Power Sources For Electronics Research Articles

(Digital Presentation) Thermal Acceleration Model for the Capacity Fade of a Rechargeable Li Ion Battery and Its Validation with 10+ Years of Testing Data

Rechargeable Li ion batteries have become not only a major power source for consumer electronics, but also a critical power source for high demanding applications like electrical vehicles, portable military devices and medical devices. Medtronic, one of the leading medical device companies has developed a breakthrough rechargeable Li ion battery technology-OverdriveTM to power implantable neurostimulators such as Intellis and Interstim Micro. OverdriveTM batteries have exceptional stable performance and fast charging capability. Figure 1 shows design verification test of capacity stability under two different discharge rate, C/24 and C/168; charging rate are 2C for both groups. As shown in Figure 1, there is virtually no capacity fade under C/168 discharge rate cycling and only a few percent capacity loss under C/24 rate cycling for more than 10 years of testing at 37oC.It is crucial to have a good acceleration testing model to design a rechargeable battery with reliable performance over 10 years of service and to ensure robust design with foreseeing battery material replacement over time. In the early development stage, we established a thermal acceleration capacity fade model for our OverdriveTM battery based on 2 years of testing as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows capacity fade of Overdrive battery cycling at different temperatures up to 10 years. The trend of additional 8 years of data is consistent with model prediction.This presentation will highlight the performance characteristics of the OverdriveTM battery technology and provide the technical details of thermal acceleration capacity fade model. In addition, we will present how the model has been applied to understand the degradation mechanism of OverdriveTM battery and to improve the battery chemistry. Figure 1

2D Materials Integrated CNT Hybrid Paper Electrodes for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors

Flexible supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted growing interests as the power source for portable and wearable electronics. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerged as one of the promising materials for flexible SC electrodes due to their excellent high electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, large surface area, and functionalization ability. CNTs can be assembled into several macroscopic forms based on the applications. In the present work, the CNT buckypapers integrated with 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal sulfides (TMDs) especially, tin sulfide (SnS2) nanoparticles were prepared using a simple mould casting method. The flexible and free-standing, interface-enhanced CNT paper having homogeneously dispersed 2D materials was prepared. The hybridized CNT papers were thoroughly characterized to elucidate their structural and surface properties. Finally, such hybrid CNT papers were used as binder-free, free-standing electrodes for the fabrication of flexible-all-solid-state supercapacitors. The electrochemical performance (CV, GCD, EIS) of the as obtained the symmetric and asymmetric devices were assessed to evaluate the charge storage performance and effect of 2D materials on the charge storage capability and stability were studied. Figure 1

Self-rechargeable energizers for sustainability

Electrical energy generation and storage have always been complementary to each other but are often disconnected in practical electrical appliances. Recently, efforts to combine both energy generation and storage into self-powered energizers have demonstrated promising power sources for wearable and implantable electronics. In line with these efforts, achieving self-rechargeability in energy storage from ambient energy is envisioned as a tertiary energy storage (3rd-ES) phenomenon. This review examines a few of the possible 3rd-ES capable of harvesting ambient energy (photo-, thermo-, piezo-, tribo-, and bio-electrochemical energizers), focusing also on the devices' sustainability. The self-rechargeability mechanisms of these devices, which function through modifications of the energizers’ constituents, are analyzed, and designs for wearable electronics are also reviewed. The challenges for self-rechargeable energizers and avenues for further electrochemical performance enhancement are discussed. This article serves as a one-stop source of information on self-rechargeable energizers, which are anticipated to drive the revolution in 3rd-ES technologies.

Plasticized PVC-Gel Single Layer-Based Stretchable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Mechanical Energy and Tactile Sensing.

Triboelectric nanogenerators have garnered significant attention as alternative power sources for wearable electronics owing to their simple structure, easy fabrication, low cost, and superior power output. In this study, a transparent, stretchable, and attachable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is built with an advanced power output using plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)‐gel. The PVC‐gel exhibit very high negative triboelectric properties and electrically insulating PVC became an electrically active material. It is found that a single layer of PVC‐gel can act as a dielectric and as a conducting layer. The PVC‐gel based single layer of triboelectric nanogenerator (S‐TENG) creates output signals of 24.7 V and 0.83 µA, i.e., a 20‐fold enhancement in the output power compared to pristine PVC‐based TENGs. In addition, the S‐TENG can stably generate output voltage and current under stretching condition (80%). The S‐TENG can be implemented as a tactile sensor that can sense position and pressure without combining multiple elements or electrode grid patterns. This study provides new applications of power sources and tactile sensors in wearable electronics.

