Power Factor Research Articles

The Experimental Study on the Thermoelectric Properties of Sputtered Amorphous Molybdenum Disulfide Films

ABSTRACT Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a promising two-dimensional material, has attracted significant attention due to its unique electronic and thermal properties, making it a potential thermoelectric material Extensive research is underway to improve the thermoelectric properties of MoS2 by enhancing the figure of merit (ZT). However, there is currently limited research on the effects of thickness and temperature on the thermoelectric properties of MoS2 films prepared by magnetron sputtering. In this paper, amorphous MoS2 films with different thicknesses were first deposited using magnetron sputtering, ranging from 43nm to 231nm. The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance (FDTR) system was established to measure the thermal conductivity of MoS2 film. The experimental results indicate a thermal conductivity range of 0.49 to 0.53W/m·K, with thickness showing minimal impact. The thermal boundary conductance between the sputter-deposited MoS2 film and the SiO2 substrate is measured at 12±5MW/m2 ·K. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient were measured in the temperature range of 300 K to 450 K using LSR-3 equipment. The results indicate that the MoS2 films prepared in this study were all p-type semiconductors, with electrical properties increasing with temperature. Within the temperature range of 300–430 K, the power factor of all films increases with the rise in temperature, reaching a maximum value of 0.36 µW/cm·K2

Cascaded AC-DC parallel boost-flyback converter for power factor correction

A two-stage power factor correction (PFC) topology achieves a higher power factor quality and lower harmonic distortion than a single-stage converter. This paper introduces a two-stage PFC topology using a parallel boost and flyback converter which is employed as a voltage regulator The main boost converter is used for PFC and the other is the active filter circuit. The filter is implemented to improve the quality of phase-current and eliminate the switching loss. Furthermore, a reaction curve of Ziegler-Nichol’s method determines the controller parameter for cascaded PFC converter circuit. Simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed method. The total harmonic distortion (THD) value decreases significantly from 83.35% become 0.98% in the simulation. In addition, experimental results show that the current response has good performances, including less harmonics, higher power factor, and lower THD value compared to without a PFC circuit. The PF increased from 0.43 become 0.96, the THD value decreased from 49.4% become 16.2%, and contains a small number of harmonics. The proposed controller method has better responses than the conventional one, including small steady-state error, fast rise time and settling time. A microcontroller (MCU), type STM32F407VG, produced by STMicroelectronics is used to execute the proposed control in both converters.

Scrutinizing the electronic structure, magnetic, mechanical, thermodynamic, optical and thermoelectric properties of lead-free hafnium based Hf2VP (P = Si, Sn) full Heusler alloys

The study of energy harvesting and thermoelectric materials has drawn more attention in the last several years. The great thermal stability of these materials is advantageous for thermoelectric devices, in addition to their structural capacity for showcasing and incorporating diverse novel concepts to augment the thermoelectric figure of merit. In the current study, we have predicted the physical properties of Hf2VP (P = Si, Sn) Heuslers using density functional theory in conjunction with the Boltzmann transport scheme. The strength and ductility of these materials are ascertained by simulating elastic characteristics The exchange correlation potential is handled via the modified Becke–Johnson potential (mBJ) and the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE). Near the Fermi level, the band profiles for Hf2VSi and Hf2VSn Heuslers were found to be n-type indirect band-gap respectively. The thermodynamic stability of these materials is approved by the formation and cohesive energy. The relationships between different transport parameters are predicted using the band occupation and density of states in the post DFT treatment. Slack’s equation has identified the most significant lattice component of heat conductivity with great precision. These materials are likely to find use in the design of memory devices and future thermoelectric and energy harvesting materials due to their half-metallic nature and efficient thermoelectric parameters, such as electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, power factor, and ZT.

