Power-saving Features Research Articles

Interface traps in the sub-3 nm technology node: A comprehensive analysis and benchmarking of negative capacitance FinFET and nanosheet FETs - A reliability perspective from device to circuit level

Interface traps play a significant role in shaping the performance and reliability of semiconductor devices, particularly in advanced technologies such as Negative Capacitance based FinFET and Nanosheet (NS) FET. Hence, for the first time, using well calibrated TCAD models, we benchmark and explore into the analysis of interface traps in NC-FinFET and NC-NSFET devices at the sub-3 nm technology node, focusing on their effects on digital, analog/RF performance parameters. The investigation is mainly focussed on: (a) Positioning of acceptor (EV + 1 - EV-0.4) and donor (EC + 0.2 - EC-1.5) trap locations in the energy band (b) variation in acceptor and donor interface trap concentration (c) design of Common Source (CS) amplifier for analog integrated circuits. In addition, we explored a design space to achieve optimal capacitance matching, targeting the NC effect for an optimized device design. Our findings showed a significant improvement in ION/IOFF ratio by ~9× for NC-NSFET when compared to NC-FinFET with change in acceptor trap locations. The NC-FinFETs demonstrated a resilient intrinsic gain (AV) profile, making them suitable for high-speed amplifiers. Varying donor trap locations had minimal impact on NC-NSFET but slightly affected NC-FinFET's intrinsic gain profile. Moreover, increasing acceptor trap concentration improved digital performance, with NC-NSFET outperforming NC-FinFET and the analog/RF performance favored lower trap concentrations. In addition, NC-FinFETs were more resilient to increased donor traps concentration than NC-NSFETs. Further, the CS amplifier-based NC acceptor devices offered effective amplification and power-saving features, making them ideal for IoT and biomedical applications reliant on battery voltages.

Intelligent Cold Chain Security: Nano Power Temperature Sensors, ESP32 and Telegram Bot Integration for Temperature Assurance and Environmental Harm Prevention

The research aims to create a robust cold storage monitoring system for trucks, focusing on parameters like temperature, humidity, and harmful gases. Using nano power temperature, humidity, gas and LDR sensors, the system sets predefined thresholds for each parameter. The MS1089A features energy harvesting and a long battery life. The MS1089A has an I2C interface in addition to other time and power-saving features and it is accurate (±3 °C). By monitoring the temperature and safeguarding the surrounding environment, the nano power temperature sensor is ideal for environmental monitoring. When exceeded or fallen below, automatic notifications with GPS location are sent through Telegram to relevant authorities. Bidirectional communication via a Telegram bot allows users to remotely query sensor values. GPS technology enables live tracking for better cold storage unit management during transportation. The research is scalable, highlighting the potential of IoT in enhancing operational efficiency and reducing risks in cargo transportation. In summary, it integrates wireless sensors, an ESP32 microcontroller and Telegram messaging for a comprehensive cold storage monitoring solution, ensuring the safe transport of temperature-sensitive cargo.

Development of Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) with Power Saving Features

Development of Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) with Power Saving Features

Optimizing the Energy-Latency Tradeoff in NB-IoT With PSM and eDRX

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is becoming one of the most promising low-power wide area (LPWA) networking technologies. It can support more than 50 000 devices within a cell using licensed spectrum. NB-IoT provides low energy consumption, reliable connectivity and deep indoor coverage for the device, making it a good candidate for IoT use cases. NB-IoT introduces two novel energy-saving techniques, namely, extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM). This article presents a Markov chain model to evaluate the power consumption and latency of NB-IoT devices using PSM and eDRX. By exploiting the characteristics of the steady-state distribution of the Markov chain, the probabilities in steady-state can be obtained explicitly. Based on these probabilities, we calculate the system downlink (DL) latency as a function of different timers of these power-saving features. We also compare the model to simulation results obtained from the ns-3 event-based network simulator, to determine its accuracy. The results show that its performance in terms of energy and latency is comparable. Our model is accurate with consideration of the protocol details and the new radio resource control (RRC) Idle features of NB-IoT. The results show that the analytical model achieves an average accuracy of more than 91% for power consumption and DL latency. Lastly, we use the model to automatically determine the optimal parameter set in terms of latency and power consumption for various IoT use cases with different traffic requirements, based on multiobjective analysis of the Pareto front.

