Powerful Contractions Research Articles

Demand charges reduction with photovoltaics in industry

Demand charges are widely used for commercial and industrial consumers. These costs are often not well known, let alone the effects that PV can have on them. This work proposes a methodology to assess the effect of PV on reducing these charges and to optimise the power to be contracted, using techniques taken from exploratory data analysis. This methodology is applied to five case studies of industrial consumers from different sectors in Spain, finding savings between 5 % and 11 % of demand charges in industries with continuous operation and up to 28 % in cases of discontinuous operation. These savings can be even greater if the maximum power that can be contracted is lower than the optimum. The demand charges in Spain consist of a fixed part proportional to the contracted power and a variable part depending on the power peaks exceeding it. Since for the variable part the coincident and non-coincident models coexist, a comparison is made between the two models, finding that in the general case PV users can achieve higher savings with the coincident model.

Optimization of the operations and maintenancefor wind farm using genetic algorithms

In Morocco, with the growing wind installed capacity it becomes crucial to perform further the O&M process, the wind assets are exposed to several constraints and raindom of maintenances for incidents. The target of this work is to optimize the gross and net production while simultaneously adhering to the minimum turbine unavailability and minimizing all contractual power curtailments due to unforeseeable factors. The proposed system is modeled using technical and mathematical formulas composed of the main function and the associated constraints. The project's modularization ends with a complex mathematical system that is non-linear, non-differentiable and requires the genetic algorithm for optimal resolution. Using Matlab to determine the optimized solution that represents the number of operational turbines per day, allowing for maximum production, minimizing curtailment, and reducing the unavailability of turbines. The 365-vector containing the numbers of turbines per day will opimally define the long-term O&M strategy.

Customer concentration and company risk‐taking: Effective contract or managerial power?

AbstractThis paper studies the relationship between customer concentration and company risk‐taking and its underlying application scopes. The results show that customer concentration is positively related to company risk‐taking. Additional analyses discuss the moderating effect of customer concentration on company risk‐taking from the perspectives of managers' characteristics and directors' characteristics. The view of effective contract is supported by all these results. This paper not only theoretically clarifies the underlying theoretical relationship between customer concentration and company risk‐taking but also provides empirical application situations for companies to design incentive contract and adjust risk‐taking level.

The effect of low-frequency fatigue on the torque-velocity relationship in human quadriceps.

Low-frequency fatigue (LFF) is usually defined as the decline in low:high-frequency force of electrically evoked isometric muscle contractions. The influence of LFF on dynamic muscle function is not well studied. Our aim was to assess the effect of LFF on the electrically evoked torque-velocity relationship in humans. Sixteen participants underwent a series of electrically evoked knee extensions in an isokinetic dynamometer to establish torque-velocity relationships at 15 and 50 Hz using isokinetic contractions. Hereafter, fatigue was induced by five sets of 10 repetitions of maximal voluntary dynamic knee extensions. After 30 min of rest, torque-velocity tests were repeated. Maximal torque (Fmax) was measured, whereas maximal contraction velocity (Vmax) and maximal power (Pmax) were estimated using Hill's force-velocity equation, 15:50 Hz ratios were calculated for Fmax, Vmax, and Pmax as markers of LFF. Fmax decreased by 40% at 15 Hz (P = 0.001) and by 15% at 50 Hz (P = 0.001) in the fatigued state. No significant change was detected for Vmax at 15 Hz [-2%, (P = 0.349)] or 50 Hz [+3% (P = 0.763)], whereas 15 and 50 Hz Pmax decreased by 30% (P = 0.004) and 10% (P = 0.008), respectively. Following the fatigue protocol, the 15:50 Hz Fmax ratio decreased by 31% (P < 0.001), indicating LFF. The 15:50 Hz Pmax ratio also decreased by 23% (P = 0.002), whereas the 15:50 Hz Vmax ratio was unchanged (P = 0.313). In conclusion, fatiguing contractions decreased Fmax and Pmax at both high and low stimulation frequencies, whereas Vmax appeared unaffected. Nevertheless, LFF influences power production during human dynamic contractions at a range of submaximal velocities.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Force-velocity relationships were established using either low- or high-frequency electrical stimulation before and after fatiguing voluntary eccentric/concentric contractions of the knee extensors. Low-frequency fatigue was assessed by the relative decrease in low- and high-frequency maximal torque, maximal shortening velocity, and maximal power estimated by the force-velocity relationship. Low-frequency fatigue manifests itself as a large decrease in low-frequency maximal force and power with a modest decrease in high-frequency maximal force and power. Contraction velocity does not seem to decrease in the same manner.