Linearization of Photovoltaic Cell Single Diode Equivalent Circuit Model Using Piecewise Linear Parallel Branches Model and Findin Fill Factor

In this article, the linearization and analysis of the Photovoltaic (PV) cell single diode equivalent circuit model have been performed. The diode element in the PV cell equivalent circuit model is a nonlinear component. The nonlinear PV cell single diode model has been linearized using the piecewise linear parallel branches model. In addition, the maximum power and fill factor (FF) of the PV cell have been determined based on the equivalent circuit parameters. Thevenin theorem was used in this analysis process. For this theorem to apply, the circuit must have a linear characteristic. The linearization of the nonlinear diode element has been achieved through the piecewise linear parallel branches model (PLPBM). In practice, the aim is to transfer the maximum power (Pmax) from the PV cell. Another important parameter of the PV solar cell is the FF. The FF is used to describe the general behavior of a solar PV cell. This factor is used to determine the quality of the solar PV cell. The FF provides information about the quality and efficiency of the solar cell. In a low FF scenario, the value of the series resistance is high, while the value of the parallel resistance is low. The FF of typical PV cells ranges between 50% and 82%. In the analysis conducted in the article, the FF of the PV solar cell was found to be 74%.

Late Endovascular Treatment for Ischemic Stroke with Moderate to Large Infarct Volume is Associated with a Better Clinical Prognosis.

The concept of "time is brain" is crucial for the reperfusion therapy of ischemic stroke. However, the Infarct Growth Rate (IGR) varies among individuals, which is regarded as a more powerful factor than the time when determining infarct volume and its association with clinical outcomes. For stroke patients with a similar infarct volume, a longer time from stroke Onset to Imaging (OTI) correlates with a lower IGR, which may indicate a better prognosis. This study aimed to compare the prognoses of patients with anterior circulation stroke who received Endovascular Treatment (EVT), specifically comparing early EVT vs. late EVT. We analyzed 255 patients with acute anterior circulation stroke due to large vessel occlusion and who have successfully undergone recanalization after EVT. All patients were divided into the late (OTI≥6 hours) and early (<6 hours) time window groups and compared. The primary outcome was moderate functional prognosis, defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤3 at 90 days. The secondary outcome was No Significant Infarct Expansion (NSIE), defined as a reduction of less than 2 points on the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). In the moderate to large infarct subgroup, the late time window EVT was independently associated with a higher rate of moderate functional outcome (P =0.007) and NSIE (P =0.001); mediation analysis showed that NSIE partially mediated the effects of the late time window EVT on moderate functional outcome (coefficient: 0.112, 95% CI: 0.051 to 0.239, P =0.011); however, these associations were not consistent in the small infarct group. For anterior circulation stroke patients who received EVT according to current guidelines, those with moderate to large infarct volume and having a longer OTI had better clinical outcomes than those who had a shorter OTI and were more suitable for EVT.

Screening of Coulombic Interactions To Achieve a Higher Power Factor in Conjugated Polymers.

Thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers typically suffer from molecular chain disordering, as charge transport is predominantly controlled by morphology. This is especially more problematic when counterions are introduced to tune the carrier concentration for optimal thermoelectric performance, which disturbs the morphology further. In this work, we introduce a new avenue for enhancing thermoelectric properties without needing to regulate the morphology, namely, by controlling the coulombic interaction between polarons and counterions. We perform in situ de-doping thermoelectric experiments over 3 orders of magnitude change in electrical conductivity of three distinct thermoelectric polymers, namely, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), poly[2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT-C12), and poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)] (OD-PDPP2T-TT) conjugated polymers, followed by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) to study their respective morphologies. We demonstrate a 9-fold enhancement in the thermoelectric power factor in OD-PDPP2T-TT compared to PBTTT-C12 and link it to the coulombic screening of charge carriers, including in the optimally doped regime. We support this hypothesis using Boltzmann transport equations and show that, in both P3HT and PBTTT-C12, as the polymer is doped, impurity scattering remains the dominant scattering mechanism, while in OD-PDPP2T-TT, the scattering mechanism changes from impurity to acoustic phonon limited, resulting in more effective screening of ionized counterions. Our results provide an additional knob to enhance the fundamental understanding of thermoelectric physics of conducting polymers and provide a pathway to achieve higher performance in the field of organic thermoelectrics.