High‐Performance Compressible Zinc Ion Battery Based on Melamine Foam‐Derived Electrodes

Zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) with high capacity and superior safeness represent a promising candidate as the power source for portable electronics. However, it remains a big challenge to construct high‐performance ZIBs with highly compressible capability, due to the limited compressible properties of electrodes and electrolyte. Herein, a highly compressible ZIB using a cathode of polyaniline/carbon foam (PANI/CF), an anode of Zn/CF, and a gel electrolyte containing polyvinyl alcohol and Zn(CF3SO3)2 is demonstrated. The 3D interconnection structure of the self‐supporting CF material not only can provide compressible platform to load active materials, but also can facilitate transport of ions. As desired, the newly developed ZIB exhibits high specific capacity of 215 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and excellent cyclic stability (88% after 2500 charge/discharge cycles). Benefiting from the excellent mechanical compressibility and stability of CFs, the ZIBs well maintain their original electrochemical performance under a compressive strain as high as 75% and even pressing/releasing for 1000 cycles under a strain of 60%, indicating outstanding compressible capability. The compressible ZIB represents a promising candidate to be used as power supplies for portable electronics in the near future.

Sandwiched Graphene/Bi2Te3/Graphene Thermoelectric Film with Exceptional Figure of Merit for Flexibility

AbstractFlexible thermoelectrics (TEs) that fit curved human skin well, could harvest energy from skin, and thus have been considered as a promising portable power source for wearable electronics. Bi2Te3, the most popular room‐temperature TE material, is still challenging to be applied in flexible devices due to its rigid nature. Although many Bi2Te3‐based films have been reported to be flexible when made thin enough, the thermal and electrical loads across them are rather small with severe limitation on the maximum power output. This work realizes a thick Bi2Te3‐based TE film with a “graphene/Bi2Te3/graphene” sandwiched structure, which demonstrates an unprecedentedly high figure of merit for flexibility among all Bi2Te3‐based films ever reported, due to the outstanding intrinsic flexibility of graphene and a small slippage barrier. Meanwhile, graphene acts as express conducting channels as well as carrier donors, resulting in an increased electrical conductivity. The numerous graphene/Bi2Te3 heterointerfaces induce energy filtering effect, leading to an enhanced Seebeck coefficient, and thus an optimized power factor is achieved. This work offers a cost‐effective avenue to make highly flexible TE films for power supply of wearable electronics by intercalating TE nanoplates into 2‐dimensional nanosheets.

Toy-blocks-inspired programmable supercapacitors with high energy density

Diversity and individuation development of wearable electronics require their power sources to be programmable and customizable. However, how to prepare all-purpose electrodes with high designability and satisfying energy density for power sources is still a serious challenge. Herein, we propose programmable supercapacitors based on novel electrode blocks, which are inspired from toy blocks. Polyaniline/carbon nanotube strip is adopted as electrode block template, where one end of the strip is loaded with capacitive MnO2 (4.9–12.4 mg cm−2) as the cathode head, while the other end is left untreated as the anode head. These two heads are designed with opposite potential windows, forming a 2.5 V asymmetric supercapacitor with a high areal capacitance (679.0 mF cm−2). The supercapacitor reaches a remarkable energy density of 513.3 μWh cm−2, which is further utilized to power a high power-consumption fan and an E-ink display. Finally, the electrode blocks are applied to programmably construct a variety of energy devices, such as high-voltage device, stretchable device, three-dimensional supercapacitor lantern and wirelessly self-charged display system. The concept of general electrode block together with its two-head feature to increase energy density will provide a new route to fabricate programmable power sources for the booming wearable electronics.

