Power Energy Storage Devices Research Articles

Prognostics and Health Management for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion: State of the Art and Challenges

Abstract In recent years, the aviation industry has witnessed a transformative wave of innovation in electrified aircraft propulsion (EAP), driven by sustainability and efficiency goals. Integration of novel electrical subsystems, including high-voltage power electronics, motors/generators, and energy storage devices, has introduced intricate complexities. In this context, an intensified focus on Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is imperative, considering the heightened reliability needs in a transportation propulsion application. This paper analyzes the current state-of-the-art in PHM applicable to various EAP systems and components crucial for the functioning of electric aircraft. Typical fault modes and fault management strategies are analyzed at various levels of systems hierarchy. An integral aspect of our investigation involves the identification of critical gaps within existing PHM frameworks, guiding the research agenda for enhanced reliability and performance. Moreover, the distributed nature and complexity of EAP systems underscore the importance of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). We advocate for the exploration of MBSE not only to inform the design of PHM solutions but also to facilitate certification and Verification and Validation activities. Additionally, the paper offers insights into existing tools and simulation software capable of integrating traditional gas turbine modules with electric subsystems, as well as simulating various faulty conditions in EAP relevant to PHM development. Key gaps in these tools are emphasized, drawing attention to areas that require further refinement and development. This comprehensive exploration aims to pave the way for future advancements in PHM tailored for the unique challenges posed by EAP systems.

Advances in Energy Harvesting Technologies for Wearable Devices.

The development of wearable electronics is revolutionizing human health monitoring, intelligent robotics, and informatics. Yet the reliance on traditional batteries limits their wearability, user comfort, and continuous use. Energy harvesting technologies offer a promising power solution by converting ambient energy from the human body or surrounding environment into electrical power. Despite their potential, current studies often focus on individual modules under specific conditions, which limits practical applicability in diverse real-world environments. Here, this review highlights the recent progress, potential, and technological challenges in energy harvesting technology and accompanying technologies to construct a practical powering module, including power management and energy storage devices for wearable device developments. Also, this paper offers perspectives on designing next-generation wearable soft electronics that enhance quality of life and foster broader adoption in various aspects of daily life.

Interfacial Insights into the Polarization Protocol: Toward Reducing Corrosion and Improving the Cycle Life of Electrochemical Capacitors.

The number of scientific publications on the impact of corrosion on current collectors on the working parameters of electrochemical capacitors is very limited. The aim of current research is to search for new, environmentally friendly chemical power sources and energy storage devices and to improve existing ones. Therefore, this article presents a simple and effective way to improve the life of a symmetric electrochemical capacitor by changing the direction of electrode polarization, which in turn inhibits the corrosion of the current collector. This slows the degradation of current collectors of positive electrode over long durations. However, activated carbon electrode corrosion also occurs. Experiments on capacitors with stainless steel and gold current collectors indicate that the lifespan of the latter is much longer than that of the former. Therefore, current collector corrosion has a distinct and detrimental impact on electrochemical capacitor operation. Moreover, the research results indicate that carbon corrosion results from current collector corrosive damage.

Integration of Machine Learning with Statistical Variation Analysis for Ferroelectric Transistor (FE-MOSFETs)

This paper investigates a comparative analysis of technology computer-aided design (TCAD) versus machine learning (ML) technique for ferroelectric-based substrate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (FE-MOSFET), which shows the low power energy storage device and ML algorithms reduce the time or overall process. The simulations carried out through TCAD require approximately 44–46 days, encompassing variations in input parameters like gate work function ([Formula: see text]), doping concentration ([Formula: see text]), channel doping ([Formula: see text]), gate-to-source voltage ([Formula: see text]), and drain-to-source voltage ([Formula: see text]). In order to lower the computing cost of numerical TCAD device simulations, a new ML-assisted technique is provided for studying the FE-MOSFET. To reduce the runtime of physics-based TCAD by about 10–12[Formula: see text]h for each iteration, a ML-based prediction alternative is created. The proposed combination of TCAD device simulation and ML algorithms is the future of the next generation of electronics.

Scalable Strategy for High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitor and Battery‐Type Electrode Materials

Compact, lightweight, and powerful energy storage devices are urgently needed in more and more fields. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) as hybrid supercapacitors and battery‐type electrode materials play an important role in energy storage devices. Herein, a method for large‐scale production of electrode materials via simple ball milling with or without dispersant is shown and demonstrates the relationship between performance and particle size of the ternary hydroxide precursor. When the dispersant is added, the secondary particles are effectively broken, on the basis of which it is found that preventing the primary particles from agglomerating into secondary particles is the key to improving the specific capacitance of the material. In addition, the effect of different milling balls on the morphology and electrochemical properties of NCM811‐OH with dispersants is investigated. When dispersant is added and NCM‐OH‐S is used for ball milling, the secondary particles can be more effectively broken. In the comparative experiments with different Ni contents, Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2 shows the best electrochemical performance (1,417 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), indicating that the material with moderate Ni content has the optimized electrochemical performance. These findings provide a new avenue for large‐scale production of high‐performance LDH electrode materials.

