Design Of Power Stations Research Articles

Nominated Lecture: Special Requirements for the Design of Nuclear Power Stations to Withstand Earthquakes

The aseismic design specification to which the Tokai plant was designed is summarized and explanations of certain of its requirements are given. A general review of the main features of the plant, with particular reference to aseismic problems, follows. Finally, certain elements of the design are selected for more detailed explanations of how their earthquake resistance was developed and demonstrated.

Determination of the Optimum Level of a Steam Power Station Turbine House from Hydraulic and Constructional Considerations

The time taken to construct large-capacity thermal power stations is becoming increasingly important and demands close attention. During the constructional period large capital sums are invested without return and as the demand for electricity is ever increasing early availability of generating plant is of consequence. Subject always to satisfactory load-bearing conditions the level of a coastal or esturine power station turbine house is hydraulically related to sea level. An investigation has been made into the economical depth of excavation for the turbine house as plant erection cannot commence until basic building work is complete. The investigation shows that the optimum level of a turbine house is amenable to calculation and two methods of establishing the level are described. The first method involves equating the financial value of lost generation to the savings in civil engineering consequent upon reduced excavation. The second method balances generation lost at low water with increased generation at high water. The results demonstrate that acceptance of periodic small reductions in electrical generation reduce excavation depth, construction time, capital cost or operating cost. The study involves variation in sea level with moon phase, cooling-water pump flow, hydraulic gradients, condenser vacuum and turbine power. Extension in coverage of the conclusions permits power station design engineers to select an optimum turbine house level, subject to consideration of relevant civil engineering factors, in the early design stages.

Power Development in the USSR

This paper is the result of observations made by several Canadian power-utility engineering and managerial personnel during an exchange visit to the USSR in 1961 as guests of the Ministry of Power Station Construction. This visit, plus other sources of information, made possible a review of the organization, growth, and resources of the power industry in Russia, the design and construction of power stations, various transmission systems, and the manufacturing processes of generating equipment.

Mechanical properties and microstructures of certain structural materials after neutron irradiation

The article contains data related to irradiation effects on mechanical properties and microstructures of several austenitic, ferritic and ferritic-martensitic steels and molybdenum irradiated under working conditions of the reactor of the first nuclear power station. Irradiations to doses from 0·9 × 10 20 to 3·4 × 10 20 n. cm −2 at temperatures between 450°C and 650°C result in a sharp drop in plasticity of austenitic and ferritic steels and of molybdenum. It is shown that the causes of embrittlement in steels and in molybdenum are fundamentally different. The collected information may be useful in the design of new nuclear power stations.

Administration of stable odide as a means of reducing thyroid irradiation resulting from inhalation of radioactive iodine.

Despite the emphasis placed on safety considerations during the design and operation of nuclear power stations, it is prudent to consider the possibility of a reactor accident capable of causing radiological injury to the general public residing in the vicinity. This implies the emission of radioactive material from the reactor. The first danger which must be reduced in connection with certain types of reactor is that resulting from inhalation of radioactive materials by persons in the path of the cloud. All existing evidence suggests that for the type of reactor under consideration, the inhalation of radioactive iodine is the most immediate hazard. Iodine is selectively absorbed and concentrated in the thyroid gland where it is retained for relatively long periods. In this report an analysis is given of the factors governing the uptake of iodine by the thyroid glands, and, by using data available in the literature, it is shown to be probable that the ingestion of small amounts of inorganic iodide would significantly reduce the dose due to concurrently inhaled radioactive iodine. It is therefore advocated that the administration of stable iodide shouid be seriously considered as an alternative or supplement to evacuation of any persons at risk frommore » inhalation, following a reactor accident. The adoption of this suggestion would simplify emergency plans by reducing the need for evacuation or at least add valuable time during which evacuation could be better organized. (auth)« less

Radiation protection in the design and operation of nuclear power stations.

Radiation protection in the design and operation of nuclear power stations.

Some engineering developments in the nuclear power field1

The paper describes some of the problems in the design and construction of nuclear power stations and in particular deals with some of the contributions which have been made in North-East England. These include the development of the fuse e

Selecting Station-Type Switchgear Equipment for Large Generating Stations [includes discussion

The application of switchgear equipment for use in high-capacity generating stations has always emphasized the necessity of insuring uninterrupted service. Power pools and the increased capacity of generator units has made this phase of power-station design more important than ever. Although station-type switchgear equipment today embraces certain basic features, the system designer must analyze each application, taking into consideration the location of the power plant in the system. Therefore, a knowledge of the various types of construction and the design of the co-ordinated details is required to select station-type switchgear that will give reliable and economical service.

