level (p-value 0.029) and the appropriateness profile of IPPN writing (p-value 0.013). However, education did not affect the completeness of writing Integrated Patient Progress Notes (IPPNs) (p-value 0.285). Conclusion: Education succeeded in improving pharmacists' knowledge of writing CPPT correctly.

Computational Thinking with a Multi-literacy Model Using Interactive PowerPoint Media: An Experiment in Elementary Schools

Elementary school students need to acquire computational thinking as a crucial skill in the digital age. Similar to mathematical skills, computational thinking is a fundamental competence in digital literacy. It is used to solve problems in learning. One approach is to facilitate children’s learning by emphasizing computational thinking, such as using the multi-literacy model with interactive PowerPoint slides. This study aimed to assess and characterize the influence of multi-literacy models aided by interactive PowerPoint media on the development of computational thinking skills in elementary school students, considering their prior knowledge. Involving a total sample of 56 4th-grade elementary school students, this quantitative study employed a 3 x 2 factorial design. The sample included 14 students in the high group, 28 in the medium group, and 14 in the high group. The research revealed that the implementation of a multi-literacy learning approach, assisted by interactive PowerPoint media, significantly enhances student’s acquisition and improvement of computational thinking skills. This is because children can develop computational thinking skills in an enjoyable environment using PowerPoint media. Another study revealed that students in the high group performed much better on average when it came to learning computational thinking skills. Meanwhile, the average gain of computational thinking skills in the medium group was only slightly different from that of the low group. Keywords: computational thinking, multi-literacy model, interactive PowerPoint media

The effect of viewing visual cues in a listening comprehension test on second language learners’ test-taking process and performance: An eye-tracking study

In this study, we examined the effect of visual cues in a second language listening test on test takers’ viewing behaviours and their test performance. Fifty-seven learners of English in Korea took a video-based listening test, with their eye movements recorded, and 23 of them were interviewed individually after the test. The participants viewed the visual cues longer than the items in the multiple-choice questions. Looking at the correct answer choice was related to a higher test score, while looking at the speaker(s) in the video and the distractors of the test items to a lower test score. Viewing the PowerPoint slides showed mixed effects on test performance, depending on different eye-movement measures. Stimulated-recall interviews shed further light on the possible reasons for the different patterns of the participants’ eye movements. Overall, the participants held the positive view that the visual cues aided them in comprehending the aural input and in completing the listening tasks more successfully. We discuss these findings in relation to the authenticity of tasks and the construct relevance of video-based listening tests.

‘I am not omniscient’: an autoethnography inquiry into a novice L2 teacher’s implementation of digital multimodal composing

While much research has been conducted on the benefits of digital multimodal composing (DMC) projects from the perspective of second language (L2) students, little attention has been paid to L2 teachers, whose implementation of DMC projects in L2 writing contexts may be fraught with challenges. To address the niche, autoethnographic research was undertaken to uncover a novice L2 teacher’s experiences and struggles in DMC implementation, drawing on data from my memories and journals of lived experiences, Wechat messages with students, my PowerPoint (PPT) slides in instructing DMC projects, and student DMC samples. The results revealed that I, as a novice L2 teacher, faced challenges in implementing DMC in the Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing context, and the challenges included students’ misinterpretation of the DMC task; some students’ dislike and unpreparedness for collaborative learning tasks; the conflicts between DMC projects and the final exam and the standardized test; and my fear of showing incompetence in video making and editing. To address the challenges, I explored research articles, communicated with the researchers and students, and reflected on the hidden factors that contribute to the problem. This study draws attention to the reform of the exam-, print-, and language-oriented education system in the Chinese EFL writing context, and the incorporation of DMC and multiliteracies/multimodality pedagogy into writing teacher training programs.

Affective encounters in higher education

ABSTRACT In this article, we examine how thinking with affect theory offers fertility within higher education studies to see and do teaching and learning differently. For many educators in universities, the idea that teaching is a cognitive process of information transmission is still taken-for-granted. These beliefs are visible through the persistence of nomenclature such as ‘content’, predictable learning ‘outcomes’, and by the dominance of linear teaching aids (such as PowerPoint slides) across the sector internationally. An alternative conception of what teaching and learning is, and does, posits the classroom as a space of emergent relational connections in which learning is experienced as an affective force that constitutes being-in-the-world. To sketch shapes for understanding the affective encounters of teaching and learning, we think with the concept of inconvenience from the work of cultural theorist Lauren Berlant. We offer three illustrative examples of how teaching might be understood as an opportunity to surface, to welcome, and to problematise the inconvenience of others. Our argument is that an engagement with the affective in education can help us in understanding how power relations make themselves felt within the affective currents of educational encounters, as well as enabling educators to recraft their teaching in creative and meaningful ways. We conclude by contending that critical theories of affect can enhance educators’ work towards fostering social justice in the classroom, as well as in moving closer to an enriched understanding of the discomfort and challenge of what it means to teach and to learn.