Exploring Factors Driving Consumer’s Purchase Intention Towards Electric Two-Wheelers

This study investigates the consumer purchase intentions towards electric two-wheelers in Kathmandu Valley. The research examines the roles of environmental concerns, perceived economic benefits, social influence, and charging infrastructure. Data were collected from 400 respondents through a structured questionnaire survey, and hierarchical multiple regression was used for the causal analysis. Results indicate that environmental concerns are a strong motivator for adopting e-bikes, highlighting the potential for leveraging environmental benefits in marketing strategies. Perceived economic benefits also play a crucial role, suggesting that financial incentives could enhance e-bike appeal. Social influence emerged as a powerful factor, indicating that endorsements from peers and social networks can significantly shape purchase intentions. Despite these positive influences, high initial costs and inadequate charging infrastructure remain significant barriers. The study suggests that addressing these barriers through targeted interventions such as subsidies, improved charging infrastructure, and public awareness campaigns, is essential for promoting e-bike adoption. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders to design strategies that support the transition to sustainable transportation, contributing to a cleaner environment and improved public health in Kathmandu Valley.

Dynamic to Static Model Comparison and Hybrid Metaheuristic Optimization in Induction Motor Parameter Estimation

This paper presents a comprehensive study of parameter estimation for three-phase induction motors (IMs) using hybrid optimization methods and a comparative evaluation of static and dynamic modeling approaches. A hybrid metaheuristic combining the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is developed to identify optimal motor parameters efficiently. The approach utilizes a static model for rapid estimation, with final parameter values validated against a dynamic model to ensure accuracy in operational predictions. Results confirm that the static model provides robust parameter estimates for key performance metrics, including torque, power factor, and current, aligning well with experimental results from real-motor no-load tests. Parameters estimated by the proposed method demonstrate a high adherence with the motor real measurements. Comparisons also reveal the limitations of static models in scenarios requiring state-space accuracy, such as observer-based control applications. This study concludes by recommending further exploration of alternative motor modeling structures and the hybrid optimization algorithm for parameter estimation.

Predicting Thermoelectric Performance of AlGaSbAs-based Systems for Thermo-photovoltaic Cell Applications

Abstract The development of high-performance thermoelectric (TE) materials is critical for advancing thermo-photovoltaic (TPV) technologies. To evaluate TE properties of AlGaSbAs-based systems, highlighting their potential for efficient thermal energy conversion in TPV cell applications, this paper explores and selects a new material that predict TE performance of TPV system while ensuring environmental sustainability. The study further delves into material-specific performance with a case study on AlGaSbAs, including thermal conductivity, bandgap (Eg) engineering and figure of merit using a Python simulation tool to improve the TPV cells' quantum efficiency and thermal stability. Using such a predictive computational framework, key TE parameters are quantified: figure of merit (ZT ~ 1.5–2.5), Seebeck coefficient (S: 150–300 μV/K), electrical conductivity (103–104 S/m), and thermal conductivity (κl of 0.91W/mK at 1100 K). Suitable Eg of Al0.125Ga0.875Sb0.75As0.25 (0.554 eV) ensures alignment with mid-infrared photon energies, optimizing energy conversion in TPV systems operating at 500–1200 K. Innovations include alloy engineering to enhance phonon scattering, nanostructuring to minimize lattice thermal conductivity (κl), and doping strategies to boost power factor. This study establishes AlGaSbAs as a scalable, thermally stable, and environmentally friendly material for next-generation TPV systems, providing a pathway for integrated TE and photovoltaic energy conversion solutions. The results showed that the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature following a trend where it is inversely proportional to temperature which is beneficial as it suggests reduced heat loss at higher temperatures. S coefficient showed a linear increasing trend with the increasing of temperature demonstrating that the material becomes more effective at converting temperature differences into electrical voltage at higher temperatures. With controlling thermal parameters and selecting of the most suitable material, the efficiency of AlGaSbAs-based TPV cells can be significantly improved, making them more viable for high-temperature applications.