Entangled structure morphology by polymer guest enabling mechanically robust organic solar cells with efficiencies of over 16.5%

<h2>Summary</h2> Intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells (IS-OSCs) have attracted great attention as a promising power source for wearable electronics. However, reconciling high power conversion efficiency (PCE), reasonable stretchability, and thermal stability is a grand challenge. Herein, we have successfully improved the ductility and morphological stability of the PM6:BTP-eC9 blend film through introducing polymer PY-IT to form entangled structure morphology. Compared with the binary blend, the ternary system exhibits suppressed diffusion and crystallization of BTP-eC9 acceptor and load distribution across the entangled chain networks to dissipate the local energy. As a result, high efficiencies of 16.52% were obtained for the flexible OSCs based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Impressively, the PCE of IS-OSCs based on the elastomer substrate also achieved 15.3%. In this work, the study about intrinsic stretchability and morphological robustness demonstrates that high-performance IS-OSCs constitute a major step toward practical utilization in malleable electronic textiles.

Design and Control of Ultra-High-Speed Sensorless Drive with Two-Input Power Source for Portable Consumer Electronics

The convenience and usability of portable consumer electronics that require a motor, such as vacuum cleaners and hair dryers, will be greatly improved if both ac and dc two-input power sources can be used. The dc input power is mostly composed of a dc battery, and single-phase voltage is used as ac input power. A converter system capable of converting ac and dc voltage with control technology is required to supply the voltage for motor driving to apply both ac and dc input to the product. Because a limited number of batteries are used to decrease the weight and size of portable products, a system such as a dc converter is necessary to supply the voltage required to operate the motor and to keep the voltage fluctuation according to the usage time constant. When ac power is used in the product, a voltage drop system that can step down the ac voltage to supply voltage to the dc link is necessary to supply the voltage required to operate the motor to the dc-link. In addition, it is important to reduce the size of the system through ultra-high-speed motor operation by increasing the rotation speed because portable consumer electronics that include a motor drive should be light and portable. This paper proposed a system that can supply a stable dc-link voltage required for ultra-high-speed motor control by applying a phase control method to the ac input side and a dc boost converter to the dc input side. Furthermore, the 1-shunt sensorless method was applied to the inverter for ultra-high-speed motor design and ultra-high-speed motor control system that contributes to product miniaturization and material cost reduction, experimental verification. The ultra-high-speed motor driving evaluation under ac and dc input power conditions and the conversion to dc power input when ac power interrupt occurs were performed to more stably verify the system according to the input power change.

Large-Scale, Lightweight, and Robust Nanocomposites Based on Ruthenium-Decorated Carbon Nanosheets for Deformable Electrochemical Capacitors.

Despite the increase in demand for deformable electrochemical capacitors as a power source for wearable electronics, significant obstacles remain in developing these capacitors, including their manufacturing complexity and insufficient deformability. With recognition of these challenges, a facile strategy is proposed to fabricate large-scale, lightweight, and mechanically robust composite electrodes composed of ruthenium nanoparticles embedded in freestanding carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nanosheets (Ru@a-CNTs). Surface-modified CNT sheets with hierarchical porous structures can behave as an ideal platform to accommodate a large number of uniformly distributed Ru nanoparticles (Ru/CNT weight ratio of 5:1) while improving compatibility with aqueous electrolytes. Accordingly, Ru@a-CNTs offer a large electrochemically active area, showing a high specific capacitance (∼253.3 F g-1) and stability for over 2000 cycles. More importantly, the exceptional performance and mechanical durability of quasi-solid-state capacitors assembled with Ru@a-CNTs and a PVA-H3PO4 hydrogel electrolyte are successfully demonstrated in that 94% of the initial capacitance is retained after 100 000 cycles of bending deformation and a commercial smartwatch is charged by multiple cells. The feasible large-scale production and potential applicability shown in this study provide a simple and highly effective design strategy for a wide range of energy storage applications from small- to large-scale wearable electronics.

V2 O3 /MnS Arrays as Bifunctional Air Electrode for Long-Lasting and Flexible Rechargeable Zn-Air Batteries.

