Power Supply Equipment Research Articles

Методика нормування витрати палива для автомобілів швидкої допомоги

Modern conditions require a careful attitude to the fuel and energy resources of the country. Road transport is the main consumer of gasoline and diesel fuel. In Ukraine, the control of fuel consumption for road vehicles is established at the legislative level. However, the current system of rationing of fuels and lubricants does not always take into account all operating conditions, especially for vehicles that are under departmental subordination. Ambulances, at the time of transportation and assistance to the patient, may move in violation of some points of the Rules of the Road. It swings the speed limit. The design feature of emergency vehicles is that they were usually created on the basis of a basic model with subsequent re-equipment of the body and the installation of special equipment. Medical equipment may require additional power from the motor to operate. These and other features should be taken into account when rationing fuel consumption. The article analyzes the experimental and mathematical methods for assessing the fuel efficiency of vehicles. A method for calculating the basic (basic) fuel consumption rate for vehicles with gasoline and diesel engines is proposed. On the example of an ambulance, based on a Volkswagen Caravelle, an algorithm for selecting initial data, a sequence for calculating the indicator using a mathematical model, and numerical values of the fuel consumption rate were obtained. Graphs are constructed and the influence of the speed of movement and the degree of loading of the car on the amount of travel fuel consumption in l/100 km is analyzed. For some brands of emergency vehicles that are currently entering service in Ukraine, fuel consumption rates have been calculated and summarized in a table. The calculation results were compared with the manufacturer's data. A mathematical model is presented for calculating the consumption of additional fuel in g/h, which is spent on driving consumers: power supply for special medical equipment, air conditioning and heating systems, light and sound alarms. In conclusion, conclusions are formulated and ways for further research are outlined.

A study of the impact of voltage sag on sensitive loads at low-voltage distribution areas

Under the background of the dual carbon goal and the new power system, the power system becomes more complex and diverse, and voltage sag events caused by short-circuit faults, overloads, switching operations, large motor starting, and distributed generation access are more frequent. On the other hand, with the increasing sensitivity of low-voltage distribution network electrical equipment to power quality, especially for precision process control equipment using computers, power electronics, and automation technology, new energy generating units, and electric vehicle charging facilities, voltage sag accidents will cause difficult-to-estimate losses in equipment production and operation, and frequent voltage sag events have become one of the main power quality problems affecting reliable power supply and normal equipment operation. To address this problem, this paper analyzes the impact of voltage sag on low-voltage substation loads from a mechanism perspective, establishes a voltage sag tolerance curve for electronic appliances through experimental research, and simulates and verifies the effectiveness and correctness of the method in this paper using a 3 MW-rated induction generator connected to the distribution network as an example.

Wearable Integrated Self‐Powered Electroluminescence Display Device Based on All‐In‐One MXene Electrode for Information Encryption

AbstractAnti‐counterfeiting and visual optical information encryption/decryption technology have attracted widespread attention in the field of information security. Luminescent encryption technologies still face a huge challenge in external high voltage power supply, complex architecture, and expensive decryption equipment, which hinder their broad applications. Herein, a wearable integrated self‐powered electroluminescent (EL) display device (W‐ELD) that consists of MXene/Silicone‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (MS‐TENG) and EL device based on a shared MXene electrode is developed for patterned display and information encryption. The W‐ELD features an all‐in‐one MXene electrode with excellent flexibility and high conductivity of 0.6 kΩ sq−1, which is shared by both MS‐TENG and EL devices. The MS‐TENG demonstrates excellent output performances (output power of 0.9 Wm−2) and high stability and durability (104 cycles), which can directly light up the flexible patterned EL device. More importantly, when dripping conductive electrolyte solution, the W‐ELD based on “中國”‐patterned MXene electrode can precisely reveal the encryption information through self‐powered EL emission for real‐time visualized information interaction. Consequently, the all‐in‐one MXene electrode‐based W‐ELD that integrates both MS‐TENG and EL device demonstrates exceptional patterned EL‐based information encryption features, which offers a potential prospect in wearable self‐powered optoelectronic devices, flexible displays, and encryption technology.

Research on Energy Efficiency Optimization Technology in Cellular Network

This paper analyzes the energy consumption of base stations involved in cellular networks, including main equipment, power supply equipment, environmental equipment and other auxiliary equipment, etc. On this basis, this paper discusses energy efficiency optimization techniques at several levels, such as base station deployment, components, and repair cotton. Under the current limited channel resources, it is inevitable to consider the balance between data services and voice services, and then to analyze the relevant indicators of network performance as a basis for the specific time.