Weakened Contractile Performance and Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex Activity in Skeletal Muscle Improve during Interbout Arousal in Hibernating Daurian Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus dauricus

Mammalian hibernation is composed of multiple episodes of torpor bout, separated by phases of interbout arousal. During torpor, the skeletal muscles of mammals are undoubtedly inactive, but it has been proven to mitigate disuse atrophy. While interbout arousal has been implicated in the prevention of muscle atrophy, the underlying mechanisms sustaining muscle contraction remain to be explored. In the present study, Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) were divided into four groups: pre-hibernation (PRE), torpor (TOR), interbout arousal (IBA), and post-hibernation (POST). The contractile performance of slow-twitch soleus muscle (SOL) and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was detected both in situ and in vitro. Concurrently, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity in these muscles was quantified. Our findings revealed that in situ contractile properties of both muscles, including force, power output, time duration, and force development/relaxation rates of twitch contraction, and force and power output of tetanic contraction declined in the TOR group compared to the PRE group, but improved in the IBA and POST groups. Fatigue resistance of muscles, determined by the power output of repetitive tetanic contractions in situ, decreased in the TOR group but recovered in the IBA and POST groups. In vitro studies demonstrated that tetanic contraction power output in isolated muscles increased with muscle temperature in both TOR and IBA groups. However, at the same temperature, power output was consistently lower in the TOR group compared to the IBA group. Moreover, the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, especially Complexes I and II, decreased in the TOR group but showed recovery in the IBA and POST groups. These findings suggest that both the contractile performance and fatigue resistance of mammalian skeletal muscle are compromised during torpor but can be improved during interbout arousal and post-hibernation. The rebound in body temperature and rise in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity in skeletal muscle are involved in enhancing contractile performance and fatigue resistance. This study suggests that interbout arousal functions as a vital temporal interval during which skeletal muscles can transition from the inactivity induced by torpor to a state of restored contractile functionality. Thus, interbout arousal serves as a behavioral safeguard against disuse-induced damage to skeletal muscles during hibernation.

Profit enhancement and grid frequency control by energy level scheduling of CAES system in wind-connected electrical system

The maintenance of power balance poses significant challenges in renewable combined deregulated power systems due to the unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources. This situation leads to economic instability within the system. However, an energy storage system can help maintain energy supply and control system stability for renewable incorporated thermal power plants. Unlike in regulated markets, energy prices in deregulated markets are not fixed by any government body or particular company. Instead, the Independent System Operator (ISO) serves as the main entity in the electrical market, gathering tenders from Generation Companies (GENCOs), Distribution Companies (DISCOs), and Transmission Companies (TRANSCOs). The market controller regulates energy prices using Nodal Pricing (NP), which provides economic benefits to both GENCOs and DISCOs. However, the unpredictability of renewable sources often results in a decline in system profit due to the production of an imbalance price (CostIMC) caused by a mismatch in contracted power generation from the renewable power plant. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel combined system that utilizes a suitable scheduling technique for the optimum operation of a wind farm-compressed air energy storage (CAES) system to maximize profit and revenue while maintaining grid frequency. The CAES system’s energy level is divided into four different levels, and an optimal strategy has been developed to efficiently utilize the CAES system to maintain grid frequency. This work has been conducted in both regulated and deregulated environments using a modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method has been compared with an existing approach and has yielded better results in all aspects.

Assessing mechanical function of peristalsis with functional lumen imaging probe panometry: Contraction power and displaced volume.

