Power System Design Research Articles

TFODn‐FOPI multi‐stage controller design to maintain an islanded microgrid load‐frequency balance considering responsive loads support

AbstractModern electrical power system design will increase renewable energy sources (RES) dominance. Rotating masses, the main source of inertia in power systems, have been greatly decreased in renewable energy producing systems. Thus, load–frequency equilibrium is an important indicator of these systems' performance and safety. This work introduces a fractional‐order (FO) operator‐based cascade control structure for islanded microgrid (μG) load‐frequency control (LFC). The structure utilizes a tilt–FO derivative with filter (TFODn) in the first level to reduce noise. The second level implements the proportional integral (PI) controller's FO form (FOPI), making it a tilt–FO derivative with a filter cascaded to the FOPI controller (TOFDn‐FOPI). The optimal controller parameters for quick dynamic responses with low frequency fluctuation are determined using a unique cost function and prairie dog optimization (PDO) algorithm. The LFC control loops have frequency deviation‐based responsive loads (RL). Control signal delays, RES output changes, parameter uncertainties, and cyber vandalism are examined. Laboratory‐scale tests also assessed the controller's practicality. The proposed controller outperforms standard and FO type proportional integral derivative (PID) and PD‐PI controllers. The TFODn‐FOPI controller is suitable for complicated closed‐loop systems like islanded μGs due to its faster error clearing, reduced RL capacity, and superior time and frequency domain indicators.

Design of hybrid power system for COMSATS University Islamabad using homer pro software

More than a billion people do not have access o electricity, so it is important to find ways to generate power close to where they live. Hybrid energy systems can be made and used to generate electricity for homes and businesses that are not connected to national or regional power grids. Hybrid energy systems yield greater environmental and economic returns than stand-alone geothermal, solar, wind, or bigenerational systems. The goal of this paper is to simulate a hybrid power system for COMSATS University in Islamabad that is both technically and economically feasible and plays a big part to support clean energy production and safeguard the environment from toxic emissions. This paper provides a case study of COMSATS University Islamabad. The results showed that a hybrid system with a grid and a wind turbine that produced 1 MWh/yr was the best option. This study also provides a cost summary of PV panels, batteries, diesel generators, capital value, replacement, operation and maintenance (OM), fuel cost, and salvage value in dollars. In this study, a hybrid power system is designed that can provide us with a detailed analysis of power generation and consumption for the case study.

State Identification of Power System Based on Visual Geometric Group Network

Accurate and timely identification of power system operation states are requisite for taking control strategies and ensuring power system security. With the high grid penetration of renewable energy generation and wide application of power electronic equipment, power system is becoming more complicated and facing more uncertainties. Traditional model based power system state identification methods are faced with challenges and data driven methods have great prospects. This paper proposes a new data-driven method for identifying power system operating states based on visual geometric group network VGG16 (16-layer Visual Geometry Group (VGG16). Firstly, the Lasso algorithm is used to select the operating state features of the power system to realize the features dimensionality reduction. Then, the weights of the loss functions are adjusted according to the difficulty of model for identifying power system states. Finally, the IEEE39 node system is used as an example, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method is verified.

Progressive failure and seismic fragility analysis for transmission towers considering buckling effect

Transmission towers are essential components supporting the operation of the power grid. Accurately predicting their ultimate bearing capacity and progressive failure improve the performance design of electrical power systems. This paper proposes a progressive failure method for transmission towers considering the buckling and post-buckling behaviors of steel angles. To simulate the nonlinear hysteretic behaviors of steel angles, a phenomenological hysteretic model (PHM) is introduced and embed into the ABAQUS software by calling a user-defined subroutine VUMAT. The accuracy and reliability of the PHM are verified through a full-scale test of a transmission tower. The comparison results demonstrate that the PHM can accurately reproduce the displacement and strain responses of the transmission tower and the ultimate bearing capacity, with a maximum error of <15%. The buckling failure of leg members is the main factor for the collapse of the transmission tower. The study also investigates the progressive failure process of the transmission tower under strong earthquakes and estimates the collapse fragility and seismic losses. The results reveal that early failures of steel angles may alter the local force transmission path of the tower and eventually lead to its collapse. This research provides suggestions for the structural optimization and design decision-making of transmission towers.