Design and fabrication of biomass densification machine for teaching and research purposes

In developing nations, research output is limited due to factors like unreliable power supply and inadequate laboratory equipment. The high cost of purchasing completed laboratory equipment and the unavailability of accessories for imported equipment further contribute to this issue. A biomass densification machine was designed and constructed to address these challenges for teaching and research purposes. The machine was tested at five different compaction pressures (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kPa) using gelatinized cassava starch as a binder. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the produced fuel briquettes were investigated following ASTM standards and procedures reported in the literature. The results show that the physical and mechanical properties of the fuel briquettes increase with compaction pressure. The compressive strength, durability, and water resistance of the briquettes varied between 55 and 101 kN·m−2, 89–99%, and 20–120 min, respectively, while the compressed and relaxed densities range from 0.780 to 1.220 g·cm−3 and 0.670 to 0.990 g·cm−3, respectively. The machine performed satisfactorily because the briquettes’ characteristics were found to meet the specified ISO Standard (17225). The development of this machine will enable academic institutions, researchers, and students to harness the potential of biomass through the densification process without the challenges posed by imported equipment. The creation of the machine will also facilitate students’ hands-on learning. By providing an easily accessible and reliable platform, academic and research institutions can integrate biomass solid fuel production experiments into their curricula, fostering a thorough understanding of renewable energy solutions and supporting sustainable practices. Therefore, it can be recommended for teaching and research in developing nations. Incorporating an electronic component, such as a digital pressure gauge and electric hydraulic jack, is recommended for future research to enhance the performance.

ACC-RL: Adaptive Congestion Control Based on Reinforcement Learning in Power Distribution Networks with Data Centers

Modern data center power distribution networks place greater demands on the stability and reliability of power supply. Growing network computing demands and complex network environments can cause network congestion, which in turn leads to network traffic overload and power supply equipment overload. Therefore, network congestion is one of the most important problems faced by data center power distribution networks. In this paper, we propose an approach called ACC-RL based on reinforcement learning (RL), which can effectively avoid network congestion and improve energy performance. ACC-RL models the congestion control task as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). It is independent of the estimated value function and supports deterministic policies. It also sets the reward value function using real-time network information such as the transmission rate, RTT, and switch queue length, with the target transmission rate as the target equilibrium point. ACC-RL is highly general, can be trained on datasets running in different network environments, and generates a robust congestion control policy. The experimental results show that ACC-RL can solve the congestion problem without any predefined scenarios in different network environments. It can control the network traffic well, thus ensuring the stability and reliability of the power supply in the distribution network. We conduct network simulation experiments through NS-3. We set up different scenarios for experiments and data analysis in many-to-one, all-to-all, and long–short network environments. Compared with the popular rule-based congestion control algorithms such as TIMELY, DCQCN, and HPCC, ACC-RL shows different degrees of energy performance advantages in network metrics such as fairness, link utilization, and throughput.

РОЗРОБКА АВТОНОМНОГО ЕНЕРГОЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПЕРЕСУВНОЇ ПОВЕРХНЕВОЇ ДЕГАЗАЦІЙНОЇ УСТАНОВКИ

Currently, in connection with the difficult situation with energy supply, issues related to the application of new measures to conserve energy resources as well as the introduction of new promising technologies using alternative energy sources, such as mined methane, have gained great importance. The problem of methane from coal deposits is of particular importance. This problem primarily concerns the safety of miners' work, methane production as an alternative source of energy resources, and solving environmental problems related to methane emissions into the atmosphere of coal mining enterprises. The problem of reducing the efficiency of degassing is caused by the long length of the degassing pond and the depth of cleaning operations. The use of a mobile surface degassing unit makes it possible to effectively carry out degassing and achieve significant volumes of extracted gas with a methane content of up to 80%, but high costs of electricity complicate its operation. Therefore, the paper proposes an autonomous power supply for a mobile surface degassing plant. For the autonomous power supply of a mobile surface degassing plant, it is advisable to use an electric generator since an uninterrupted supply of electricity is important. Gas power plants are widely used in industrial enterprises. In accordance with the power consumption of the electrical equipment of the mobile surface degassing plant, the work justified and selected a gas power plant and electric power equipment for the autonomous power supply of the mobile surface degassing plant. The gas-piston power plant is designed for the production of electrical energy and can be both the main and backup source. As a fuel, mainline natural gas with an average supply pressure or methane mine gas is used. The basic configuration of the power plant is a liquid-cooled gas-piston engine based on a diesel unit. A technological scheme for connecting the gas power plant to a mobile vacuum pumping unit and its power supply scheme has been developed, which will increase the safety of cleaning works, solve the issue of methane utilization, significantly reduce electricity costs, and improve the environmental situation in the industrial region.