The distal contractile integral (DCI) quantifies the contractile vigor of primary peristalsis on high-resolution manometry (HRM), whereas no such metric exists for secondary peristalsis on functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) panometry. This study aimed to evaluate novel FLIP metrics of contraction power and displaced volume in asymptomatic controls and a patient cohort. Thirty-five asymptomatic controls and adult patients (with normal esophagogastric junction outflow/opening and without spasm) who completed HRM and FLIP panometry were included. The patient group also completed timed barium esophagram (TBE). Contraction power (estimate of esophageal work over time) and displaced volume (estimate of contraction-associated fluid flow) were computed from FLIP. HRM was analyzed per Chicago Classification v4.0. In controls, median (5th-95th percentile) contraction power was 27 mW (10-44) and displaced volume was 43 mL (17-66). 95 patients were included: 72% with normal motility on HRM, 17% with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM), and 12% with absent contractility. Among patients, DCI was significantly correlated with both contraction power (rho = 0.499) and displaced volume (rho = 0.342); p values < 0.001. Both contraction power and displaced volume were greater in patients with normal motility versus IEM or absent contractility, complete versus incomplete bolus transit, and normal versus abnormal retention on TBE; p values < 0.02. FLIP panometry metrics of contraction power and displaced volume appeared to effectively quantify peristaltic vigor. These novel metrics may enhance evaluation of esophageal motility with FLIP panometry and provide a reliable surrogate to DCI on HRM.

Comparative Study between the use of Ultrasonic Criteria of Weaning versus the Conventional Criteria of Weaning in Post-traumatic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients who were Ventilated for a long Time

Introduction: Failure to wean and re-ventilation is a major problem in the intensive care unit (ICU). Thirty percent of ventilated patients experience weaning failure and are re-ventilated, especially patients who are ventilated for long durations. Ultrasound provides reliable data on lung parenchyma inflammation resolution and diaphragmatic contraction power, thereby assisting in deciding if the patient should be weaned and consequently reducing the percentage of weaning failure. Aim of the Work: To compare the ultrasonic criteria for weaning with the conventional criteria of weaning in patients with post-traumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who were ventilated for a long time and assess their effect on the ICU stay duration. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, double-blind study performed on 200 participants who were weaned from the ventilator after being ventilated for &gt; 1 week due to respiratory failure. Respiratory failure in the patients was either due to severe lung contusion or post-traumatic ARDS. The patients were randomly and equally allocated in two groups of 100 patients each. Groups A and B comprised patients who were weaned from the ventilator using the conventional and ultrasound weaning criteria, respectively. All patients weaned from both groups were followed up for 6 days for signs of weaning failure and post-extubation respiratory failure. The number of patients who were re-ventilated and discharged from the ICU was recorded and compared in both groups. Results: Group A had a significantly higher number of patients who experienced deterioration in consciousness, tachypnea, desaturation, tachycardia, and hypertension in addition to showing chest X-ray infiltration and being re-ventilated than group B. Moreover, group A patients had a significantly longer ICU duration than group B patients. Conclusion: The use of the ultrasonic criteria for weaning reduces re-intubation, re-ventilation, and post-extubation respiratory failure. Additionally, its use also decreases the ICU stay in patients with post-traumatic ARDS who were ventilated for a long time.

인코텀즈 상 정형거래조건의 활용이 SCM 운영적 유연성에 미치는 영향 연구

Purpose: This paper investigates the factors influencing the utilization of International Commercial Terms and the impact on supply chain management (SCM) flexibility from Incoterms utilization.&#x0D; Research design, data, and methodology: This paper utilizes a triple approach combining knowledge-based theory, relational contract theory, and power and dependence theory. For this study, questionnaires were distributed to examine the factors influencing the use of Incoterms and to analyze their causal relationships.&#x0D; Results: The findings reveal that differences in understanding Incoterms, mutual cooperativeness, and bargaining power all influence the effective utilization of Incoterms. Furthermore, a positive relationship between Incoterms utilization and SCM flexibility is observed.&#x0D; Conclusions: This paper enhances understanding of how using Incoterms affects supply chain management flexibility. It also offers valuable insights into the factors that influence the adoption and use of Incoterms, as well as strategies for enhancing SCM flexibility in international trade.