Advancing Thermoelectrics in Lead‐Free Rhombohedral GeTe via Interfacial Engineering With MXene

AbstractLead‐containing GeTe‐based thermoelectric (TE) materials exhibit outstanding performance, but the toxicity of lead (Pb) limits their practical applications. Lead‐free GeTe‐based TE materials present a promising alternative for environmentally sustainable and scalable applications. Here, Bi doping is used to reduce the majority carrier concentration in GeTe, combined with uniform incorporation of nanoscale layered MXene via high‐energy ball milling. This approach significantly enhances the structural symmetry of GeTe, while MXene further reduces carrier concentration and improves carrier mobility. Consequently, the Ge0.93Bi0.07Te‐0.6 mass% MXene sample achieves an impressive average power factor of ≈28.40 µW m−1 K−2 across 303–603 K. Moreover, point defects, multilayer nanostructures, and grain boundaries reduce thermal conductivity to ≈1.04 W m−1 K−1 at 603 K. A maximum ZTmax of ≈2.1 at 603 K, an average ZTavg of ≈1.1, and a Vickers microhardness of ≈ 236.75 Hv are obtained. In particular, a high power density of ≈1.54 W cm−2 and a maximum conversion efficiency of ≈7.5% at a temperature difference of 300 K are achieved in a 7‐pair TE module. These outcomes represent the highest performance levels for lead‐free GeTe‐based materials. This work uncovers a straightforward method to enhance the structural symmetry of GeTe‐based compounds, providing insights for advancing lead‐free TE technologies.

Solid-State Transformers: A Review—Part II: Modularity and Applications

The Solid-State Transformer (SST) is a complex conversion device that intends to replace the Low-Frequency Transformers (LFTs) used in various power applications with Medium- or High-Frequency Transformers (MFTs/HFTs) that integrate modular converter structures as their input and output stages. The purpose is to obtain additional capabilities, such as power factor correction, voltage control, and interconnection of distributed supplies, among others, while reducing the overall volume. Given the expansive research conducted in this area in the past years, the volume of information available is large, so the main contribution of this paper is a new method of classification based on the modular construction of the SST derived from its applications and available constructive degrees of freedom. This paper can be considered the second part of a broader review in which the first part presented the fundamental converter roles and topologies. As a continuation, this paper aims to expand the definition of modularity to the entire SST structure and analyze how the converters can be combined in order to achieve the desired SST functionality. Three areas of interest are chosen: partitioning of power, phase modularity, and port configuration. The partitioning of power analyzes the fundamental switching cells and the arrangement of the converters across stages. Phase modularity details the construction of multiphase-system SSTs. Finally, the types of input/output ports, their placements, and roles are discussed. These characteristics are presented together with the applications in which they were suggested to give a broader context.

A PFC Control Management to Improve the Efficiency of DC-DC Converters

This paper presents a novel technique for controlling the Power Factor Correction (PFC) of a two-stage converter. The proposed solution operates the PFC in a special intermittent mode at a medium or light load. As a result, the flyback converter stage can be optimized to operate within a tight input voltage range, thus obtaining better efficiency and more compactness compared to a traditionally controlled two-stage converter. Circuit models of the converter have been developed to test the goodness of the proposed solution.

In dopant enabled resonant level for thermoelectric enhancements in PbSnGeTe3

Resonant level engineering is an effective strategy to increase the Seebeck coefficient of thermoelectric semiconductors for high performance. Herein, we report a significant enhancement of the thermoelectric performance of PbSnGeTe3 over a wide temperature region through the In doping induced resonant level. Due to the simultaneously strengthened effective mass by inducing resonant levels nearby the Fermi level and decreased carrier concentration, a considerably improved Seebeck coefficient is obtained in In-doped PbSnGeTe3 and thereby the greatly increased power factor. The decreased carrier concentrations resulting from In substitution can also suppress the electronic thermal conductivity for a decreased thermal conductivity. The enhanced power factor and reduced thermal conductivity finally contribute to an extraordinarily high average ZT of 0.93 between 300 and 773 K in PbSnGeTe3. These observations demonstrate the viability of resonant levels in advancing thermoelectric materials with intrinsically high carrier concentrations.