Exploring highly efficient, stable, and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts is crucial for the wide commercialization of rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Herein, a vanadium-oxide-based hybrid air electrode comprising a heterostructure of V2 O3 and MnS (V2 O3 /MnS) is reported. The V2 O3 /MnS catalyst shows a decent catalytic activity that is comparable to Pt/C toward the oxygen reduction reaction and acceptable toward oxygen evolution. The extraordinary stability as well as the low cost set the V2 O3 /MnS among the best bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. In a demonstration of an assembled liquid-state Zn-air battery using V2 O3 /MnS as cathode, high power density (118mW cm-2 ), specific capacity (808 mAh gZn -1 ), and energy density (970Wh kgZn -1 ), as well as the outstanding rechargeability and durability for 4000 cycles (>1333 h, i.e., >55days) are enabled. The V2 O3 /MnS is also integrated into an all-solid-state Zn-air battery to demonstrate its great potential as a flexible power source for next-generation electronics. Density functional theory calculations further elucidate the origin of the intrinsic activity and stability of the V2 O3 /MnS heterostructure.

Ultrafast high-energy micro-supercapacitors based on open-shell polymer-graphene composites

Micro-supercapacitors are poised to serve as on-chip power sources for electronics. However, the challenge to simultaneously increase their power, energy, and lifetime demands new material combinations beyond current carbon-based systems. Here, we demonstrate that electro-deposition of an open-shell conjugated polymer with reduced graphene oxide achieves electrodes with capacitance up to 186 mF cm −2 (372 F cm −3 ). The extended delocalization within the open-shell polymer stabilizes redox states and facilitates a 3 V wide potential window, while the hierarchical electrode structure promotes ultrafast kinetics. The micro-supercapacitor shows a high power density of 227 mW cm −2 with an energy density of 10.5 μWh cm −2 and stability of 84% capacitance retention after 11,000 cycles. These attributes allow operation at 120 Hz for fast charging and alternating current (AC) line filtering applications, which may be suitable to replace bulky electrolytic capacitors or serve as high-endurance energy storage for wireless electronics. • A new class of open-shell conjugated polymer-based composite electrodes • Electrodes incorporating polymers with extended delocalization facilitating 3 V redox stability window • Ultrafast kinetics compatible with a typical AC line frequency of 60 Hz • Suitable replacement for bulky electrolytic capacitors, reducing volume by >10 times Micro-supercapacitors are promising for on-chip power sources. Yao et al. show that the electro-polymerization of an open-shell conjugated polymer with reduced graphene oxide enables hierarchical electrodes for micro-supercapacitors, simultaneously increasing their power, energy, and lifetime for wireless electronic applications.

Integrated design of ultrathin crosslinked network polymer electrolytes for flexible and stable all-solid-state lithium batteries

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are promising power sources for flexible and wearable electronics due to their high energy density and reliable safety. Here, we reported the novel design of an ultrathin crosslinked solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) with high ion conductivities at room temperature (RT), high mechanical strength, and fast interfacial charge transport for flexible ASSLBs. The SPE is synthesized by one-step in-situ crosslinked polymerization of 1, 3-dioxolane, and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether within a lithium nitrate-containing mesoporous polymer (LP) matrix. The three-dimensional crosslinked polymer network enables the composite SPE with high RT ionic conductivity of 3.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 and improved oxidation stability. The LP matrix could promote the formation of hybrid Li3N/LiF interfacial layers on both sides of the SPE, resulting in uniform lithium deposition. The symmetric cell of Li/SPE/Li can be cycled with an extremely small overpotential of 45 mV for 1000 cycles. The integrated paper-type pouch cell could retain high capacities retention (>90%), negligible voltage fluctuation (<50 mV), and high operation safety during 2000 cycles of bending (bending radius: 5 mm). This work offers a feasible pathway for developing an ultrathin solid-state electrolyte with high ionic conductivities, excellent interfacial compatibility, and high mechanical robustness for flexible ASSLBs.

Flexible wearable MXene Ti3C2-Based power patch running on sweat

Flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) have received a lot of interest as portable power sources for wearable electronics. The biocompatibility of electrodes and electrolytes in wearable FSCs is important to consider although research into these topics is still in its early stages. In this work, we developed a wearable FSC that uses MXene Ti3C2 nanosheets and polypyrrole-carboxymethylcellulose nanospheres composite (Ti3C2@PPy-CMC) as the active electrode material and sweat as the electrolyte. The electrochemical performances of Ti3C2@PPy-CMC FSC were analyzed using an artificial sweat solution and exhibited excellent specific capacitance, power density, cycling stability, and bending stability. To demonstrate a real application of Ti3C2@PPy-CMC FSC, a sweat-chargeable FSC patch has been developed that can be applied directly to human clothing and skin to power a portable electronic gadget when the wearer is exercising. A comprehensive electrochemical study of the FSC patch was also conducted in various sweat secretion body regions such as the finger, foot sole, and wrist. Ti3C2@PPy-CMC composite's outstanding electrochemical performance indicates its potential capabilities and biocompatibility in wearable energy storage devices.

