Power Surge Research Articles

A power surge for cancer immunotherapy

A power surge for cancer immunotherapy

The power surge: energy, opportunity, and the battle for America's future

1. Battle for the Future of American Energy 2. The Barbarians Are at the Door 3. Energy Independence on the Horizon 4. Game Over 5. Car of the Future 6. Win, Win, Win 7. Wild Cards 8. Energy Opportunity

The Power Surge by Michael Levi

The Power Surge by Michael Levi

Determining Minimum Printed Circuit Board Trace Dimensions for Transient Suppression Circuits

When designing transient suppression circuits housed on interface assemblies to protect internal circuits from power surges, there exists a need to accurately determine the minimum printed circuit board (PCB) trace width required to tolerate given transients without fusing due to overheating. This paper presents four different PCB trace models that may be used for this purpose. The predicted trace widths are compared with each other for validation by comparison. In addition, selected results are tested to further validate the accuracy of the models.

Energizing ConsensusThe Power SurgeEnergy, Opportunity, and the Battle for America's Futureby Michael LeviOxford University Press, New York, 2013. 266 pp. $27.95, £18.99. ISBN 9780199986163.

Rejecting claims that we must choose between traditional fuels and clean energy, Levi argues both must be sought in new ways.

Comparison of Instantaneous Power from Variable Shock Loads in Time Based on the Dissipation Model

The results of the analysis of the vibration energy from impact loads varying in time using the dissipation model. On the basis of the solutions resulting from the model of the second order differential equation with variable driving function analysis was performed at the time of the FFT function of the displacement of dissipation points by the adopted and specified matrix values of the masses, elasticity and damping. Spectral analysis is based on the compounds resulting from the vibration energy proportionality, as a momentary power surge force, to the sum of the product of the squares of the displacement and squares of the vibration frequency.

A Good Carpenter: Cash Bundren’s Quest for Balance and Authority

Near the end of William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying, Cash Bundren lies in the office of Peabody, the town doctor, his leg broken and in a cast made of concrete. Peabody berates Cash, the oldest of the Bundren children, for allowing his father, Anse, to do something as foolish as pour concrete on bare skin. Cash tells Peabody, It never bothered me much, Peabody corrects him: You mean, it never bothered Anse much. Cash, however, will not accept the criticism of his father. Peabody sarcastically quips that perhaps Cash has been lucky by breaking the same leg he broke some years earlier, Cash counteracts the sarcasm by affirming the statement: Hit's what paw says, he explains, proving for once and all his unyielding loyalty to the word of his father (162-163). To someone unfamiliar with the Bundrens, this affirmation of the traditional order of things may seem unremarkable, especially for a poor and uneducated family in rural Mississippi in the 1920s. To those familiar with the Bundrens, however, and with Addie Bundren in particular, such devotion to the authority of the father should raise questions. Even in death, Addie Bundren is a dominant character who, by rejecting patriarchal authority throughout her adult life, has subverted the masculine power structure under which the Bundren clan--and, for that matter, all of Yoknapatawpha County--appears to function, the power structure endorsed and expected by society. Addle uses the impotency of language to invert the patriarchal power structure of her world. Most critics have addressed Addie's unique views on the impotence of language, yet few have shown how Addie uses that impotency to her advantage. Fewer still have shown how her theories of language carry over into the lives and the actions of her children, especially those of her oldest son Cash. Even though Cash Bundren does not say much in As I Lay Dying, through his five monologues, as well as through the perspectives of the other characters, Faulkner portrays Cash as a man with an acute awareness of the balance of things, a man with a need to perfect imbalance. Many see Cash's obsession with balance as characteristic of his skill in carpentry, as, quite frankly, his defining characteristic, yet such an interpretation relegates Cash to the realm of the minor character in a novel full of vibrant and unique characters, dismissing him in much the same way that his mother dismisses him: by viewing him as less complex than his more dominant siblings, Darl and Jewel; however, if we view Cash's devotion to the ideal of balance as a reaction to the subversion of his mother Addie, we can pull him out of the shadows and appreciate him as a full, complex, and significant character. Throughout her life, Addle Bundren has subverted masculine authority by defying its word. She manages one final subversion through her death. By defying the word of male authority in her life, Addie not only takes away the power of the father but also installs herself as the father figure in order to assert her own authority over the world in which she lives. This inversion of power is made possible by the very men from whom Addle subverts authority, for Addie's power comes about through the laziness of men. Addie's initial rebellion against masculine authority comes not against her husband but against her father. Even before meeting Anse, Addie, working as a schoolteacher, feels contempt for her students and the need to make them aware of her. Having grown up hearing her father's words--the reason for living was to get ready to stay dead a long time--she comes to hate father for ever having planted [her] (114). Addle sees her father's philosophy as one of inherent laziness; treating life as a preparation for death implies an existence of non-action. What must one do in order to die? Nothing but wait. Addie abhors this belief and rebels against it by acting. As a schoolteacher, she experiences a sadomasochistic power surge when she takes action against her pupils by beating them: When the switch fell I could feel it upon my flesh; when it welted and ridged it was my blood that ran, and I would think with each blow of the switch: Now you are aware of me! …