Convection Cooling Enhancement for Energy Conversion Systems Using Rhombic-Dodecahedral-Zeolitic-Imidazolate-Framework-8-Nanotextured Surfaces

Evaporative cooling is an efficient approach for removing heat from nuclear reactors, solar power plants, solar panels, and energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells. Nanotextured surfaces can provide improved evaporative cooling by increasing the total surface area to enhance the heat transfer rate and reducing the temperatures of local hotspots. In this study, we introduced rhombic dodecahedral zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF8), a class of metal-organic frameworks, via impregnation to create nanotextured surfaces. The impregnation time was varied to obtain various thicknesses of ZIF8. We found that the increased surface area of ZIF8 improved convection cooling, which considerably reduced the temperature of the heated substrate. Air, mist (buoyant aerosols), and spray (inertial droplets) were independently used as coolants to compare the cooling performance of noncoated (bare) and ZIF8-coated substrates. Compared to the noncoated substrate, the optimal ZIF8 film yielded temperature reductions of Δ T = 13 °C and 10°C for air and spray cooling, respectively.

On the Viability of Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide as Electrolyte Salt for Use in Lithium‐Ion Capacitors

AbstractLithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) represent promising high‐power energy storage devices, most commonly composed of a lithium‐ion intercalation anode (e. g., graphite or hard carbon), a supercapacitor activated carbon (AC) cathode, and an electrolyte with 1 M LiPF6 in carbonate solvents. LiPF6 is susceptible to hydrolysis, forming HF, which leads to challenges for disassembly and recycling, risks during hazardous events, and extensive energy consumption during production. Here, we report on the feasibility of replacing LiPF6 with the non‐hydrolysing salt LiFSI for use with AC electrodes. Based on voltage hold measurements in a half‐cell setup, good long‐term stability is achieved with an upper cut‐off voltage of 3.95 V vs. Li/Li+, potentially enabling cell voltages of ~3.8 V when combined with graphite or silicon‐based anodes (operating at ~0.1 V vs. Li/Li+) in LIC full cells. The lower cut‐off voltage was determined to be 2.15 V vs. Li/Li+. The systematic comparison of CV, leakage current analysis and capacity retention upon voltage hold highlights the importance of the latter method to provide a realistic assessment of the electrochemical stability window (ESW) of LiFSI on a commercial AC electrode. The morphological and surface‐chemical post‐mortem analysis of AC electrodes used with LiFSI revealed that the oxidation of the FSI anion, as evidenced by the presence of new S 2p and N 1s features in the XPS spectra, and an increasing number of oxygenated species on the AC were the main processes causing capacity fade at positive polarization.

Advances in WO3-Based Supercapacitors: State-of-the-Art Research and Future Perspectives.

Electrochemical energy storage devices are one of the main protagonists in the ongoing technological advances in the energy field, whereby the development of efficient, sustainable, and durable storage systems aroused a great interest in the scientific community. Batteries, electrical double layer capacitors (EDLC), and pseudocapacitors are characterized in depth in the literature as the most powerful energy storage devices for practical applications. Pseudocapacitors bridge the gap between batteries and EDLCs, thus supplying both high energy and power densities, and transition metal oxide (TMO)-based nanostructures are used for their realization. Among them, WO3 nanostructures inspired the scientific community, thanks to WO3's excellent electrochemical stability, low cost, and abundance in nature. This review analyzes the morphological and electrochemical properties of WO3 nanostructures and their most used synthesis techniques. Moreover, a brief description of the electrochemical characterization methods of electrodes for energy storage, such as Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) are reported, to better understand the recent advances in WO3-based nanostructures, such as pore WO3 nanostructures, WO3/carbon nanocomposites, and metal-doped WO3 nanostructure-based electrodes for pseudocapacitor applications. This analysis is reported in terms of specific capacitance calculated as a function of current density and scan rate. Then we move to the recent progress made for the design and fabrication of WO3-based symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors (SSCs and ASCs), thus studying a comparative Ragone plot of the state-of-the-art research.