Design and Implementation of a Uniform Power and Stable Efficiency Wireless Charging System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Design and fabrication of a practical wireless charging system, which includes a submerged docking station and an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with power pick-up capability, is proposed to recharge an AUV safely and autonomously. First, a docking design, based on a funnel-type docking station, an acoustic &amp; optical combination guiding method and a position locking mechanism, is presented to smoothly dock the AUV and eliminate the dynamic disturbance during the charging process. Then, a novel magnetic structure with an overlapped direct-quadrature (D-Q) transmitter and a dipole receiver is proposed. The two-layer transmitting windings, decoupling each other, form a constant amplitude traveling wave under the space-time coordination mechanism for suppressing output fluctuation with misalignments. Moreover, a practical wireless charging circuit, based on current doubler, is developed, modeled and analyzed. Finally, an experimental prototype is constructed to verify the proposal. The system can deliver 1.2 kW to the load with a system efficiency of 90&#x0025;, and especially the proposal achieves stable output in the range of rotational misalignment of &#x005B;-30&#x00B0;, 30&#x00B0;&#x005D; and axial misalignment of &#x005B;-30 mm, 30 mm&#x005D;.

Scenario-based multi-objective optimization strategy for rural PV-battery systems

Increasing the proportion of photovoltaic (PV) electricity in power systems is effective for achieving carbon neutrality. However, PV electricity is unstable and random, and direct connection to the grid reduces power quality and jeopardizes grid security. Herein, a scenario-based optimized sizing and management strategy for a rural PV-battery system is proposed for a village in Central China. The goal of this power system is not only to meet its own electricity demand without other energy supplies, but also to smoothly feed electricity into the grid. In this study, the possibility of applying the optimization strategies and evaluation methods of power plants in the design of rural power systems is explored. The PV power model, battery charging and discharging model, and farmer's energy use model are established respectively, and the constraints are combined with the nodal power balance principle, and then solved by simulated annealing algorithm with economy and grid interaction smoothness as the objective function. For optimal component sizing, this study considered various scenarios with different types of farmers, seasons, and weather to ensure that the performance of the objective function can be satisfied at any time throughout the year. This study proposed the objective function and evaluation index for smooth interaction with the grid for the first time. The simulation results showed that the required PV and battery capacities differed depending on farmer type, owing to different seasonal electrical loads and weather conditions. Compared to traditional PV-battery systems, the proposed system improves the smoothness of interaction with the grid by 87 %, while reducing transformer expansion pressure by approximately 50 kW. Therefore, based on rational capacity selection and optimization strategies, it is possible for a rural power system to become a virtual power plant.