Designing the Optimal Configuration of a Small Power System for Autonomous Power Supply of Weather Station Equipment

Autonomous power systems serving remote areas with weather stations with small settlements are characterized by a fairly high cost of generating electricity and the purchase and delivery of fuel. In addition, diesel power plants require regular maintenance, have a relatively short service life during continuous operation and produce a large amount of emissions into the environment. This article discusses various methods of placing solar panels in the space for the autonomous power supply of weather station equipment. The principles of these methods are described and their advantages and disadvantages are outlined. The optimal algorithms of functioning for photomodules are described and their comparison regarding the main, significant parameters is carried out. The choice of the most effective algorithm for use at a weather station is made. The effective positioning of solar panels is also calculated, and positioning conditions are determined depending on the territorial location and various environmental conditions. Simulation of the power supply system of a weather station consisting of solar panels, batteries and inverters is performed. As a result, a practical example of the application of the method of selecting the optimal composition of equipment for a hybrid power system of a weather station territorially located in Siberia with different configurations of equipment is considered. In numerical terms, it was possible to reduce the cost of power equipment operation by more than 60% with a fairly low payback period of 5.5 years and an increased reliability of the power system, which is very important for autonomous power systems of northern weather stations.

Analysis of centralized control system for safety production and operation of distribution network

In the construction and development of modern society, the distribution network as an effective connection of power supply equipment and electricity customers of the power transmission system, during the production and operation of whether the safety and reliability, directly affect the power supply equipment and electricity equipment efficiency and quality. Therefore, how to build a centralized management system of big data is an important research topic put forward by electric power enterprises under the background of the comprehensive development of work, and also an effective means for enterprises to achieve scientific management and improve work efficiency. On the basis of understanding the production and operation status of distribution network, this paper focuses on the structure and application effects of power centralized management system based on Spark, according to the study status of Chinese big data management and power enterprise information integrated management. The final experimental results show that the overall system design can further improve the throughput of the system and provide users with high-quality service functions.

Overview of the Application of Automatic Control Theory in Power Engineering

With the widespread application of power automation technology in power engineering, the development of power automation technology will definitely promote the development of power engineering. In the future, power automation technology will improve the security and stability of power supply, and provide better power supply equipment. Utilizing and promoting the development and advancement in the direction of greatly reducing operating costs, the application of this technology plays a decisive role and significance in promoting the further development of the electric power industry.

Features of search tactics during the investigation of obstruction of the legitimate professional activities of journalists

The scientific article, based on the analysis of the opinions of forensic scientists, the provisions of the current criminal procedural legislation and the practice of its application. It substantiates the practical significance of highlighting the peculiarities of the search tactics during the investigation of interference the legitimate professional activity of journalists. The main task of the search is the extraction of individual traces and other objects that have significance in criminal proceedings. Depending on the object of the search, the following variants are distinguished:house search; search of other possessions; search of the person.
 The authors of the article set the goal of highlighting the peculiarities of the search tactics during the investigation of interference the legitimate professional activity of a journalist.
 Еmphasized on the importance of conducting a personal search at the initial stage of the investigation, the object of which is a person's body and clothes.
 Peculiarities of extraction during the search of computer objects were studied. It is noted that before starting the search, it is necessary to take measures to prevent possible damage or destruction of information. To do this, it is necessary to ensure the continuous power supply of computer equipment before and during the search, remove unauthorized persons from the premises in which the search is being carried out. It is also important to take measures so that unauthorized persons cannot send any commands to the computer system in which information is searched. Emphasized that in view of the technical features of starting, stopping and functioning of computer equipment, the suspect's access to it should be limited during the search.
 It was concluded that the main tasks of conducting a search during the investigation of criminal offenses provided for by Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are: establishing the location of wanted persons; finding tools of a criminal offense, other things and documents relevant to criminal proceedings, in particular computer devices, computer media, individual files stored in them and other computer objects.