Empirical Analysis of Security and Power-Saving Features of Port Knocking Technique Applied to an IoT Device

Empirical Analysis of Security and Power-Saving Features of Port Knocking Technique Applied to an IoT Device

A Study on the Safe and Efficient Method of Transmitting Data in ZigBee Network

Background/Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to find a way to improve the sliding window method which is used in ZigBee network data transmission. We focus on a process that gives a solution for solving a problem when there is a loss of data in the first stage and reduces unnecessary message which occurs because of power saving feature of ZED in non-beacon mode. This allows a safe and efficient data transfer in ZigBee network. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Among the data transmitted in sliding window method, only the first data includes the window size. As a result, when there is a loss in the first data, the receiving node cannot send out ACK message since it can't figure out the window size. Accordingly, the sending node cannot send out the following data. Therefore, we propose a method for including window size information in all of the data transferred. Findings: As the window size is included in every data, the receiving node has no problem in sending out ACK message even though the first data is lost. Also, the window size information can act as a Sequence Number for the received data, which makes it easier to identify the data which is lost in the transmission process. Data Request message refers to a message that informs other devices that ZED which has a Power Saving feature in the non-beacon mode is Power on. Data Request message is sent out whether it includes data for ZED or not. Devices that received Data Request message transfer ACK message to ZED. The core point dealt with in this paper shows that it is possible to reduce unnecessary message transmission by including Power On time information in the last ACK message of ZED. Improvements/Applications: This paper suggests a problem solving method for reducing unnecessary message transmission and data loss in the ZigBee network to enable safer and efficient data transmission.

A CROSS-LAYERED PATH STABILITY BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WiMAX NETWORKS

In IEEE 802.16, a Subscriber Station (SS) is batter y powered with limited capacity. A SS can be made to operate for longer durations by deploying power sav ing features or by using relay stations. Multi-hop communication conserves power, but finding an optimal path to the destination is monotonous. Path stability indicates how stable a path is and how lo ng it can support communication. Identifying stable paths helps in reducing the control traffic, number of co nnection disruptions and also in conserving power. In this study, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) and Link-St Ability and Energy aware Routing (LAER) designed for Mobile Ad hoc NET works (MANETs) are implemented for WiMAX networks and their performance is evaluated. Further, a novel Cross-la yered Path Stability based Routing protocol (CPSR) is proposed to find a stable path based on Residual En ergy (RE), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). The total energy consumed is minimized, thus maximizing the network lifetime.

Choosing an effective insulation for reservoirs with high-temperature pitch

The article analyzes heat-insulating materials to reduce heat losses to the environment of reservoirs with a high-temperature pitch. At enterprises producing graphitized electrodes there are strict requirements for storage technology of high-temperature pitch, so thermal insulation in addition to power-saving features, enables the processes of heating of the pitch at a given temperature level. The article justifies the thermal insulation for vertical steel reservoirs. There is a comparison of the thermal insulation Nobasil LSP and TEMP-COAT. It was shown that reduction of heat losses would reduce a coolant flow by 30%. From the point of view of the economic reasonability the thermal insulation TEMP-COAT is recommended, because the payback period is 1.7 times smaller. These results can be used as bases for the design of energy-efficient modes of operation of pitch enterprise "Ukrgrafit."

2A1-D14 二関節駆動型ロボットアームのマルチモータ駆動の省電力特性(アクチュエータの機構と制御(1))

The target of this research is to develop a redundant actuator control system for a 2-DOF robotic arm. A multi-motor structure with parallel-mounted small-size motors and an ER fluid clutch is implemented to switch between mono-articular and bi-articular actuation control. For propose viscoelastic properties is necessary to verify the multi-motor driving method and optimal placement and ER fluid clutch is the relationship between the applied voltage and vibration suppression. In this report, verification of power-saving features in sequential drive using the multi-motor,confirmed the tendency to reduce the maximum current value.