Power surge for flow batteries

Power surge for flow batteries

Control strategies for a photovoltaic--Energy storage hybrid system

Due to weather conditions, the output power of Photovoltaic (PV) systems often experience significant fluctuation. The PV power is therefore neither a constant voltage source nor a constant current source. This can lead to a series of issues when connected to a power grid including power surge, requirement of more spinning reserve capacity and difficulties in participating power grid dispatching. The use of energy storage could improve the quality of PV output via controlling the power output. In this article, a Photovoltaic-Energy Storage Hybrid System is proposed and topology diagram and a control strategy are presented. A power converter system (PCS) is designed and analyzed for the energy storage system. These are validated through simulation using operation data of a real PV power station.

Development of piezoelectric transformer-coupled solid state relays for electrical circuit control in railway systems

A solid state relay (SSR) is an electrical ON–OFF control device through which the delivery of electrical power to loads is switched either ON or OFF by a small control signal. The device serves the same function as a classical electromechanical relay (EMR) but carries no mechanical switching mechanism so that it has a faster switching time, a lower switching noise, a stronger tolerance to mechanical shock and vibration, a longer lifetime, a smaller size and a lighter weight. Photo-coupled SSRs (PcSSRs) are regarded as the most popular type of SSR nowadays. However, the susceptibility of PcSSRs to power surge and lightening often requires specific protections to ensure their normal operation and performance, especially for railway systems. To advance SSR technology for an improved electrical circuit control in railway systems, we have developed a novel type of SSR, called piezoelectric transformer-coupled SSRs (PTcSSRs), by utilising the high input–output electrical isolation property of a modified Rosen-type piezoelectric transformer (PT) for coupling between the input low-voltage dc–ac control circuit and the output high-voltage ac load circuit. In this paper, we report the design, development and performance of a PTcSSR having a 12 V dc input and a 40–240 V, 2 A, 50/60 Hz ac output, and compare the measured performance data with those of a commercial PcSSR used for electrical circuit control in modern railway systems. The development of the PT and its input–output circuit is also discussed.

A simulation method for lightning surge response of switching power

In order to meet the need of protection design for lighting surge, a prediction method of lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) response which is based on system identification is presented. Experiments of switching power's surge injection were conducted, and the input and output data were sampled, de-noised and de-trended. In addition, the model of energy coupling transfer function was obtained by system identification method. Simulation results show that the system identification method can predict the surge response of linear circuit well. The method proposed in the paper provided a convenient and effective technology for simulation of lightning effect.

Anti-Semitism and municipal government in interwar French colonial Algeria

This paper examines the role of anti-Semitic municipal governments and their political practices in French colonial Algeria during the interwar period. It traces the developments in anti-Semitic politics in elections for municipal governments in the 1920s and 1930s. In this time, anti-Semitic politics experienced a renaissance and surge in power in the colony. Voters in Algeria fell prey to the rhetoric of anti-Semitic politicians who promised to remove Jewish competition from their lives and eliminate Jews from politics. Furthermore, anti-Semitic municipal governments reverted back to the methods of their late nineteenth century forebears who used the power of municipal government to remove Jewish voters from elections and thereby eliminating their electoral competition. The increase in power of these anti-Semitic municipal governments coincided with the development of the Popular Front in France and reflected the growing anti-Semitism of the electorate in France and her colonies.