Preliminary conceptual design of an electronuclear system for space applications

The purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary conceptual design of a nuclear power system for space applications. This design was produced within the framework of a collaboration between CNES and CEA. The targeted electrical power of the system is 10 kWe for a period of at least 10 years. The scalability towards larger (30 kWe) and lower (about 1 kWe) power has been investigated. The system must be technologically “affordable” and robust over a 10-year horizon, which de facto eliminates the choice of too innovative and unqualified technologies in conditions representative of the missions; the system must be able to be launched in Ariane 6 while respecting the launcher mass and size capacities. Given the intermediate power level targeted and the potential use of the system on the Moon or Mars, the CEA favored design options associated with a compact and monolithic radiator (allowing it to be landed) rather than minimizing the system mass. Taking into account the desired characteristics for the nuclear power system, the CEA proposes main conceptual design features which includes: a thermal spectrum core whose fuel is UO2 enriched to 19.75% in U235, zirconium fuel cladding, a zirconium hydride (ZrH2) moderator, and a beryllium reflector. The proposed shield is made of tungsten and lithium hydride (LiH). A core cooling system made up of 150 steel heat pipes operating with a sodium–potassium alloy (NaK) has been pre-designed and a thermoelectric energy converter made up of SiGe thermo-elements (hot temperature of 950 K and cold temperature of 700 K) generates electrical power. A “hot” carbon composite radiator lined with titanium NaK heat pipes rejects the heat of the system. This system has intrinsic redundancies conferred by the heat pipes and the large number of thermo-elements of the converter as well as high passivity, in particular in its ability to adapt its power to electricity demand. In its version limited to 10 kWe, the system whose height is about 5 m, enables to keep a height of 13 m for a payload to be launched in the Ariane 6 fairing and its mass is estimated at about 2 tons. To access a version of the system capable of producing 30 kWe, an additional mass estimated at around 1 ton is to be expected as well as a lower useful height in the fairing under the system, which would then be 10 m.

Pre-Sizing Approach of a Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Power System with Interleaved Converters

This paper proposes a design methodology that is dedicated to improving the concept of a modular hybrid power chain that uses interleaved converters. The approach involves optimising the system under multi-physical constraints, where the number of cells in the interleaved converters is considered as a key modular parameter. The methodology uses analytical models to strike a balance between computation time and result accuracy. This compromise is indispensable to the construction of a smart design approach under multi-physical constraints, such as electric, efficiency, volume, and thermal constraints. The proposed approach has been applied to a hybrid fuel cell and battery power system for automotive applications; the goal is to obtain a global optimal architecture chain by optimising the number of interleaved converter cells and by determining appropriate power electronics components and the optimal sizing of sources. This constitutes the primary step for providing an effective pre-design support tool for considering architecture modularity, facilitating the use of new technologies in the early design stage. The results showed that the interleaving concept allows for better flexibility in respecting the design constraints to improve the design of hybrid power systems. The analysis also highlights the current limitations and performance of the optimisation method and suggests new areas for future work.

Data-Driven Automatic Generation Control of Interconnected Power Grids Subject to Deception Attacks

In this paper, a Data-Driven Adaptive Control (DDAC) technique is proposed for the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) problem of an interconnected power grid subject to Deception Attack (DA). The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the advancement of communication technologies have provided an opportunity for power system operators and designers to compensate for the lack of an appropriate model using a huge amount of data. However, they have also caused security challenges in the grid due to malicious attackers. This paper focuses on the attack to the control network which carries the AGC signals between the secondary and local primary frequency controllers. Intentional modifications of AGC signals during an attack may result in frequency instability because of saturation in governor signals. To counteract such an attack, a DDAC is suggested for a multi-area power system in which, the system model is dynamically updated using real-time input and output signals. The model includes the attacker&#x2019;s behavior, thus empowering the control system to act against it. The stability of the proposed controller is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory when the DA causes input saturation. Simulation results show that it can successfully tolerate a class of deception attacks and keep the multi-area power grid stable.