Effect of Sharing Schemes on the Collective Energy Self-Consumption Feasibility

Collective self-consumption is called to be a crucial part of the current energy transition. In addition to the advantages of individual self-consumption, the possibility of improving economic feasibility exists. This paper shows how matching production and consumption loads increase the rate of self-consumption. Still, how the electricity is distributed among a renewable energy community’s prosumers would reduce the total costs of self-consumed energy. Possible criteria for the allocation of the generated electricity among shareholders are analysed. The study also evaluates the use of static and dynamic distribution coefficients, observing their results and applicability and sorting them to maximise self-consumption participants’ savings. The results are questioned against them and a reference scenario without shared self-consumption installation. As the exploitation of renewable energy for self-consumption is closely linked to the energy market and regulations, the analysis is based on a territorial case study. It is shown that the highest savings occur when electricity is allocated following distribution coefficients that consider the customer’s energy consumption better than investment participation or contracted power, even when the compensation of surpluses is added. These criteria can accomplish technical and economic objectives and are introduced in regulations that foster the requested changes in consumers’ behaviour and prosumers for sustainability.

Asynchronous blockchain‐based federated learning for tokenized smart power contract of heterogeneous networked microgrid system

AbstractIn a networked microgrid system (NMS), various heterogeneous microgrids are interconnected. A networked microgrid system facilitates a new kind of physical design that provides numerous advantages such as distributed economic optimization, reliability, resiliency, and focusing on distributed generations and customers. Designing the secure and privacy‐protected smart power contract between electricity suppliers and consumers, considered as agents, of different microgrids, is a challenging task in the networked‐ microgrid system. Each microgrid implements a heterogeneous or isomorphic blockchain based platform. The blockchain interoperability, inherently, presents in different blockchains implemented by various microgrids. This paper reviews the interoperability issues and smart contract designs in blockchain‐based systems and proposes new mechanisms to cater blockchain interoperability challenges to facilitate the design of secure and seamless smart contracts among different blockchains of microgrids. A network hub of heterogeneous blockchains of network microgrids has been proposed. A methodology has been developed to transfer tokens between interoperable blockchains. A distributed identity‐based microgrid (DIBM) scheme is incorporated to make the networked microgrid system secure and trustworthy. This paper suggests an effective consensus protocol for cross‐chain architecture that improves the tokenization system and smart power contract designs. Asynchronous blockchain based federated learning for peer‐to‐peer smart power exchange has been implemented in learning process of interoperable and heterogeneous blockchain based network hub of microgrid. For simulation purposes, MATLAB and python programming have been used with real‐time data of microgrids.

Socio-economic advancement and grid-frequency control of a wind farm-PHS-solar connected EV hybrid electrical system considering imbalance prices

The Independent System Operator (ISO) plays a key role in a competitive electrical system by controlling the market with the received bidding from the different market participants. The ISO settled the energy at the location-based marginal pricing (LBMP) where all the participants get economic benefits. In the renewable combined system, the future renewable power production data need to be submitted to the ISO at least one day before the operation. There is always a chance for not fulfilling the contracted power due to the volatile nature of the renewable which creates an imbalance price in the system. In this situation, energy storage systems can alleviate the imbalance issues by supplying additional power to the electrical grid. This study proposes a two-phase scheduling technique for the optimum operation of a wind farm (WF)–pumped hydro storage (PHS)–solar-connected electric vehicle (EV) hybrid system to obtain more economic profit and revenue with a stable grid frequency. In the first phase, the energy level of PHS upper reservoirs has been scheduled to maintain the grid frequency with the presence of a wind farm. Along with the first phase, additionally solar-connected EVs are incorporated in the second phase to maximize the system profit further to get more economic benefit. A modified IEEE 30 bus system is used to effectively assess the aforesaid approach. MiPower software has been used to conduct this work. This proposed method has been compared with the existing method and got better results in all aspects.

Mechanokinetics and power of the spontaneous isotonic contraction of visceral smooth muscles

Mechanokinetics and power of the spontaneous isotonic contraction of visceral smooth muscles

Features of the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract at the cross-functional pathology