Mechanical work and physiological responses to simulated cross country mountain bike racing

The purpose was to assess the mechanical work and physiological responses to cross country mountain bike racing. Participants (n = 7) cycled on a cross country track at race speed whilst O2, power, cadence, speed, and geographical position were recorded. Mean power during the designated start section (68.5 ± 5.5 s) was 481 ± 122 W, incurring an O2 deficit of 1.58 ± 0.67 L – min−1 highlighting a significant initial anaerobic (32.4 ± 10.2%) contribution. Complete lap data produced mean (243 ± 12 W) and normalised (279 ± 15 W) power outputs with 13.3 ± 6.1 and 20.7 ± 8.3% of time spent in high force-high velocity and high force-low velocity, respectively. This equated to, physiological measures for %O2max (77 ± 5%) and % HRmax (93 ± 2%). Terrain (uphill vs downhill) significantly (P < 0.05) influenced power output (70.9 ± 7.5 vs 41.0 ± 9.2% Wmax),the distribution of low velocity force production, O2 (80 ± 1.7 vs 72 ± 3.7%) and cadence (76 + 2 vs 55 ± 4 rpm) but not heart rate (93.8 ± 2.3 vs 91.3 ± 0.6% HRmax) and led to a significant difference between anaerobic contribution and terrain (uphill, 6.4 ± 3.0 vs downhill, 3.2 ± 1.8%, respectively) but not aerobic energy contribution. Both power and cadence were highly variable through all sections resulting in one power surge every 32 s and a supra-maximal effort every 106 s. The results show that cross country mountain bike racing consists of predominantly low velocity pedalling with a large high force component and when combined with a high oscillating work rate, necessitates high aerobic energy provision, with intermittent anaerobic contribution. Additional physical stress during downhill sections affords less recovery emphasised by physiological variables remaining high throughout.

‘The spring of hope, the winter of despair’: an unfinished narrative of Mediterranean cities

Early in 2011, a powerful surge of protest calling for political and social change swept along the North African shoreline. Not for the first time, and almost certainly not for the last, the established rhythms of urban life in the region were to be severely disrupted. The patient work of well-laid plans counted for little as people took to the streets and military governments resisted; overnight, public squares became places of protest and even battlegrounds. Tunis, Tripoli and Alexandria – the three cities that feature in this paper – were by no means the only places to feel the strong winds of change. Moreover, all three of the case studies have long histories and, as with so many other cities around the Mediterranean, turbulence is nothing new. It is hard to think of other parts of the world where cities have so often experienced changing fortunes: at one moment in history nourishing the growth of civilization, at another trapped in a spiral of decline. Located between three continents, in a region of geological as well as geopolitical instability, Mediterranean cities are familiar with bad times as well as good. This paper explores the nature of this volatile process and its impact on urban life and form.

An Australian immunisation to the extreme right?

Unlike many of its western counterparts, Australia has been spared powerful surges of the extreme right throughout its history. While the nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw European democracies threatened time and time again by movements relying on ethno-exclusivism and thriving on capitalist crises, Australia suffered only relatively weak extreme right bursts whose impact remained marginal. Even the rise of the One Nation Party in 1996, as sudden as it was impressive, showed the limits in the Australian context for organisations which have proved long-lasting in Europe. This brief outline could bear a simple conclusion: Australia is immune to the extreme right. However, through a study of some of the most important extreme right failures in Australia, this article shows that rather than being immune, the country was spared an extreme right because of the policies put in place by mainstream parties and governments. By analysing mainstream politics in times of extreme right resurgence, this article highlights that by negating the extreme right's ability to appear as an alternative to the power in place, Australian mainstream politicians suffocated it. The conclusion of this article demonstrates that while the Australian extreme right has been mostly inaudible since 2001, extreme right politics, such as ethno-exclusivism, still play a crucial part in the shaping of Australian politics, notably during election campaigns.

Power Surge: Supporting Cells “Fuel” Cancer Cell Mitochondria

An emerging paradigm in tumor metabolism is that catabolism in host cells "fuels" the anabolic growth of cancer cells via energy transfer. A study in Nature Medicine (Nieman et al., 2011) supports this; they show that triglyceride catabolism in adipocytes drives ovarian cancer metastasis by providing fatty acids as mitochondrial fuels.