Trace Yb doping-induced cationic vacancy clusters enhance thermoelectrics in P-type PbTe

Alloying has been widely used to enhance thermoelectric (TE) performance, but achieving high TE performance remains challenging due to strong coupling between electrical and thermal transport in lead telluride-based materials. In this Letter, trace doping of the rare earth element Yb in a Pb0.95Na0.04Te matrix effectively regulates charge carriers by competing with cation vacancies. This mechanism optimizes carrier concentration and phonon scattering, resulting in a high power factor of ∼27 μW cm−1 K−2 and a low lattice thermal conductivity of ∼0.42 W m−1 K−1 at 823 K in Pb0.94Na0.04Yb0.01Te. First-principles calculations reveal that Yb doping induces local lattice distortions in PbTe, potentially forming pseudo-nanostructures in localized regions. This strategy leads to a peak zT of ∼2.4 at 823 K and an average zT of ∼1.4 from 303 to 823 K in Pb0.94Na0.04Yb0.01Te. Our findings suggest that the competition between dopant cations and cation vacancies reduces thermal conductivity via local lattice distortions while simultaneously improving electrical conductivity at high temperatures. This synergistic control of electrical and thermal transport offers an approach for boosting zT in TE materials.

Optimized Interface Engineering Enhances Carrier and Phonon Scattering for Superior Thermoelectric Performance in Yb-Filled Skutterudites.

Thermoelectric (TE) performance in materials is often constrained by the strong coupling between carrier and phonon transport, necessitating trade-offs between electrical and thermal properties that limit improvements in the figure of merit (zT). Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to achieve simultaneous energy filtering and enhanced phonon scattering, effectively optimizing the TE properties of CoSb3-based skutterudites. By introducing Cu2Te nanoprecipitates into the Yb0.3Co4Sb12 matrix, interfacial barriers are formed, which selectively filter low-energy charge carriers, significantly improving the Seebeck coefficient while maintaining high carrier mobility. As a consequence, a substantial enhancement of the power factor occurs. Furthermore, the multiscale precipitates inhibit grain boundary migration, leading to grain refinement, and effectively scatter phonons, consequently decreasing the lattice thermal conductivity. These synergistic improvements in electronic and phonon transport yield a peak zT of ∼1.47 at 823 K for the Yb0.3Co4Sb12 + 0.5%Cu2Te sample. Furthermore, a fabricated 7-pair TE module attains a maximum conversion efficiency of ∼6.1% under a temperature difference of 400 K. This work introduces a straightforward and effective approach for designing high-performance TE material systems through the collaborative tuning of electrical and thermal properties.

Risk of ineffective treatment for diabetic retinopathy of different stages and prognostic factors that determine it

Background. The purpose was to study the effectiveness of diabetic retinopathy (DR) treatment with different methods and to establish prognostic indicators of its failure. Materials and me­thods. A total of 358 patients (358 eyes) with type 2 diabetes were examined and divided into groups: 1 — with non-proliferative DR (NPDR; 189 eyes), 2 — with preproliferative DR (PPDR; 96 eyes) and 3 — with proliferative DR (PDR; 73 eyes). The central retinal thickness and central retinal volume were determined by optical coherence tomography; serum fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, high-, low- and very-low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, fibrinogen — by colorimetric method; coagulation hemostasis parameters were evaluated as well. Patients were followed for 2 years with conservative, laser, surgical treatment and anti-VEGF therapy. The study results were analyzed using the EZR v. 1.54 package (Austria). Results. Conservative treatment was effective in 54.5 % of patients with NPDR. In PPDR and PDR, 98.8 % of patients showed slow or rapid progression of retinopathy after treatment. The independent factors that determined the failure of treatment for NPDR were the patient’s age, diabetes duration, blood cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin levels, as well as activated plasma recalcification time and thrombin time. The independent factors that determined the ineffectiveness of treatment for PPDR and PDR were blood triglycerides, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Conclusions. Lipid metabolism disorders and coagulation homeostasis were powerful factors in the progression of DR and treatment failure. The ineffectiveness of NPDR treatment increased with age and duration of diabetes.

Achieving Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity and High Thermoelectric Performance in Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 Alloys via Introducing Organic & Inorganic Nanoparticles.