Design, analysis and implementation of A/D converter for switching power supply

The A/D conversion circuit is an important part of switching power supply equipment, and the circuit design has a great influence on the conversion accuracy. This paper mainly discusses the current mode circuit, gives the difference between it and voltage mode, and studies the design idea and circuit of the A/D conversion circuit. In this paper, the current mode circuit is composed of basic components, and the A/D conversion of the switching power supply is realized by switching current mode. The reason of A/D conversion error is that when the current mirror is not strictly matched, it is caused by the limited input and output resistance of MOS tube, and an operational amplifier is added between the drain and gate of the current mirror to improve the A/D conversion accuracy. The results show that the current mode is used to realize A/D conversion, which has low power consumption and fast conversion speed.

Optimal Operation of CCHP System Combined Electric Vehicles Considering Seasons

Energy shortage has always been a problem that the world needs to face. The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, as a multi-level energy utilization system that can provide cooling, heating, and electric energy simultaneously, is considered to have good development prospects in alleviating energy problems. In addition, because of the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs), using EVs as power supply devices has become a hot topic of research. In this paper, EVs are combined with the CCHP system as new power supply equipment, and the influence of the season on the user’s cooling, heating, and power demand is considered. Aiming at the minimum economic cost, the system is optimized by using the PSO algorithm in two operating modes: following electricity load (FEL) and following thermal load (FTL). The final results show that the participation of EVs can reduce costs in both operating modes, especially in FTL mode, which can reduce costs by 4.58%, 13.61%, 12.74%, and 3.57% in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. In addition, the FEL mode is more economical in spring and winter, and the FTL mode is more economical in summer and winter. In addition, the CO2 emissions in FEL mode are always less than in FTL mode.

Micropattern lamination improving piezoelectric coefficient of bio-membrane for multifunctional single-electrode devices

Natural bio-piezoelectric materials are of great concern as energy harvesters and sensors for their inherent nontoxicity, excellent biocompatiblility and biodegradability. Nevertheless, the piezoelectric coefficient of these materials are much lower than that of organic/inorganic piezoelectric material. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the research on improving the piezoelectric properties of biological materials to promote their practical application. In this study, the natural bio-membrane of hog casings composed of a large number of orderly layer-by layer collagen fibers were proposed as a bio-piezoelectric material for the multifunctional single-electrode devices, with emphasis on strengthening the piezoelectric coefficient of the bio-membrane from 5.3 to 13.1 pC N−1 based on a facile micropattern lamination method. The hog casings between different pieces formed interlock with the gaps between collagen fibers, and polypeptide chains were interconnected with hydrogen bonds by the surface functional groups, which made the lamination expand the accumulated stress and electric dipole moment. Moreover, the single-electrode mode adopted in the piezoelectric device could effectively avoid the risk of short circuit and kept on providing continuous power partially cracked, which was particularly important in power supply equipment in human body. The bio-membrane based piezoelectric device exhibited good piezoelectric performance, stability and durability in the explored applications.

Multiphysics Co-Simulation and Experimental Study of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Energy Generation System

With the continuous deepening of research on seafloor hydrothermal observations, the demand for a sustainable power supply of observation equipment is increasingly urgent. A kind of device that utilizes the temperature difference near hydrothermal vents to provide power is studied. However, the frequent experiments required for in-depth research on this device contradict the rare opportunities for hydrothermal field experiments and the difficulty in laboratory replication. In response to the above difficulties, a multiphysics co-simulation of the deep-sea hydrothermal energy generation system is studied in this paper. Firstly, the output performance analysis and modeling of the TEG installed in the device under pressure are carried out. An enhanced heat transfer model of the system is proposed for the hydrothermal fluids in the flow channel of the device. Then, the thermoelectric model of TEG and the heat transfer model of the device are jointly simulated by using Fluent and Simulink software. Eventually, the simulation data are compared with the data obtained through experiments. The average absolute of the relative error of the open-circuit voltage is 5.07%, and the maximum one is 6.28%. The corresponding values of the maximum output power are 5.16% and 6.79%, respectively. Therefore, the performance of the hydrothermal thermoelectric power generation system and the correctness of the proposed overall co-simulation model are verified.