Aim. To identify the role of impaired motor function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in the overlap of functional disorders (FD).&#x0D; Materials and methods. Thirty-two abdominal FD patients were followed up, with a predominance of women aged 33.76.1 years (75%). Men aged 31.85.6 years were 25%. All patients had symptoms of GIT FD established according to the Rome IV criteria, endoscopy, and abdominal ultrasound. In addition, patients underwent 2-hour pH-metry and electromyography of the abdominal organs using bipolar silver electrodes with a surface area of 0.50.6 cm2. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of slow waves and spikes and the power of phase and tonic contractions were analyzed using the Canon M hardware and software complex with a transmission frequency of 0.1 to 10 Hz and a noise level of 15 W.&#x0D; Results. Overlapping clinical symptoms of motor disorders in gastrointestinal tract functional disorders are observed at a young age, mainly in women. The abnormal ratio of the gallbladder and common bile duct motility in overlapping GIT FD was 1:1.08, with a pronounced increase in contractions of the common bile duct, which could lead to an increase in pressure in the biliary system, pain, and insufficient flow of bile to the duodenum, disrupting the digestion and worsening the dyspepsia.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study showed a tendency for higher incidence of functional disorders in young women. Patients with overlapping disorders also have more severe pain than those with isolated disorders.

Token-Based Smart Power Contract for Interoperable Blockchains of Networked Microgrid System

Designing the secure and privacy-protected smart power contract between electricity suppliers and consumers, considered agents, of different microgrids, is a challenging task in the networked- microgrid system. A framework is suggested in which each microgrid implements a heterogeneous or isomorphic blockchain based platform. The blockchain interoperability, inherently, is present in different blockchains implemented by various microgrids. This paper reviews the interoperability issues and smart contract designs in blockchain based systems. The paper proposes new mechanisms to cater blockchain interoperability challenges to facilitate the design of secure and seamless smart contracts among different blockchains of microgrids. A network hub of heterogeneous or isomorphic blockchains of network microgrids has been created. A methodology has been developed to transfer tokens between interoperable blockchains. Distributed identity-based microgrid (DIBM) scheme is incorporated to make the networked microgrid system secure and trustworthy. This paper suggests an effective consensus protocol for cross-chain architecture that improves the tokenization system and smart power contract designs. For simulation purposes, MATLAB and python programming have been used with real-time data of microgrids.

Hybrid Energy Storage System Taking Advantage of Electric Vehicle Batteries for Recovering Regenerative Braking Energy in Railway Station

Nowadays, nations are moving toward the electrification of the transportation section, and the widespread development of EV charging stations and their infrastructures supplied by the grid would strain the power grid and lead to overload issues in the network. To address this challenge, this paper presents a method for utilizing the braking energy of trains in railway stations to charge EVs located in strategic areas like park-and-ride regions close to railway stations improving energy efficiency and preventing grid overload. To validate the feasibility of the proposed system, a metro substation in Milan city is considered as a case study located in outskirts of the city and contains large number of parking space for vehicles. Three different scenarios are evaluated including DC fast charging station, AC low charging station and collaborative hybrid energy storage based AC charging station as EV charging station type. The results are studied for different EV population number, charging rate and the contractual power grid. Meanwhile, the possibility of proposed system in participating as V2G technology and taking advantage of the EV’s batteries to provide ancillary support to accelerating trains is investigated regarding peak shaving objective. The results indicated that the suggested interconnected system operates effectively when a significant quantity of EVs are parked at the station. However, the results revealed that the performance of the proposed system is notably influenced by other factors and a limited number of EVs during the early morning and late evening periods. Overall, this study confirms the feasibility of energy transfer between two types of transportation means in intermodal areas.

Electrically Evoked Isotonic Plantar Flexion Contractions Are Impaired Less than Voluntary After a Dynamic Fatiguing Task.

Evaluating central and peripheral processes responsible for reduced power after dynamic fatiguing tasks are often limited to isometric torque, which may not accurately reflect dynamic contractile performance. Here, we compare voluntary and electrically evoked peak power (and its determinants: dynamic torque and velocity) and rate of velocity development (RVD) before and after a dynamic fatiguing task using concentric Plantar flexion contractions. Young (18-32 yr) males ( n = 11) and females ( n = 2) performed maximal-effort isotonic Plantar flexion contractions using a load of 20% isometric torque until an approximately 75% reduction in peak power. Voluntary and electrically evoked (300 Hz tibial nerve stimulation) contractions loaded to 20% and 40% isometric torque through 25° ankle joint range of motion were compared before and 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 min after task termination. At task termination, peak power and RVD of voluntary contractions at both loads were reduced more (~40% to 50% reduction) than electrically evoked (~25% to 35% reduction) contractions ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.003). Throughout the recovery period, electrically evoked peak power and RVD returned to baseline sooner (<5 min) than voluntary contractions, which were still depressed at 10 min. Reductions in peak power for the 20% load were equally due to impaired dynamic torque and velocity, whereas velocity was impaired more than dynamic torque ( P < 0.001) for the 40% load. The relative preservation of electrically evoked power and RVD compared with voluntary contractions at task termination and quicker recovery to baseline indicates that the reductions in dynamic contractile performance after task termination are due to both central and peripheral processes; however, the relative contribution of dynamic torque and velocity is load dependent.