Textile-based moisture power generator with dual asymmetric structure and high flexibility for wearable applications

Moisture power generator (MEG) that can directly convert energy from environment into available clean electricity is ideally suitable to serve as a power source for portable devices and wearable electronics. However, the current MEG technology is lack of wearable capability and intrinsically associated with complicated fabrication processes, which have severely hindered its practical applications. Herein, we developed a facile process for the fabrication of textile-based moisture power generators (TMEGs) with a high flexibility. The newly-developed TMEGs exhibited a high open-circuit voltage of up to 1.0 V due to the rationally designed dual asymmetric structure to enhance the concentration difference of charge carriers for efficiently driving the diffusion of ions. Owing to its flexibility and superior performance, the TMEG could be used to construct a self-powered smart mask for monitoring of human’s respiration and as an efficient energy device for driving minitype electronics. More importantly, large-scale integration of TMEG units could be easily realized by directly printing electrodes array on 400 cm2 of asymmetric textile with screen-printing method, offering an enhanced electric output. Such integrated devices could be immobilized on a T-shirt as portable power source for supplying sufficient power to drive commercial wearable electronics. Compared to the existing power generation systems, therefore, TMEGs fabricated from such a simple fabrication process with all the aforementioned outstanding achievements hold promise for significant cost reduction, opening up new extensive applications as textile-based self-powered devices and wearable electronics.

All-inorganic halide perovskite tuned robust mechanical-energy harvester: Self driven posture monitor and power source for portable electronics

Scavenging electric power at ambient from biomechanical movements and mechanical vibrations using piezoelectric nanogenerators (PNGs) has become an accessible energy alternative for the development of self-powered electronic systems and miniaturized power sources for small-scale wearable/portable devices. Here, caesium lead chloride (CsPbCl3)-embedded β-phase comprising polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hybrid films turns to a suitable functional material for piezoelectric-based mechanical energy harvesters. Incorporation of CsPbCl3 in the PVDF matrix enables high crystallinity and nucleation of electroactive β-phase ∼86% in the PVDF with piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 49 pm/V, much higher as compared to pristine PVDF. Dielectric study as a function of perovskite concentration at room temperature reveals dielectric constant of ∼ 66 and low dissipation factor of 0.21 at 1 kHz for optimized hybrid. Saturated ferroelectric P-E hysteresis loop analysis of the synthesized samples indicates variation in remanent polarization with perovskite content. The fabricated PNG delivered instantaneous output voltage of 168 V and peak-to-peak output current of 2 μA. High sensitivity of the flexible PNGs enables us to measure even a slight deformation due to bending by 2˚. Considering its good flexibility and high electrical output performance, optimized PNG was utilized for the fabrication of wearable self-powered posture sensor to monitor regular movement of our spine. Walking based wearable PNGs are also devised for powering up normal android mobile phone batteries. Fatigue test of PNG for continuous 10,000 cycle operation, even after 5 months from the fabrication time, highlights its robustness. Considering such simple and unique amalgamation of polymer and perovskite, these highly flexible PNGs can be easily integrated in portable electronic devices and with the advantage of biomechanical movements as the source of power.

In-plane dual-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator based on differential surface functionalization

Stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (s-TENGs) are promising power sources for self-powered wearable electronics. Conventional single-electrode s-TENGs require an external ground electrode to form a closed circuit. We propose an in-plane dual-electrode s-TENG based on differential surface functionalization to eliminate the external ground electrode. The s-TENG comprises fully stretchable materials such as carbon nanotube thin films and elastomers. The top surface of the elastomer was functionalized to produce a difference in electronegativity between the two electrode regions. A high output power density of 3.5 W m−2 was obtained by tapping the two electrode regions by hand.