Applying High-Resistance Neutral Grounding in Medium-Voltage Systems

The application of high-resistance neutral grounding (HRNG) to medium-voltage (MV) distribution systems is one of the least understood and often misapplied methods of system neutral grounding. An HRNG grounded system is the only intentionally grounded neutral grounding method suitable for industrial systems that allows normal operation (no voltage dips, no power surges, no shutdowns, and minimal damage) for an indefinite time period after the inception of the most common of all faults, i.e., the single-line-to-ground fault. The complexity of applying an HRNG system is due to lesser understood factors, such as the relationship between system charging current, neutral grounding resistor let-through current, and point-of-fault ground-fault current; point-of-fault arcing voltage magnitudes; escalating arcing fault phenomena; and point-of-fault energy levels, all of which are not easily determined nor easily estimated. This paper addresses the application of HRNG neutral grounding systems on MV industrial ac power distribution systems. The seemingly perfect HRNG grounding system, with ground-fault-current magnitudes often limited to 10 A or less, has a limited window of application on MV systems, such that when misapplied may actually place the electrical system backbone components at risk, as well as trip the system offline due to escalating arcing faults resulting in phase-to-phase faults. HRNG applications in MV generator protection and MV arc flash mitigation are not within the scope of this paper.

Classification of wind speed distributions using a mixture of Dirichlet distributions

Wind energy production is very sensitive to instantaneous wind speed fluctuations. Thus rapid variation of wind speed due to changes in the local meteorological conditions can lead to electrical power variations of the order of the nominal power output. The high variability of this renewable energy source can caused a disruptive effect on power quality and reliability, in non-interconnected island networks as in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). To palliate these difficulties, it is essential to identify and characterize the wind speed distribution over very short time intervals. This allows anticipating the eventuality of power shortage or power surge. Therefore, it is of interest to categorize wind speed fluctuations into distinct classes and to estimate the probability of a distribution to belong to a class. This paper presents a method for classifying wind speed distributions by estimating a finite mixture of Dirichlet distributions. The SAEM algorithm that we use provides a fine distinction between three wind speed distribution classes. It is a new nonparametric method for wind speed classification.

Multi-instrumental observation of weak magnetic storms occurred during the period, 18–21 March 2002

Multi-instrumental observation of ionospheric responses to two weak magnetic storms occurred during the period, 18–21 March 2002, was conducted using GPS network, MU radar, and ionosondes, over the mid-latitude sector, and compared with the output generated by FLIP model. Latitudinal and temporal variations of GPS–TEC exhibit poleward expansion up to 35°N, during day time hours (around 1000–1300 JST), of 19 and 21 March after the SSCs. It is interesting to note that, although the second storm considered here is very weak, on 20 March after the SSC around mid-night, MU radar observed that neutral wind increases rapidly up to 200 m/s, towards equator and simultaneously, a perturbation component of about 2 TECU is observed by GPS network, around 0100 JST of 21 March, which propagate from north to equator. Ionosondes also revealed that, after the second SSC, around 0200 JST on 21 March, F-layer height increases at Wakkanai, and Kokubunji which propagates to Okinawa, exhibiting a latitudinal dispersion feature, showing the influence of equatorward neutral wind/propagating nature of a powerful wind surge. The equivalent neutral wind derived from FLIP model by including vibrationally excited nitrogen, N 2 ⁎ and without its inclusion are almost identical and in good agreement with the MU radar neutral wind. The interplanetary–magnetosphere scenario of the initial and main phase of the two weak geomagnetic storms considered in the present study are quite different, which is reflected in the ionospheric responses to these events.

Heat Transfer of an IGBT Module Integrated With a Vapor Chamber

Presently, many methods are adopted to reduce the junction-to-case thermal resistance (Rjc) of insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules in order to increase their power density. One of these approaches is to enhance the heat spreading capability of the base plate (heat spreader) of an IGBT module using a vapor chamber (VC). In this paper, both experimental measurement and thermal modeling are conducted on a VC-based IGBT module and two copper-plate-based IGBT modules. The experimental data show that Rjc of the VC-based IGBT module decreases substantially with the increase in the heat load of the IGBT. Rjc of the VC-based IGBT module is ∼50% of that of the 3 mm copper-plate-based IGBT module after it saturates at a heat load level of ∼200 W. The transient time of the VC-based IGBT module is also shorter than the copper-plate-based IGBT modules since the VC has higher heat spreading capability. The quicker responses of the VC-based IGBT module to reach its saturated temperature during the start-up can avoid a possible power surge. In the thermal modeling, the vapor is substituted as a solid conductor with extremely high thermal conductivity. Hence, the two-phase flow thermal modeling of the VC is simplified as a one-phase thermal conductive modeling. A thermal circuit model is also built for the VC-based IGBT module. Both the thermal modeling and thermal circuit results match well with the experimental data.