Optimal Congestion Management with FACTS Devices for Optimal Power Dispatch in the Deregulated Electricity Market

A deregulated electricity market provides open access to all market players. In an open-access power market, the system operator is responsible for ensuring that all contracted power is dispatched. However, if this results in line flows that exceed their acceptable range, then it could threaten the system’s security. Therefore, the system operator checks for congestion as the line flow exceeds its limit. For congestion management, the system operator applies different curtailment strategies to limit the requested transaction. Therefore, in this work, an optimal power dispatch model has been presented in order to reduce the curtailment of requested power. A modified moth flame optimization technique has been implemented to frame this OPD model. The impact of congestion management on power dispatch has been analyzed, considering bilateral and multilateral dispatch in an electricity market. In addition, the effect of FACTS devices on reducing congestion and curtailing power is studied. Verification studies showed that the proposed solution reduces congestion costs by 27.14% and 29.4% in 14- and 30-bus systems, respectively. It has been verified that the MMFO approach with the FACTS device improves transaction deviations and ensures that the deregulated system provides secure energy with less cost reflected on the customers.

Involvement of Rictor/mTORC2/Akt/GLUT4 pathway in the regulation of energy metabolism in the gastric smooth muscle of diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus can be accompanied by a variety of complications. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the Rictor/mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2)/Akt/glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) pathway and its effects on energy metabolism in the gastric smooth muscle of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats using streptozotocin and their phenotype was compared with untreated rats. The relationship between gastric motility and energy metabolism was analyzed by comparing the contraction and ATP metabolism of muscle strips. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of key proteins in the pathway. The diabetic rats demonstrated less frequent and less powerful gastric smooth muscle contractions. The concentrations of ADP, AMP, and ATP, and the energy charge in gastric smooth muscle changed in different periods of diabetes, and these changes were consistent with changes in mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein content. The expression of the key intermediates in signal transduction in the Rictor/mTORC2/Akt/GLUT4 pathway also underwent significant changes. Rictor protein expression increased during the development of diabetes, but the activation of mTORC2 did not increase with the increase in Rictor expression. GLUT4 translocation is regulated by Akt and its expression change during the development of diabetes. These findings suggest that altered energy metabolism is present in gastric smooth muscle that is associated with changes in the Rictor/mTORC2/Akt/GLUT4 pathway. Rictor/mTORC2/Akt/GLUT4 pathway may be involved in the regulation of energy metabolism in the gastric smooth muscle of diabetic rats and the development of diabetic gastroparesis.

Distributed Reputation-Distance iterative auction system for Peer-To-Peer power trading

Peer-to-peer energy trading is a promising approach for decentralized electricity markets to achieve the decarbonization of power. In the trading process, the misbehavior of contracted users and power loss in network delivery can lead to transaction failure and higher delivery costs. This paper presents a distributed reputation-distance-driven iterative auction mechanism to promote energy trading among users who commit contracts well and among electrically closer peers. A reputation-distance index is built based on the historical trading performance and the electricity distance between users. The index is introduced into the auction matching process. Then, a self-adaption algorithm based on game theory is used to model the iterative auction to arrive at a Nash equilibrium. This paper also extends the combined factors framework to improve the flexibility and extensibility of the mechanism. A case study validates that the proposed decentralized mechanism can reduce network loss and peak loads, ensure power reliability, achieve high market efficiency, social welfare. Specifically, compared with the traditional model without considering reputation and distance, the proposed decentralized mechanism can reduce network loss by 50%, increase 7.1% the market share of users with good reputations, improve market efficiency by 10%, and increase social welfare by 7.69%.