Design of Electric Power Stations

AN important paper by F. W. Lawton was read to the Institution of Electrical Engineers on March 9 dealing with the design of Hams Hall power station at Birmingham, designed twelve years ago, and with a new Hams Hall power station B which will be constructed shortly for the same purpose and on a neighbouring site. The author stresses the point that from the time when the calculations for a proposed power station are made until it is completed and running on a commercial load, several years may have elapsed and great changes may have occurred. For example, the average price of the coal used in the furnaces is now 17s. per ton as against 9s. 6d. in 1935. In designing the new station it was reasonable to consider which features of the old station should be repeated and which rejected in the new station built twelve years afterwards. During this time coal prices have increased, high voltages have become normal and the progress made in metallurgy has made much higher steam temperatures feasible. All these changes call for modification in the designs if the best efficiency and economy are to be obtained. As regards the general lay-out, the simplicity and uniformity of the existing station will be repeated. There is a single row of boilers parallel to a single end-on row of turbo alternators. Electrostatic flue-gas cleaning plant will be retained. The absence of architectural adornment of the new buildings will be more rigorously enforced. Air raid precautions insist that there must be no roof lights or external windows to basements. For economic reasons the superstructure will be made of ferro-concrete instead of structural steel. Turbo-alternators of 50,000 kw. capacity each will again be used in the new station, but they will generate at 33,000 volts instead of at 11,000 volts as in the present station. A true understanding of what is real economy is obscured by the ever-changing technology of power production, by the difficulties of accurately forecasting operating conditions many years ahead, and by reactions of local trade developments.

East Midland Sub-Centre: Chairman's address. “Problems of power station design during the next decade”

East Midland Sub-Centre: Chairman's address. “Problems of power station design during the next decade”

Steam vs. electricity for driving power station auxiliaries

During the past few years important changes effected in power station and system design have reduced operating expenses materially. At present, however, station designers are giving more attention to the reducing of investment costs. This reduction of plant investment quite naturally affects the plant auxiliaries as well as other station equipment. Many large stations built recently have practically all of the essential as well as the non-essential auxiliaries driven by electricity; but in other recent stations steam driven auxiliaries have been used quite extensively. In the light of present conditions and past operating experience, therefore, the A.I.E.E. power generation committee felt that a review of the characteristics and merits of both steam and electric drives would be in order. Accordingly, this committee has sponsored three papers to be presented at the Institute's forthcoming winter convention, and upon these papers the following three articles are based.

Developments in Power Station Design

THIS book will be found useful and interesting by every one connected with the design of electrical power-houses or associated with the installation and operation of steam and electrical plant. The author looks forward to the time when every factory will be driven electrically and power production will be confined to very large power stations. Before this happens, however, it is essential that every manufacturer who generates power for his private use should cut down his consumption of fuel to a minimum. This is highly desirable, not only to reduce his working expenses but also to prevent waste of the nation's coal resources.

Power House Design

THE second edition of this important work will be welcomed by all engineers who are interested in power-station design. The author is the chairman of the Electricity Commissioners; he has been both a distributing and a consulting engineer, and has therefore studied the problem from all points of view. The book is a storehouse of facts which will be of great value to the designer. The general principles which should be followed are laid down and illustrated by clear descriptions of many modern power stations. It is interesting to note that these stations are of very; varied design. This is doubtless due partly to the individual experience of the designers, but it also bears out the author's contention that every case must be considered on its own merits, and so the solution applicable in one case may be unsuitable in another. The apparatus inside a power station should be standardised as much as possible, but at the present time it would be inadvisable to attempt to standardise the station itself. Power House Design. By Sir J. F. C. Snell. (Longmans' Electrical Engineering Series.) Second edition. Pp. xi + 535. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1921.) 42s. net.

Modern steam power station design

Modern steam power station design

Appendix: Important articles on power station design and operation that have appeared in American and foreign technical journals

Appendix: Important articles on power station design and operation that have appeared in American and foreign technical journals

Notes on design of hydroelectric power stations (with reference to the influence of load-factor)

Hydroelectric power plants are designed with the ultimate object of being producers of wealth. All factors which have any bearing on fixed charges, cost of operation, or sale of power, must be considered. At the time of designing, operating conditions cannot be known definitely and such factors as amount and distribution of load can be considered only in a general way. This is one difference between most water-power and steam stations. When the plant is in operation, conditions of load are constantly undergoing change. It is therefore generally impossible to design a system for fixed conditions, and provision must be made for a certain flexibility of operation and for future growth. Also, costs vary widely in different places and are confidential.

Notes on Design of Hydroelectric Power Stations

Notes on Design of Hydroelectric Power Stations

Discussion on “Power station design”

Discussion on “Power station design”

Adjourned discussion on “Power station design”

Adjourned discussion on “Power station design”

Power station design

Power station design