Intelligent Controller Design for Air Conditioning with Multiple Power Saving

An intelligent controller for air conditioning with multiple power-saving is described in this paper. Multiple power-saving feature means: (1) Optimizing the air conditioning compressor curve according to the variation rule of the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor in one day,. (2) Using temperature detection module to control the indoor target temperature no less than pre-set limit and prevent the compressor from starting when outdoor temperature is below the lower limit, (3) Keeping outdoor fan running for a while to make full use of the remaining cooling air stored in the air conditioning when the compressor stops, (4) Cutting the power off when the compressor is standby by using standby monitoring module. The controller hardware is based on ARM microprocessor; connecting with remote control decoding, real-time clock, temperature detection, standby monitoring, and compressor control module. Softwares are made up of main program, remote control decoding program, temperature detection program and compressor control program. After testing, the controller can save more than 20% power and still has a good cooling effect.

A wireless vibrating wire sensor node for continuous structural health monitoring

Vibrating wire sensors (VWS) are generally used for strain measurements of structuresin buildings and civil infrastructures. In this paper, a wireless vibrating wiresensor node is developed which can measure resonance frequencies from vibratingwire sensors and can remotely communicate the frequencies by wireless. Thewireless sensor node consists of a sensor module, which excites the vibrating wireand reads the resonance frequencies, a wireless communication module, whichtransmits the wire’s resonance frequencies to the user or administrator, and aprocessor that controls the two modules. The wireless sensor node has the followingcharacteristics: it has multiple channels to enable measurement of multiple vibrating wiresensors (up to four) using a single sensor node; it has a power-saving feature thatenables operation for up to one year; and lastly, the wireless unit uses the 424 MHzUHF (ultra-high frequency) band with good diffraction that has an effect onminimizing the influence of impediments such as structural or nonstructural elements.The wireless sensor node is tested in terms of its measurement precision and itswireless communication performance. As a result, it is confirmed that the nodeenables the long-term structural health monitoring of buildings and infrastructures.

Optimal design and implementation of an energy-efficient biped walking in semi-active manner

SUMMARYIn this paper, a biped that combines the merits of both powered and passive bipeds is proposed. The semi-activeness of the biped is due to the fact that during most of a walking cycle, only half of the joints are actuated to follow specific trajectories, and the other half of joints remain unactuated but have passive springs connected between adjacent links. It is expected that by having unactuated joints, the biped can preserve the power-saving feature of the passive biped, and by having actuated joints under active control, the biped can also achieve the stability and performance of the powered biped. To devise a systematic design methodology for the biped, its dynamics as well as the walking constraints are carefully studied. Furthermore, an optimization procedure is also proposed to compute the optimal trajectories for the actuated joints and spring constants, which can lead to minimum energy consumption. The feasibility of the proposed biped, including the system design and the control strategy, is verified by hardware implementation. Experiments indicate that the biped walking in the semi-active manner consumes 80% less the electrical power than the fully powered biped that performs the same gait and is more energy-efficient than several state-of-the-art bipeds.

AMULET2e: an asynchronous embedded controller

AMULET2e is an embedded system chip incorporating a 32-bit ARM-compatible asynchronous processor core, a 4-Kb pipelined cache, a flexible memory interface with dynamic bus sizing, and assorted programmable control functions. Many on-chip performance-enhancing and power-saving features are switchable, enabling detailed experimental analysis of their effectiveness. AMULET2e silicon demonstrates competitive performance and power efficiency, ease of system design, and it includes innovative features that exploit its asynchronous operation to advantage in applications that require low standby power and/or freedom from the electromagnetic interference generated by system clocks.

Mobile packet data technology: an insight into MOBITEX architecture

Mobile data networks offer a cost-effective and efficient alternative for data communication. In order to present some aspects of mobile data technology, this article offers some insight into the basic networking layers of a popular and widely deployed network, MOBITEX. MOBITEX technology offers a versatile architecture to support wireless packet data service inside an extended geographical area with internetwork roaming and interoperability features. This technology has become quite popular, mainly due to its open architecture and its vast equipment/applications availability. The authors provide an overview of the MOBITEX architecture, services, and subscription types, and a detailed examination of the network, data link, and physical layers. The power-saving features of MOBITEX are also discussed.