Scienter, a New Pedagogical Approach, in Enhancing Student Engagement, Critical Thinking, and Retention in a Variety of Multidisciplinary Educational Settings

Background: This study offers "Scienter," a revolutionary instructional strategy aimed at improving student involvement and critical thinking during Large Group Teaching in Adult Learners. Objectives The study's goal is to assess the influence of the Scienter approach on student engagement, comprehension, and retention through a number of classroom implementations in a variety of disciplines. Materials and Methods The study involved 98 first-year students from a Mumbai-based homoeopathic medical institution. They were given pre-lecture instructions, including viewing a faculty-produced YouTube video and reading a textbook. The lecture structure involved intentional mistakes placed on PowerPoint slides, with the teacher expecting students to recognize and correct them on their own. The study aimed to test students' understanding and critical thinking skills. Result Preliminary findings indicate that the Scienter method demonstrates effectiveness in promoting active learning and fostering a critical approach to academic subjects. Specifically, 68% of participants expressed that Scienter promotes active learning and encourages a critical approach, while 32% did not report experiencing these benefits." Conclusion: The paper analyses Scienter's theoretical foundations, practical implementation, and implications for future educational initiatives.

Malaysian Science Teachers’ Tech-infused Instruction and Assessment Strategies

Science education consistently displays unique traits shaped by evolving educational landscapes, as well as global trends and developments. Despite global enthusiasm for technology in education, there is a notable dearth of studies on Malaysian science teachers' skills in integrating instructional technology. Studies in this region seldom delve deeply into the use of specific Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools and web platforms in teaching and assessment, indicating a significant gap in the literature on technology integration in Malaysian science classrooms. This paper presents a study carried out involving a survey of 36 science teachers across 16 secondary schools in a district in Kelantan, one of the eastern states in Malaysia. It aimed to achieve the following research objectives: 1) To examine science teachers’ use of digital tools and technology in lesson planning and the development of educational materials; 2) To investigate science teachers’ incorporation of technology into their science instruction; and 3) To determine how technology is integrated into the science assessment and reporting process. The findings reveal a high level of digital resourcefulness among teachers, contrasting with prior studies that indicated minimal technological integration in Malaysian classrooms. Teachers predominantly relied on web resources like YouTube and online textbooks for lesson planning, while Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides were frequently used in instruction. Google Classroom and Quizizz were identified as the most common platforms in science assessments. The findings highlight a significant shift in technology usage, advocating for continued professional development, collaborative networks, and policy reforms to further integrate technology into science education. It also suggests that future studies should focus on more specific aspects of technology use, aiming to enhance its impact on teaching methodologies and curriculum alignment, thus making a significant contribution to the discourse on instructional technology in Malaysian science education.

In situ 3D printing of stem cell in regenerative medicine takes future center stage

There are many services 3D printing (3DP) supplies for the medical domain with a view to ameliorate and keep patients' lifetimes. 3DP in medicine has authorized customization, prototyping, industrialization, and study. The regions of implementation include surgical elaboration, prostheses, dental, 3DP of tissues and organs, medicament doses and pharmacology, and makings of medical agents and instruments. 3DP technology is conceivable utilized for manufacturing exact copies of human anatomic matters, moving a worthy function in pathology education, veterinary anatomy schooling, zoological models cloning, duplication of scarce museum samples, and printing of stem cell and tissue facts from confocal microscopic examinations. 3DP technology can be applied to surrogate human organ transplants and to make patient-definite organ duplicates that surgeons can be utilized to exercise on before implementing complex surgeries. In this paper according to Laila M. Montaser deep expertise in liver tissue engineering, might be a prospective futurity settlement to scalability of the liver transplant which may alleviate the troubles linked with the organ lack, may recovery liver failures and may outputs skillfully functional organ to be planted or applied as an instrument located out the body, as a pragmatic pattern for medicament checking, beside for the investigation of pathological diseases such as liver cancer and cirrhosis. This was the abstract of Montaser keynote invited speech which was recorded and submitted to the 3DP Conference and Expo 2020, Nov 18-20, Seoul, Korea entitled “Application of 3D printing in Regenerative Medicine”. This symposium was sponsored by the 3DP Conference and Expo Seoul - A new era of advanced manufacturing. The first day of the conference, November 18, was held as an in-person seminar in Seoul (KINTEX), Korea whereas the second day of the conference, November 19, was an on-line (recorded) seminar without gathering onsite. Her pre-recorded presentation (PowerPoint slides with her recorded voice) was broadcasted on the second day of the conference with Korean translation. This manuscript shows Montaser future vision possible bio Nanomaterial scaffolds fabricated by the two most widely used techniques, namely, electrospinning and 3DP of future directions for in situ 3D bioprinting. The aim of this paper is to highlight the attention given by a feminist scientist to in situ 3DP technology literacy of stem cells as a new, innovative and revolutionary technique.