EFFECT OF OPERATING TEMPERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RELAXOR-FERROELECTRIC PLZT FILMS-BASED POWER ENERGY-STORAGE DEVICES

Thermal stability is a key factor to determine the applicability of dielectric capacitors in the power energy-storage devices. The effects of operating temperature on the polarization hysteresis, energy-storage performance, and charge-discharge cycling stability of thin-film capacitors have been revealed in this study by investigating the relaxor Pb0.92La0.08(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PLZT) thin film grown on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a sol-gel spin-coating technique. The PLZT thin films demonstrate good thermal stability of polarization hysteresis and outstanding energy storage properties over a wide temperature range from room temperature to 150C. With increasing operating temperature up to 200C, the polarization hysteresis loops gradually become more slanted and slightly broaden. The fluctuation in recoverable energy density is less than 8%, and the change of energy-storage efficiency is less than 12% at 200C, which may be associated with the high dynamic polar nanoregions (PNRs) in relaxor ferroelectrics. At room temperature, PLZT thin film shows an excellent charge-discharge cycling life with fatigue-free performance after 1010 cycles in both discharge energy-storage density and energy-storage efficiency. However, the reduction of discharge energy-storage density and energy-storage efficiency, performed at an operating temperature of 200C, is about 18% after 1010 charge-discharge cycles. All these results suggest that such PLZT thin film capacitors are very attractive for energy-storage applications operating under high-temperature conditions.

Preparation of a TiO2/PEDOT nanorod film with enhanced electrochromic properties.

The designed growth of titanium dioxide (TiO2)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanorod arrays has been achieved by the combination of hydrothermal and electrodeposition methods. Due to the use of one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanorod arrays as the template of the nanocomposites (TiO2/PEDOT), the surface area of the active materials is enlarged and the diffusion distance of the ions is shortened. The nanorod structure also contributes to increasing the length of PEDOT conjugated chains and facilitates the transfer of electrons in the conjugated chains. Consequently, the TiO2/PEDOT film delivers a shorter response time (∼0.5 s), higher transmittance contrast (∼55.5%) and long-cycle stability compared to the pure PEDOT film. In addition, the TiO2/PEDOT electrode is further developed to be a smart bi-functional electrochromic device exhibiting energy storage performance. We expect that this work may lead to new designs for powerful intelligent electrochromic energy storage devices.

Novel Interconnected Nickel–Iron Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoweb Structure for High‐Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

AbstractMany emerging technologies urgently require powerful energy storage devices, and their development depends largely on advances in material performance to meet commercialization requirements. Here, the synthesis of a novel structure of a Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) interconnected nanoweb is achieved at low temperature (100 °C) using a wet‐chemistry synthesis method. The 3D porous structure consists of interconnected nanowires and produces a very high specific capacitance of 1656.0 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1, which is more than double that recorded for a conventional Ni–Fe LDH nanosheet with a wrinkled structure (787.2 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1). This superior performance is primarily attributed to the 3D porous structure, which provides a large surface area and facilitates electron transport along the interconnected nanowires, thereby shortening the electrolyte diffusion path. A hybrid supercapacitor using the Ni–Fe LDH nanoweb as the cathode material has a high capacitance of 56.2 F g−1 with an energy density of 20.0 Wh kg−1. This unique structure offers significant potential for the preparation of high‐performance supercapacitors and opens a new route for the structural design and development of high‐efficiency electrode materials in numerous energy storage fields.

A self-powered bridge health monitoring system driven by elastic origami triboelectric nanogenerator

Bridge health monitoring system can play a role in bridge safety early warning, fatigue diagnosis, and life prediction. However, traditional bridge health monitoring system relies on manpower or battery power supply, which challenges the real-time effectiveness of health monitoring sensors. Herein, we proposed a self-powered bridge health monitoring system based on the elastic origami structure triboelectric nanogenerator (EO-TENG) array. In detail, the self-powered bridge health monitoring system contains the self-powered bridge health data acquisition/processing modular and the NB-IoTs communication modular. The EO-TENG follows an elastic origami structure design and can convert the low-frequency impact vibration energy into multiple frequency current output. With the integrated PMC, the EO-TENG array can provide the stable direct current (DC) voltage on the external load. Furthermore, the EO-TENG array with power management circuit (PMC) and energy storage device can drive the data processing modular to obtain and process vibration signals from piezoelectric patch. The NB-IoTs communication modular can send the vibration information to the terminal. Our design can provide a new system framework for TENG device in the bridge monitoring field. This design will promote the application of TENGs in the bridge monitoring field.