Preface to AAME 2023

These proceedings contain the scholarly papers presented in the 6th International Conference on Aeronautical, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering (AAME 2023). AAME has been held in different parts of the world for some years, as indicated by the number sequence. This year (2023), the conference was held in hybrid mode during February 24-26, 2023 to cater for the needs of participation from different countries. The face-to-face conference was held in Nanjing, China simultaneously with the virtual conference.This conference has invited keynote speakers who are professors from renowned universities in China and Singapore. Delegates from around the world including China, Japan, Brazil and Peru took the opportunity to share their research results and discussed potential scientific and engineering development from their work. All papers in these proceedings have passed the vigorous review process involving reviewers of the International Technical Committee. Authors benefited from valuable comments and improved their submissions to the satisfaction of reviewers.The papers in the proceedings have been categorized into four chapters. Four papers are collected in Chapter one which entitles “Functional material design and performance experiments”. Five papers are collected in Chapter two which entitles “Line simulation and mechanical analysis”. Chapter three, which entitles “Mechanical design and system simulation” and Chapter four, which entitles “Aerospace power and promotion system design and control” have three and four papers included respectively.The variety of research topics presented in AAME2023 and novelty exhibited in the papers published in these proceedings once again demonstrated the value of the 2023 6th International Conference on Aeronautical, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering enabling researchers of different nationalities and different engineering fields to participate in a live research conversation. The conference organizers would like to thank the conference committee, the conference secretariat, keynote speakers and all participants for their hard work making AAME2023 a success as well as publishing valuable knowledge contributing to state-of-the-art research in aeronautical, aerospace and mechanical engineering. We sincerely hope that these proceedings will provide readers with an extensive overview and serve as a valuable reference for your further research. The conference organising committee looks forward to seeing all of you at the next conference.List of Conference Committees, Statement of Peer Review are available in this Pdf.

A comprehensive review of emission reduction technologies for marine transportation

The marine environment is experiencing significant impacts due to increased shipping traffic. The maritime industry must develop a low-carbon shipping strategy to comply with the increasingly strict emission regulations. This paper comprehensively reviews various decarbonization technologies, including navigation systems, hull design configuration, propulsion and power systems, and alternative fuels. By comparing a wide range of technologies in terms of their emission reduction potential and economic feasibility, this paper is intended to provide a full picture of alternative methods for future green shipping. Alternative fuels and hybrid power systems are found to have high potential for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing sustainability. The type of ship, its design configurations, and operation parameters affect the performance of optimal weather routing systems. With the current maritime policy and technological development, the transition from traditional marine fuel to liquefied natural gas can act as a temporary solution and provide significant decarbonization for maritime transportation. The emission reduction potential can be further enhanced with alternative fuels combined with hybrid power systems with high control flexibility.

Automatic Reduction of THD for Non-Linear Load by Using Microcontroller

Abstract: In a perfect world, the term harmonics used to describe power quality would refer to how pure the voltage and current waveforms are when they take the shape of sinusoidal. Power quality is veritably important to commercial and industrial power system designs. ideally, the electrical supply should be a perfect sinusoidal waveform without any kind of distortion or disruption. If the current or voltage waveforms are distorted from its ideal form it'll be nominated as harmonic distortion. This harmonic distortion could affect because of numerous reasons.

Load Frequency Control of One and Two Areas Power System Using Grasshopper Optimization Based Fractional Order PID Controller

In this paper, grasshopper optimization based fractional order PID controller for load frequency control of single and multi-area power system is presented. It is paramount to minimize large frequency deviation in power system control. Large frequency deviation occurs when the parameter values of the various generating units of the power system like generators, turbine and governors keeps changing due to numerous on/off witching in the load side. As such, for a more realistic study, nonlinearities and boiler dynamics has been introduced into the power system design and measures also put in place to mitigate large frequency deviation. This is because large frequency deviation can damage equipment at the generation level and the consumer devices at the distribution level. Anti-windup control will then be used to compensate the effects of the nonlinearities. The gain of the FOPID controller will be optimized using grasshopper optimization algorithm and objective function for minimization is the Integral Square Error (ISE). The Errors to be minimized are the summation of frequency deviation, tie-line power deviation and the area control errors. Simulations were carried out on the designed power system using MATLAB/Simulink and results obtained show a significant improvement in mitigating frequency deviation. However, the proposed method took a longer time to balance the generated power and load demand. This is because the proposed method considers boiler dynamics and nonlinearities in the power system designed and results were compared with other designed method for power system without nonlinearities.