N-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3(BTS) is a state-of-the-art thermoelectric material owing to its excellent thermoelectric properties near room temperatures for commercial applications. However, its performance is restricted by its comparatively low figure of merit ZT. Here, it is shown that a 14% increase in power factor (PF) (at 300 K) can be reached through incorporation of inorganic GaAs nanoparticles due to enhanced thermopower originating from the energy-dependent carrier scattering. Besides, further incorporation of organic nanophase PEDOT: PSS can reduce its lattice thermal conductivity by 59% due to the strong scattering of middle- and low-frequency phonons. As a result, a peak ZT value of ZTmax ≈ 1.31 (at 373 K) and an average ZTave ≈ 1.10 (300-473 K) are achieved for the BTS/(0.4 wt.% GaAs + 0.5 wt.% PEDOT: PSS) sample. The present work demonstrates that incorporation of organic-inorganic nanophase is an effective way to improve the performance of BTS.

Computational-Fluid-Dynamics-Based Optimization of Wavy-Slit Fin Geometry in Indoor Units of Air Conditioners Using Low-Global-Warming-Potential Refrigerants

This study explores the optimization of wavy-slit fins in the indoor units of air conditioners that use low-global-warming-potential refrigerants, with a focus on the interactions between slit length, width, and height. A response surface method was employed to analyze the trade-offs between thermal performance and pressure loss, and numerical optimization was performed using two objective functions: pumping power and volume goodness factor (Gv). The results demonstrated that optimizing the slits’ geometry significantly enhanced overall performance. For pumping power, a minimum point was observed near the design boundaries, which underscores the critical role of geometric interactions. The flow and temperature field analysis under fixed heat-duty conditions revealed substantial flow separation caused by the slits, enhanced mixing between the upper and lower surfaces, and a reduction of up to 2.05% in pumping power. In contrast, the Gv optimization model exhibited a more uniform flow, reducing flow separation beyond the pipe and improving the Gv by 1.85%, although it led to an increase in pumping power. These findings highlight the potential that tailored slit fin designs have to achieve a balanced enhancement in heat transfer and aerodynamic performance, offering valuable insights for the development of efficient, low-environmental-impact air conditioning systems.

Risk score stratification of cutaneous melanoma patients based on whole slide images analysis by deep learning.

There is a need to improve risk stratification of primary cutaneous melanomas to better guide adjuvant therapy. Taking into account that haematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained tumour tissue contains a huge amount of clinically unexploited morphological informations, we developed a weakly-supervised deep-learning approach, SmartProg-MEL, to predict survival outcomes in stages I to III melanoma patients from HE-stained whole slide image (WSI). We designed a deep neural network that extracts morphological features from WSI to predict 5-y overall survival (OS), and assign a survival risk score to each patient. The model was trained and validated on a discovery cohort of primary cutaneous melanomas (IHP-MEL-1, n = 342). Performance was tested on two external and independent datasets (IHP-MEL-2, n = 161; and TCGA cohort n = 63). It was compared with well-established prognostic factors. Concordance index (c-index) was used as a metric. On the discovery cohort, the SmartProg-MEL predicts the 5-y OS with a c-index of 0.78 on the cross-validation data and of 0.72 on the cross-testing series. In the external cohorts, the model achieved a c-index of 0.71 and 0.69 for the IHP-MEL-2 and TCGA dataset respectively. Furthermore, SmartProg-MEL was an independent and the most powerful prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (HR = 1.84, p-value < 0.005). Finally, the model was able to dichotomize patients in two groups-a low and a high-risk group-each associated with a significantly different 5-y OS (p-value < 0.001 for IHP-MEL-1 and p-value = 0.01 for IHP-MEL-2). The performance of our fully automated SmartProg-MEL model outperforms the current clinicopathological factors in terms of prediction of 5-y OS and risk stratification of cutaneous melanoma patients. Incorporation of SmartProg-MEL in the clinical workflow could guide the decision-making process by improving the identification of patients that may benefit from adjuvant therapy.

Conditions for Thermoelectric Power Factor Improvements upon Band Alignment in Complex Bandstructure Materials

Conditions for Thermoelectric Power Factor Improvements upon Band Alignment in Complex Bandstructure Materials