Probing Local Ion Insertion through Strain-Current Correlation

Among different electrochemical energy storage devices, the ones that store a higher amount of energy (e.g., batteries) often undergo larger ion insertion-induced structural transformation and volume change, which results in lower rate performance. The ones that store a lower amount of energy (e.g., supercapacitors) usually show gradual structural change and smaller volume change. There is a strong correlation between electrochemistry and mechanical properties. Understanding the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling and controlling the ion insertion-induced strain is crucial for achieving high power and high energy storage devices. In-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) is well suited to tackle this task as it allows tracking local volume changes and other mechanical responses sub-nanometer spatial resolution under the conditions close to the device operationIn this work, we monitored electrode volume change via in-situ AFM and demonstrated the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling behaviors during proton insertion into WO3 materials. The concept of mechanical cyclic voltammetry (mCV) curves was developed, and the relationship between electrochemical current and strain was investigated with simplified models. The results revealed multiple ion-intercalation processes with different mechanical responses are involved during electrode cycling. Local heterogeneity was investigated via mCV mapping, confirming that the charging mechanisms varied across the electrode. These local variations could be further correlated to local morphology, crystal orientations, or chemical compositions. We further demonstrate that the mCV approach is applicable to a variety of energy storage materials (e.g., birnessite and MXene) with the increasing complexity of current-deformation relationships.The work was supported by the Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures, and Transport (FIRST), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Measurements were performed at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS), which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

Venting composition and rate of large-format LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 pouch power battery during thermal runaway

• Comprehensively analyze the gas composition generated by LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 cells. • Compare proportion of main gas of thermal runaway lithium batteries in studies. • Propose and compare three methods to obtain the venting rate. Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as a power supply and energy storage device, but safety issues such as thermal runaway still make the application not very optimistic. Venting is one of the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. The gas composition and venting rate is of far-reaching significance for evaluating the impact of batteries on the environment and people, predicting and simulating the development of thermal safety events. Therefore, in this study, a large-format pouch power battery (LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 ) was investigated for venting during thermal runaway, including composition and rate. The thermal runaway processes of 0%, 50%, and 100% SOC cells were analyzed according to the temperature, pressure, and video recordings. The gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to comprehensively identify the venting gas composition of cells. Results show that with the increase of SOC, the gas production composition of the battery became more complex, and the marked gas concentration was higher. The gas and heat production of the cells also increased accordingly. The gas production mechanism of the thermal runaway cells is revealed, and it is believed that the increase in the amount of lithium intercalation in the negative electrode enables more gas production reactions to occur more thoroughly. Besides, three methods for predicting the cell's venting rate based on mass loss, temperature and pressure changes, and gas concentration are compared.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of KVO/GO Composites as Anodes for Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries.

K0.25V2O5 (KVO) and K0.25V2O5/graphene oxide (KVO/GO) have been successfully synthesized by a chemical coprecipitation method and a subsequent calcination process. The structure and morphology of KVO and KVO/GO were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-obtained vanadate and vanadate modified by GO materials were used as anodes with LiMn2O4 as a cathode and saturated LiNO3 as an electrolyte to assemble an aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion battery (ARLB). The cyclic voltammogram curves of both KVO and KVO/GO electrodes exhibited three pairs of redox peaks corresponding to charge/discharge platforms. We found that a small amount of graphene oxide added improved the electrochemical performance more significantly than excess graphene oxide. The as-prepared KVO/GO//LiMn2O4 could not only improve the initial discharge capacity but could also reduce the attenuation at a high current density. Furthermore, the ARLB with a KVO/GO anode exhibited an excellent rate performance and super long cycle life. These good electrochemical properties of this new ARLB system actually provided feasibility for application in large-scale power sources and energy storage devices.

An optimal dispatch model for virtual power plant that incorporates carbon trading and green certificate trading

The grid connection of large-scale clean energy provides the possibility for the establishment of a clean energy system. The urgent problem that needs to be solved is how to improve the utilization efficiency of clean energy to reduce carbon emissions. First, the virtual power plant (VPP) operation mode under the carbon trading and green certificate trading mechanism is analyzed. Secondly, this paper incorporates carbon trading mechanism and green certificate trading mechanism into the optimal dispatch model of VPP including wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation, gas turbines and energy storage device. Taking the net profit of VPP as the optimization goal, which can take into account both economic and environmental protection. Based on whether VPP participates in carbon trading and green certificate trading, three schemes are established and compared and analyzed. In addition, to cope with the volatility of renewable energy, the utilization rates of the renewable energy output scenarios for four typical days under the three schemes were compared and analyzed. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the Self-Conclusion and Variational Particle Swarm Optimization (SCV-PSO) algorithm. The simulation results show that the VPP optimal scheduling model and solving algorithm proposed can effectively improve the utilization rate of renewable energy and reduce the carbon emission under the premise of ensuring economic efficiency. It can provide a useful reference for the low-carbon economic operation of the power system in the future.