Conceptual Design of a Hybrid Power System for a Spraying UAV Applied to Family Farming in Arequipa – Perú

Conceptual Design of a Hybrid Power System for a Spraying UAV Applied to Family Farming in Arequipa – Perú

Techno-economic analysis for using hybrid wind and solar energies in Australia

Hybrid energy production from available resources such as wind and solar are identified as an environmentally friendly alternative for power production. Australia, as a developed country, possesses the potential to use renewable energies. Motivated by the lack of comprehensive research dedicated to the economic analysis of hybrid systems in Australia, the objective of the present work is to propose an optimal integrated renewable energy system model in order to fulfill the electrical energy demands in five major Australian cities, namely, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. To compare the studied cities, ten types of buildings (hospital, hotel, office, mall, clinic, retail, apartment, supermarket, school, and warehouse) have been analyzed in different climatic zones of Australia. The results have revealed that different viable scenarios for the investigated case studies are obtained. Furthermore, the optimal configuration, along with the cost and carbon emission that is obtained in the study, can be applied as a guideline for designing power systems (with a minimized cost) for the considered communities and other cities with similar characteristics (population and climatic conditions).

Evolving Marine Predators Algorithm by dynamic foraging strategy for real-world engineering optimization problems

The Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) is a novel hunting-based optimizer. The MPA’s central concept is based on the well-known Lévy Flight (LF) and Brownian Motion (BM) strategies as well as a simple transition model between these two strategies. The canonical MPA proposes three static steps to tune the transition behavior between the LF and BM strategies. Although MPA provides exemplary performance in many test functions, the discrete transition between the two mentioned phases causes it to get stuck in local optima when faced with real-world optimization problems. In order to address this shortcoming, this paper proposes a soft dynamic transition between LF and BM to model this encounter naturally, considering the continuous nature of the transition between LF and BM in marine predators’ real life. In order to evaluate the performance of the developed Dynamic Foraging Strategy MPA (DFSMPA), twenty-nine optimization test functions, thirty complex CEC-BC-2017 functions, ten benchmarks of CEC06-2019 test suit, and ten real applicable engineering problems, including power system design, synthesis and process design, industrial chemical producer, power-electronic design, mechanical design, and animal feed ratio, are employed. The DFSMPA is evaluated against four groups of standard optimization approaches, including (1) Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA), Equilibrium Optimizer (EO), Niching Chimp Optimization Algorithm (ChOA), Henry Gas Solubility Optimization (HGSO) as recent optimization algorithms, (2) Lévy Flight GWO (LGWO) and Evolutionary Algorithms with Adaptive Lévy Mutations (EALM) as the two best dynamic Lévy-based optimization algorithms, (3) SHADE, CMA-ES, and LSHADESPACMA as the three state-of-the-art optimization algorithms, and jDE100, DISHchain1e+12, CIPDE, and EBOwithCMAR as best performing algorithms in IEEE CEC06-2019 competition. Three non-parametric statistical tests, including the Wilcoxon rank-sum, Bonferroni–Dunn and Holm, and Friedman average rank tests, are utilized to perform a comprehensive assessment. The results show that the DFSMPA achieved the first rank among 46 out of 70 benchmark functions and engineering problems and exhibited similar results compared with SHADE and CMA-ES in other benchmarks. The statistical analysis demonstrated that DFSMPA is a significantly superior optimizer than the three first categories’ benchmark algorithms, while its result is statistically similar to jDE100, DISHchain1e+12.

Experimental investigations on the performance of a thermo-mechanical refrigeration system utilizing ultra-low temperature waste heat sources

