896 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Byzantine Structures”) offer a dramatic case study (including limited application of FEM) of a large-scale, domed masonry structure that did suffer severely in the powerful earthquake of 1978. Rowland Mainstone (“Questioning Hagia Sophia”), whose book on the Great Church (Hagia Sophia [London, 1988]) served as a point of departure for most of the papers in this volume, takes a critical approach to structural modeling, in particular questioning the suitability of FEM. The final section returns to a historical realm with essays on the post-Byzantine life ofHagia Sophia and its influence on later architecture. M. Ahunbay and Z. Ahunbay examine the “Structural Influence of Hagia Sophia on Ottoman MosqueArchitecture,” while G. Necipoglu details “The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium.” As one expects from a collection of essays, some are more clearly integrated with the book than others. And as one might expect ofa study combining computer-age tests with ancient buildings, the gap between engineers and architectural historians is considerable. From the point of view of an architectural historian, one is as struck by the difficulties the engineers face in their attempts at application as one is by the potential such efforts hold. But most noteworthy here is that the majority of the papers are focused substantially on the questions at hand, and that the book has more continuity and integration than many such collections. The threads are most tightly woven by Mainstone, a structural engineer whose impressive command of the material extends equally to the realm of architectural history. His questioning takes the long view, and his call for continued evaluation both of goals and suitability of methods ought to serve as a beacon in future ventures that apply contemporary structural testing to historical monuments. Ann Terry Dr. Terry is an associate professor of art history at Wittenberg University. She publishes in the field of early Byzantine architecture and sculpture. Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution: The Art and Structure ofLarge-Scale Buildings. Edited by Robert Mark. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993. Pp. xvi+252; illustrations, glossary, bibliography, index. $39.95. The focus of this textbook, narrower than the title promises, is structural systems of large buildings. Heating and ventilation, water supply and sewage, power supply, hoisting machines, or stereotomical techniques are not discussed. The Western tradition after the Greeks limits geographic and historic coverage. Six concise chapters discuss foundations, walls, vaults, and timber roofs. Each explains first technical elements and then historical developments in the classical Greek, Roman, Byzantine, early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, and Renais sance periods. TECHNOLOGYAND CULTURE Book Reviews 897 Robert Mark’s introduction argues that early architectural texts, Vitruvius, Villard de Honnecourt, German lodge books of the 15th and 16th centuries, and expertises offer a limited view of technical subjects. Structural sizing was analyzed for the first time in 1638, in Galileo’s Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences. Mark does not trust earlier geometric structural formulas, since they ignore scaling, and the geometric forms they encourage neither guarantee stability nor were they followed by workers. Craft traditions developed independendy of these formulas, in direct response to field conditions, and these can be studied direcdy in buildings, as pioneered by Viollet-le-Duc, Mark’s eponymous hero. Mark adds modern tools, such as photoelasdc and finite-element modeling, to his approach. Concealed or disassembled elements, foundations, timber roofs, or centering can be important if their limitations affect the building. Chapter 2, by Sheila Bonde, Clark Maines, and Rowland Richards,Jr., discusses foundations together with their supporting soils. This is a valuable addition to the literature, drawing attention to an important and widely ignored subject, broached before only inJean Kerisel’s Down to Earth (1987). A coherent historical narrative of major developments remains elusive because of insufficient evidence, and the authors admit their uncertainty about many trends. Greek foundations were generally conservative but included many variations, such as gridded footings, still used in the 13th century. The Romans introduced many novelties, especially concrete platforms, as at the Colosseum and the Pantheon, that distributed uniformly the loads of the superstructures. Romanesque timber grills at York and Winchester cathedrals consolidated the foot ings and also helped to...