Capacitor lifetime prolonged by addition of organic ammonium salt with cyclohexyl substituent and 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic anion

It is well known that the electrochemical corrosion negatively affects the functional properties of metal and steel materials that constitute a part of systems conducting electric charge. On the other hand, the phenomenon of corrosion is rarely associated with the degradation of chemical power sources and energy storage devices. This article is aimed to fill this gap by describing the effect demonstrated by a substituted ammonium salt with cyclohexyl substituent and 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate anion used as a corrosion inhibitor in symmetrical electrochemical capacitor system. The accelerated ageing test of capacitor systems has shown that the addition of substituted ammonium salt to capacitor electrolyte allows to extend the service lifetime of the entire system by inhibiting the corrosion of 316L stainless steel current collectors. The inhibitory effect of substituted ammonium salt additives on the electrochemical corrosion of 316L stainless steel surface has been also confirmed by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements.

Novel fuzzy 1PD-TI controller for AGC of interconnected electric power systems with renewable power generation and energy storage devices

The work prepared designs a novel fuzzy 1 + proportional + derivative-tilt + integral (F1PD-TI) controller and applies it to automatic generation control (AGC) of power systems (PSs) with renewable energy sources (RESs) based on solar thermal, wind and fuel cells. The capability of this unique controller is initially tested on a two-area reheat thermal power system and then on a multi-source two-area hydro-thermal power system. To avert the malfunction owing to improper controller parameters, input scaling factors and other parameters of the F1PD-TI controller are meticulously procured using salp swarm algorithm (SSA) by minimizing the value of integral squared error (ISE) criterion. The worth and contribution of SSA optimized F1PD-TI controller are proclaimed by comparing the results with those offered by several latest controllers. Investigations disclose that the advocated approach beats its serious rivals in terms of shorter settling time, less undershoot/overshoot and smaller ISE value of frequency and tie-line power deviations. As more realistic scenarios, RESs uncertainties in wind speed and solar irradiation are studied and energy storage devices are employed to remedy the problem of surplus/deficient power due to the RESs penetration. Moreover, nonlinearities from governor dead band and generation rate constraint are examined. We realize that significantly better performance and relatively easier design are prominent features of our proposal, which may render it a suitable candidate for practical applications.

A hybrid dynamic economic environmental dispatch model for balancing operating costs and pollutant emissions in renewable energy: A novel improved mayfly algorithm

This study proposes a hybrid dynamic economic environmental dispatch model combining thermal power units, wind turbines, photovoltaic and energy storage device to achieve the balance between operating costs and pollutant emissions under the premise of stabilizing the output of renewable energy. Most studies have addressed economic and environmental issues to optimize dispatch as more and more renewable energy is connected to the grid, while ignoring the stability of renewable energy output. Aiming to solve the problem of instability of renewable energy output, a wind-photovoltaic stable output strategy is proposed, and an energy storage device is used to control the dispatched power of renewable energy. The fitness function is improved and an improved mayfly (IMA) algorithm using chaotic initialization, inertia weight and mutation strategy is proposed to find the optimal solution, and the performance of the algorithm is verified on two systems with different configurations. In addition, constraints such as the power balance, output of each power generation device and energy storage device are considered. The results show that the operating costs of the IMA algorithm is 4.12%, 13.21% and 15.14% lower than those of the MA, MFO and PSO algorithms, and the proposed model using the IMA algorithm can effectively achieve the balance between economy and environment and obtain stable renewable energy output. This study provides a useful reference for the stable operation of power grid under a variety of renewable energy access conditions.

Research on optimal matching of renewable energy power generation system and ship power system

In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of multiple energy sources in renewable energy ships and improve the utilization rate of renewable energy and system economy, this paper studies the matching and optimization of renewable energy power generation system and ship power system. Firstly, the structure of renewable energy ship power system is introduced. Considering the natural conditions and the actual situation of the ship for the first time, the wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation and energy storage devices are configured in the ship power system. The objective function including system annual average cost and system reliability index is established. The constraint conditions are determined, and the system energy scheduling strategy is proposed. Then, the influence of the introduction of renewable energy generation system and energy storage device on the ship power system is analyzed. Finally, particle swarm optimization and improved algorithm are used to optimize and solve the configuration problem. The relationship between the loss of power supply probability and energy excess percentage in ship power system is analyzed for the first time, which provides a reference for the optimal allocation scheme of actual ship. The results are helpful to improve the economy and system reliability of renewable energy ships.