An Efficient and Stable Embedded Multi-U-Shaped Column Rotary Transformer

Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) technology can be used to solve the problems of high friction loss, overheating and low stability caused by conductive slip rings on rotating power supply equipment. An improved Embedded Multi-U-Shaped Column Rotary Transformer (EMUCRT) based on the ICPT and spliced core structure is proposed in this paper. It has a higher coupling coefficient and can transmit power more efficiently and stably due to the primary magnetic core is embedded inside the secondary magnetic core. Compared with the one-piece core structure, the spliced type is more flexible due to its loose magnetic core arrangement. Its primary coil can still transmit energy stably after offset by a certain distance, so the structure has good anti-misalignment ability. On the basis of analyzing its magnetic core arrangement and magnetic circuit model, the optimal magnetic core specifications and quantities of primary and secondary side are obtained by theoretical calculation and simulation. In order to verify the high efficiency, rotational stability and anti-misalignment characteristics of the structure, an experimental prototype was built. The results show that EMUCRT can transmit energy efficiently and has good rotational and offset stability.

Design of The Power Supply and Distribution Monitoring System for NNBI

The power supply and distribution system provides powerful support for the efficient operation of the negative ion source neutral beam injector (NNBI) experiment. To centrally manage the power supply equipment of each subsystem of NNBI, a power supply, and distribution monitoring system based on WinCC software and SQL Server database is developed. The system has an excellent man-machine interaction interface and realizes the monitoring and management of energy consumption in the power supply and distribution system. It has circuit process monitoring, fault alarm, operation log, historical data query, and other functions. After testing, the system can run stably and reliably control each device. At the same time, the system has good compatibility and expansibility and meets the needs of intelligent management and monitoring of the power supply and distribution system.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF A HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY CABLE FASTENING

High flame retardant drag chain power sheathed cables are used for equipment power supply, and in the outdoor environment, the power transmission power cable needs to be fixed to the wall, usually along the industrial route. The cable bridge moves, extends more frequently, the power supply cable needs to be fixed with a cable sling device, because there is no such special sling device on the market, so the use of the existing card fixing method leads to the cable often squeezed and damaged insulation layer cable failure power outage. This article addresses this problem and proposes for feasible countermeasures.

Exponential Curve-Based Control Strategy for Auxiliary Equipment Power Supply Systems in Railways

An exponential curve-based (ECB) control strategy has been proposed in this paper. The proposed ECB control strategy is based on the growth and decay of charge in the series RC circuit and the harmonic elimination by detecting the Fourier expansion series of the auxiliary equipment power supply system’s (AEPSS) three-phase output voltage level. It can quickly adjust each duty cycle to the best value for driving the isolated three-phase inverter (ITPI) and produce a three-phase 380 VAC/60 Hz output. A comparison of the AEPSS output performance using the traditional voltage cancellation method (VCM) and the proposed ECB control strategy was performed. The hardware implementation of the system was performed on the prototype developed in the laboratory. These control strategies are tested under three conditions, i.e., (i) Vi = 550 VDC. (ii) Vi = 750 VDC. (iii) Vi = 800 VDC. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is 13.7%, 14.5%, and 14.9%, and the output voltage Vo is 372.3 VAC, 377.3 VAC, and 385.3 VAC using the traditional control strategy at three test conditions, respectively. However, the THD is 7.2%, 7.8%, and 8.0%, and the output voltage Vo is 382.2 VAC, 381.2 VAC, and 381.9 VAC using the proposed ECB control strategy under the test conditions. It is obvious from the hardware results that the output voltage harmonics and output voltage level for the proposed ECB control strategy are superior to the traditional VCM. The voltage produced from the AEPSS using the proposed ECB control strategy is more stable and has better quality. In addition, the filter size is also reduced.

High‐Efficiency Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells for Laser Energy Transfer Underwater

Wide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising technology with a series of potential applications, including tandem photovoltaics, solar‐driven electrochemical energetic devices, and outfit morphing power supply for underwater equipment. However, the energy‐level difference between the charge transport layer and perovskite may result in inefficient interfacial charge extraction, leading to the series carrier accumulation at the interface that impairs the photovoltaic performance. Herein, [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester is introduced between SnO2 and FAPbBr3 to alleviate the energy‐level mismatch. Significant photoluminescence quenches and decreased series resistance both verify the promoted interfacial charge extraction efficiency. Besides, the film on the flattened nonwetting electronic transport layers film has better quality, thus reducing defect density and nonradiative recombination. As a result, a 20% power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement, from 7.02% to 8.55%, is achieved under AM1.5G illumination. More importantly, for the first time, this work demonstrates a highly efficient PSC with a PCE over 43% under the 532 nm laser condition, providing a promising wireless fast charging way with high‐power laser irradiation in deep ocean.