Soft multi-modal thermoelectric skin for dual functionality of underwater energy harvesting and thermoregulation

Sustaining a long-term but viable power source for underwater electronics has been an engineering conundrum due to a lack of feasible physical mechanisms to harvest energy in the underwater environment. In this regard, thermoelectricity, which converts heat into electricity, can suggest a potent solution, since the ocean and other water bodies maintain the constant water temperature and therefore serve as a permanent thermal differential. In addition to energy harvesting, the same thermoelectric device can be also utilized to both heat and cool, thereby providing an effective means of controlling the temperature of the arbitrary subject in the underwater environment. In this light, we present a soft and stretchable multi-modal thermoelectric skin (TES) that can both (i) generate electricity across the temperature differential between the ocean water and the human body and (ii) thermoregulate the body temperature in the underwater environment. The soft and elastic nature of TES enables an intimate and thorough contact with the deformable and irregular surfaces of the human skin, therefore maximizing the heat conduction at the human-device interface that the rigid or flexible thermoelectric devices can not fully attain. To the authors’ best knowledge, TES produces the highest electrical power density when compared to the stretchable thermoelectric devices reported so far, mainly owing to its optimum design factors. Along with the outstanding device performance, the underwater environment further boosts the thermoelectric efficiency of TES both in energy harvesting and thermoregulatory perspectives due to the much more favorable thermal properties of water than those of air. Furthermore, to verify the practical usage of TES and demonstrate its high wearability, we incorporated multiple TES units into the neoprene dry-suit. The TES units can self-power multiple embedded sensors that wirelessly monitor the physiological condition and further provide the spatial information of the tactical diver, such that the TES units and embedded system can function as a wearable underwater rescue platform. Lastly, the temperature feedback loop algorithm embedded in the thermoregulatory system allows the TES units to constantly regulate the temperature of the human body and thus prevent underwater hypo-/hyperthermia.

Research on Minimization of Data Set for State of Charge Prediction.

The quick estimation and prediction of lithium-ion batteries’ (LIBs) state of charge (SoC) are attracting growing attention, since the LIB has become one of the most essential power sources for daily consumer electronics. Most deep learning methods require plenty of data and more than two LIB parameters to train the model for predicting SoC. In this paper, a single-parameter SoC prediction based on deep learning is realized by cleaning the data for lithium-ion battery parameters and constructing the feature matrix based on the cleaned data. Then, by analyzing the feature matrix’s periodicity and principal component to obtain two kinds of the original eigenmatrix’s substitution matrices, the two substitutions are fused to obtain an excellent prediction effect. In the end, the minimization method is verified with newly measured lithium battery data, and the results show that the MAPE of the SoC prediction reaches 0.96%, the input data are reduced by 93.33%, and the training time is reduced by 96.68%. Fast and accurate prediction of the SoC is achieved by using only a minimum amount of voltage data.

Stretchable Sweat-Activated Battery in Skin-Integrated Electronics for Continuous Wireless Sweat Monitoring.

Wearable electronics have attracted extensive attentions over the past few years for their potential applications in health monitoring based on continuous data collection and real‐time wireless transmission, which highlights the importance of portable powering technologies. Batteries are the most used power source for wearable electronics, but unfortunately, they consist of hazardous materials and are bulky, which limit their incorporation into the state‐of‐art skin‐integrated electronics. Sweat‐activated biocompatible batteries offer a new powering strategy for skin‐like electronics. However, the capacity of the reported sweat‐activated batteries (SABs) cannot support real‐time data collection and wireless transmission. Focused on this issue, soft, biocompatible, SABs are developed that can be directly integrated on skin with a record high capacity of 42.5 mAh and power density of 7.46 mW cm−2 among the wearable sweat and body fluids activated batteries. The high performance SABs enable powering electronic devices for a long‐term duration, for instance, continuously lighting 120 lighting emitting diodes (LEDs) for over 5 h, and also offers the capability of powering Bluetooth wireless operation for real‐time recording of physiological signals for over 6 h. Demonstrations of the SABs for powering microfluidic system based sweat sensors are realized in this work, allowing real‐time monitoring of pH, glucose, and Na+ in sweat.