Experimental studies that investigate the utilization of ultra-low temperature (between 48 °C and 120 °C) waste heat, which forms 25 % of the global unrecovered waste heat, to drive thermal cooling systems are rare. Thus, this study fills a significant gap in the literature by (i) experimentally evaluating the performance of a new full-scale thermo-mechanical refrigeration (TMR) system at ultra-low temperatures ranging from 50 °C to 85 °C, (ii) characterizing its operation with different commercial refrigerants, and (iii) identifying optimal operating conditions and working fluids for the investigated TMR system. An organic Rankine cycle (ORC), vapor compression cycle (VCC), and expander-compressor unit (ECU) make up the TMR system. To ensure its efficient operation, flexibility, and reliability, a full-scale ECU-based TMR system with a design capacity of 1 kW at a heat source temperature of 85 °C is built and put through a series of tests. Furthermore, the TMR system is tested with different commercial refrigerants (R134a, R410A, R407C) over a wide range of operating conditions of the power loop. The results reveal that the ECU-based TMR system can work with ultra-low temperatures of 65 °C with an energy efficiency of 5.92 % and COP of 2.36, for the ORC and VCC, respectively. At a heat source temperature of 85 °C, a condenser water temperature of 15 °C, and an evaporator water temperature of 33 °C, the energy efficiency of the ORC and COP of the VCC are increased to 9.85 % and 3.99, respectively. For the cooling quality, the TMR system shows a minimum evaporator temperature of −10 °C using R134a in both the power and cooling loop, which is improved to lower than −20 °C by using R407C in the cooling loop. The results presented herein will be beneficial to the development, design, and optimization of refrigeration and power systems that utilize low-temperature waste heat.

On‐board energy scheduling optimization algorithm for nanosatellites

SummaryThis work proposes a real‐time and online energy scheduling optimization algorithm for nanosatellites operating with a direct energy transfer (DET) architecture. The goal of the algorithm is to optimize energy utilization by maximizing energy harvesting, meeting task deadlines and priorities, and ensuring a minimum quality of service (QoS) for the system. The algorithm is composed of a modified perturb and observe algorithm to reach the best energy efficiency point of the solar panels, a task prioritization algorithm to guarantee their times and minimum QoS, and a backpack optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency of the satellite. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, simulations of a nanosatellite operating in a given orbit, attitude, and thermal parameters were conducted and compared to other task scheduling strategies. The results showed that the proposed energy scheduling algorithm had the best performance in terms of energy balance and average power consumption, with an energy balance up to 16% higher compared to the other tested strategies. This demonstrates the ability of the proposed algorithm to optimize power consumption and energy utilization, as well as efficiently schedule tasks to maximize energy harvesting. The proposed energy scheduling optimization algorithm has the potential to be a useful tool for the design and optimization of future satellite missions and could potentially guide the design of electrical power systems for new CubeSat missions operating with a DET architecture. The algorithm's ability to optimize energy utilization and ensure a minimum QoS for the system could improve the overall efficiency and performance of the satellite.

Age-dependent resilience assessment and quantification of distribution systems under extreme weather events

The impact of extreme weather events on power system resilience can be seen in historical electrical disruptions. Due to the increasing intensity and frequency of extreme weather events following global warming and climate change, a greater focus is required to design power systems with high resilience and low cost through assessing and quantifying power system resilience. In this way, we propose a transparent methodology and a set of metrics to quantify the resilience of distribution systems subjected to hurricanes. This methodology includes a probabilistic and detailed approach to modelling the failure probability of overhead lines and the restoration time of damaged lines. Moreover, the fragility analysis of the power system infrastructure is considered age-dependent, and the system’s resilience by considering different lifetimes is assessed. The time-dependent resilience assessment constitutes an essential component in risk-informed decision-making for resilience enhancement strategies in the future. Specifically, this paper provides two resilience curve-based metrics: vulnerability rate and restoration rate. The first metric indicates the power system’s ability to resist extreme events, and the second indicates its ability to bounce back to normal performance. Simulations are performed on the IEEE 69-bus distribution test system to validate the suggested methodologies. The results indicate the capability of the proposed methodology and metrics to precisely assess and quantify the power system resilience. A significant correlation between the age of power distribution systems and the system’s resilience can be seen. These findings can support decision-making concerning system management and plans such as expansion planning and resource allocation.

Design of Hybrid Power System using PV and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

Design of Hybrid Power System using PV and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester