Power Point Research Articles

Second‐Harmonic Ripple in Two‐Stage Single‐Phase Photovoltaic Inverters: Analysis and Mitigation

ABSTRACTTwo‐stage single‐phase photovoltaic inverters exhibit a second‐harmonic ripple at the dc‐link voltage, which can cause variations in the terminal voltage of the photovoltaic array, reducing the efficiency of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Initially, this work investigates the efficiency reduction caused by the second‐harmonic component using analytical models. Besides, this work explores a control technique to reduce the ripple in the terminals of the photovoltaic module based on real‐time normalization of the dc/dc converter control signal. This technique is compared with conventional control and with the addition of second‐harmonic resonant control. The case study is based on a 4.4‐kVA/220‐V photovoltaic inverter with input for two photovoltaic strings. The results indicate that both techniques are capable of performing the attenuation of the voltage ripple at the terminals of the photovoltaic array, resulting in efficiency gains in the order of 0.74% for the strategy based on resonant control and 0.95% for the proposed normalization technique. In addition, C‐HIL and experimental results prove the reduction in voltage ripple with the normalization and resonant control. As an advantage, the normalization technique is simpler than the second one, because it does not require modification of the control structure of the dc/dc converter.

Harnessing Deep Learning for Enhanced MPPT in Solar PV Systems: An LSTM Approach Using Real-World Data

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is essential for maximizing the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. While numerous MPPT methods exist, practical implementations often lean towards conventional techniques due to their simplicity. However, these traditional methods can struggle with rapid fluctuations in solar irradiance and temperature. This paper introduces a novel deep learning-based MPPT algorithm that leverages a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) deep neural network (DNN) to effectively track maximum power from solar PV panels, utilizing real-world data. The simulations of three algorithms—Perturb and Observe (P&O), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and the proposed LSTM-based MPPT—were conducted using MATLAB (2021b) and RT_LAB (24.3.3) with an OPAL-RT simulator for real-time analysis. The data used for this study were sourced from NASA/POWER’s Native Resolution Daily Data of solar irradiation and temperature specific to Imphal, Manipur, India. The obtained results demonstrate that the LSTM-based MPPT system achieves a superior power tracking accuracy under changing solar conditions, producing an average output of 74 W. In comparison, the ANN and P&O methods yield average outputs of 57 W and 62 W, respectively. This significant improvement, i.e., 20–30%, underscores the effectiveness of the LSTM technique in enhancing the power output of solar PV systems. By incorporating real-world data, valuable insights into solar power generation specific to the selected location are provided. Furthermore, the outputs of the model were verified through real-time simulations using the OPAL-RT simulator OP4510, showcasing the practical applicability of this approach in real-world scenarios.

Pengembangan Media Ajar Interaktif Berbantuan Microsoft Powerpoint Menggunakan Add-In Classpoint Pada Mata Pelajaran Komputer Akuntansi Kelas XI AKL

This development research aims to produce an interactive teaching media product assisted by Microsoft Powerpoint using the Classpoint add-in in the Accounting Computer subject class XI AKL. Another goal is to find out the process of developing teaching media, the feasibility of teaching media, and the response of students to the developed teaching media. This study uses a type of R&D (Research and Development) research with the ADDIE development model which consists of 5 stages, namely Analyse, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The test subjects of this study are grade XI AKL students from SMK YPM 11 Wonoayu. The results of this study show the results of the material expert test by the Lecturer of the Faculty of Economics and Business and the Teacher of the Accounting Computer subject of SMK YPM 11 Wonoayu which is said to be very feasible with an average percentage of 88.13%, while the results of the media expert test by the Lecturer of the Faculty of Economics and Business are said to be very feasible with an average presentation of 88.89%. The response from students of class XI AKL SMK YPM 11 Wonoayu to the interactive teaching media developed received an average of 97.99% which was included in the category of very understanding. From the average results of the above percentage, it can be said that interactive teaching media assisted by Microsoft Powerpoint using the Classpoint add-in in the Accounting Computer subject class XI AKL is very feasible and can be applied to learning in the classroom

Quantum Marine Predator Algorithm: A Quantum Leap in Photovoltaic Efficiency Under Dynamic Conditions

The Quantum Marine Predator Algorithm (QMPA) presents a groundbreaking solution to the inherent limitations of conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques in photovoltaic systems. These limitations, such as sluggish response times and inadequate adaptability to environmental fluctuations, are particularly pronounced in regions with challenging weather patterns like Sunderland. QMPA emerges as a formidable contender by seamlessly integrating the sophisticated hunting tactics of marine predators with the principles of quantum mechanics. This amalgamation not only enhances operational efficiency but also addresses the need for real-time adaptability. One of the most striking advantages of QMPA is its remarkable improvement in response time and adaptability. Compared to traditional MPPT methods, which often struggle to keep pace with rapidly changing environmental factors, QMPA demonstrates a significant reduction in response time, resulting in up to a 30% increase in efficiency under fluctuating irradiance conditions for a resistive load of 100 Ω. These findings are derived from extensive experimentation using NASA’s worldwide power prediction data. Through a detailed comparative analysis with existing MPPT methodologies, QMPA consistently outperforms its counterparts, exhibiting superior operational efficiency and stability across varying environmental scenarios. By substantiating its claims with concrete data and measurable improvements, this research transcends generic assertions and establishes QMPA as a tangible advancement in MPPT technology.

Optimal power generation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using ANFIS based MPPT algorithm

Fuel cells are the most promising energy source for the future energy demand. The automobile industry is looking at the integration of fuel cells with electric vehicles (EV). This integration comes with many challenges like dynamic operational behaviors. For operating the fuel cell with maximum efficiency, this work proposes an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method. The hydrogen flow rate, pressure and stack temperature are the parameters considered to track the maximum power point of the fuel cell. The ANFIS-MPPT algorithm has been integrated with the 1.26 kW fuel cell in MATLAB/Simulink® and validated in different scenarios like dynamic variation in hydrogen pressure, stack temperature, load variation. The performance has been observed and compared with the conventional MPPT algorithms of Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm and Incremental Conductance (InC) algorithm. The proposed ANFIS-MPPT algorithm improves the power stability by 10–15% than the P&O and InC methods. Also, the proposed ANFIS-MPPT has 30% faster response as compared to the P&O algorithm, and 23% than the InC algorithm. From the analysis, it is observed that the ANFIS, P&O and InC methods are having the response time of 2.5 s, 3.6 s and 4.5 s respectively. Also the ANFIS method delivers the maximum power output of 1.26 kW, whereas the P&O and InC deliver 1.13 kW, 1.19 kW respectively. The detailed simulation analysis and results are presented in this paper.

Extending Shelf‐Life of Two‐Step Method Precursor Solutions through Targeted Regulation for Highly Efficient and Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractPrecursor solution aging process can cause significant influence on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Notably, we first observe that the aging phenomenon is more severe in the precursor of two‐step sequential method compared to that in one‐step method due to that the protic solvent isopropanol facilitates amine‐cation side reaction and iodide ions oxidation. Herein, we report a novel approach for selectively stabilizing both organic amine salt and lead iodide (PbI2) precursor solutions in two‐step method. The introduction of benzene‐1,3‐dithiol into organic amine salt solution can mitigate amine‐cation side reactions due to the formation of an acidic and reducing environment. Simultaneously, decamethylferrocene (FcMe10/FcMe+10) pair can act as a redox shuttle in PbI2 solution to concurrently oxidize Pb0 and reduce I2 in cyclic manner. Consequently, the PVSCs device fabricated from ameliorative precursor solutions demonstrates superior power conversion efficiency of 25.31 %, retaining 95 % of its efficiency after 21 days of solution aging. Moreover, the unencapsulated devices maintain 85 % of primitive efficiency for 1500 h at maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination. This work establishes a fundamental guidance and scientific direction for the stabilization of two‐step perovskite precursor solutions.

Innovative fuzzy logic type 3 controller for transient and maximum power point tracking in hydrogen fuel cells

This study introduces an advanced Fuzzy Logic Type 3 (FLT3) controller for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), aiming to optimize Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) under dynamically varying temperature conditions. The FLT3 controller advances fuzzy logic control by incorporating an additional layer of uncertainty modelling, which enhances its ability to manage the inherent nonlinearities in PEMFC systems, such as temperature fluctuations and gas pressure variations. The controller is developed and validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, using a refined rule based on mechanism with finely tuned membership functions for precise adaptation to changing conditions. When compared to traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Fuzzy Logic Type 2 (FLT2) controllers, the FLT3 controller demonstrates superior performance by achieving faster sitting times, minimizing power fluctuations, and maintaining operation closer to the nominal power point, particularly under transient conditions for hydrogen-based fuel cell. This innovative approach significantly improves the efficiency and stability of PEMFC systems, marking a substantial advancement in their operational management.

Cation reactivity inhibits perovskite degradation in efficient and stable solar modules.

Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) show outstanding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), but long-term operational stability remains problematic. We show that incorporating N,N-dimethylmethyleneiminium chloride into the perovskite precursor solution formed dimethylammonium cation and that previously unobserved methyl tetrahydrotriazinium ([MTTZ]+) cation effectively improved perovskite film. The in situ formation of [MTTZ]+ cation increased the formation energy of iodine vacancies and enhanced the migration energy barrier of iodide and cesium ions, which suppressed nonradiative recombination, thermal decomposition, and phase segregation processes. The optimized PSMs achieved a record (certified) PCE of 23.2% with an aperture area of 27.2 cm2, with a stabilized PCE of 23.0%. The encapsulated PSM retained 87.0% of its initial PCE after ~1900 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C and 85% relative humidity under 1.0-sun illumination.

Observer-based fuzzy T–S control with an estimation error guarantee for MPPT of a photovoltaic battery charger in partial shade conditions

To improve the efficiency and performance of a photovoltaic system (PV) an observer-based fuzzy controller design methodology is provided in the study. The desired controller is achieved by employing a combination of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The system consists of a photovoltaic generator (PVG) connected to a boost converter. A battery is linked to the boost converter to stock additional energy for further use. A fuzzy controller based on a T–S fuzzy type observer that guarantees a predefined L2 performance is suggested to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) even under changing weather conditions. An optimal trajectory should be tracked to ensure maximum power operation. For this aim, a specific reference fuzzy model is proposed to create the aimed trajectories. Using this method, the system dynamics are precisely reproduced over a large range of operations. The whole T–S fuzzy methodology, suggested in this paper, aims to ensure the most efficient energy recovery to recharge a battery under partially shaded conditions, resulting in high system efficiency. The proposed method is simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results, with realistic reference trajectories, are driven while taking into account climate variations. The analysis of these simulations, along with a comparison with two other commonly used approaches, led to the conclusion that the suggested strategy succeeded in reducing the tracking time, as well as eliminating the oscillation that often occurs around maximum power point (MPP).

Design of a two-stage photovoltaic grid-connected system with dual closed-loop control

Abstract This paper designs a two-stage photovoltaic grid-connected system with dual closed-loop control, cascading the topological structures of photovoltaic cells, boost chopper circuits, and inverter circuits. The front-stage boost chopper circuit control utilizes the incremental conductance method to achieve maximum power point tracking control. The rear-stage inverter circuit employs a dual closed-loop control system with an outer voltage loop and an inner current loop, incorporating a proportional-integral controller, to ensure stable DC-side voltage and unity power factor for grid connection. A simulation model of the two-stage photovoltaic grid-connected system designed in this paper was constructed and analyzed through simulation runs. The firmness of the DC-side voltage and the achievement of unity power factor during grid connection confirmed the operability and resultiveness of the cascaded topology and the control method.

A Novel Development of Soft Computing based Hybrid Power Point Tracking Controllers for Hydrogen Vehicle Application with New Wide Source DC-DC Converter

From the present power generation scenario, most of the power production companies are focusing on renewable energy systems because their merits are easy to install, more reliable power sources, free from atmospheric pollution, and better adaptable to all weather conditions. In this article, a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) module is selected in the first objective to produce constant and continuous power to the hydrogen-based electrical vehicle systems. This fuel module provides fast power production and gives good energy density. However, the demerits of this module are more current production and low-level voltage generation. A new single-switch DC-DC circuit is introduced in the second objective of this work for optimizing the current levels of the fuel module thereby reducing the source power loss of the proposed system. Here, another problem of the fuel module is nonlinear power production which is linearized by proposing the Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO)-based Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in the third objective to extract the maximum voltage from the fuel module. The merits of this introduced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Controller are better tracking speed, low-level disturbances in the consumer load power, high robustness, more sustainability, and easy operation. The entire proposed system is investigated by selecting the MATLAB Simulink tool. The introduced converter circuit is analyzed by selecting the programmed DC supply.

PV Array Reconfiguration for Global Maximum Power Optimizing under Partial Shading Conditions based on PV Switched System

Background: Due to the partial shading effects on different photovoltaic (PV) modules in a PV array, PV module operating conditions are inconsistent, and PV array output power is significantly reduced. Although the maximum power point (MPP) of a non-uniform irradiance PV array can be observed through global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT), no evaluation of the array's energy potential has been done. Objective: One of the most effective solutions to overcome the negative effects of partial shading in PV systems is the PV array reconfiguration process. To optimize the electrical structure of the PV array as the PV modules are partially shaded in a non-uniform manner, this study proposes a promising technique for dynamic reconfiguring a PV array in order to improve the extracted maximum power from a PV array under partial shading conditions (PSC). Methods: PV modules are rearranged by iteratively sorting them to allow the PV array with nonuniform irradiance to produce as much power as possible. This is conducted by applying a switching matrix to implement a PV-switched system approach. The proposed system with different PV array dimensions (e.g., 3×4, 4×6, and 5×8) is assessed in order to validate the proposed algorithm. A MATLAB/Simulink PV array developed model is used to find the global maximum power point for the different PV array dimensions in both pre-reconfiguration and post-reconfiguration states. Results: A detailed numerical comparison of the extracted power from the proposed system has been provided. Conclusion: The results show that the proposed system has the potential to extract the exact global maximum power for a PV-switched system under PSC, irrespective of array dimensions, according to simulation results.

Optimized Smart Home Energy Management System: Reducing Grid Consumption and Costs through Real-Time Pricing and Hybrid Architecture

Utility authorities utilize various methods to promote end-user energy conservation, including higher tariff rates and demand response (DR) strategies. This paper investigates an Optimized Smart Home Energy Management System (OSHEMS) designed to minimize grid dependence and energy bills while ensuring reliable load delivery. A hybrid architecture prototype was implemented, integrating a photovoltaic (PV) array, battery storage, and the electrical grid. The system combines Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) solar chargers and Pure Sine Wave (PSW) inverters for efficient energy management. The Home Energy Management Whale Optimization Algorithm (HEMWOA) was employed to optimize energy usage and achieve cost reduction while enhancing user comfort. Real-time pricing (RTP) tariffs incentivizing flexible energy consumption during peak hours were incorporated. OSHEMS manages, schedules, and monitors energy sources and appliances, determining the optimal consumption mix. Experimental results demonstrate a significant decrease in grid reliance (46.6%) and energy costs (57.7%) compared to non-scheduling scenarios. These findings highlight the potential of OSHEMS in promoting sustainable and cost-effective energy consumption in smart homes.

An estimated photocurrent controlling the inductance current of DC-DC converter for rapid MPPT pursuit with less oscillations under sudden changes in the PV chain

This paper focuses on simple technique from conventional techniques for the rapid maximum power point (MPP) pursuit with a less oscillations under sudden changes. In investigations, the controllability of the conventional boost converter model shows that the converter can be controlled from the current of its inductance (inductor). To get reference current, a conventional technique known as method of short-circuit current has been transformed to clearly establish with supporting evidence an estimated photocurrent. Different test was done on MATLAB/Simulink under irradiance, temperature and load changes. Facing the P&O and short-circuit method, the proposed method presents a response time of 11.08 ms and power variations at MPP around 0.1 Watts. A test made on another converter shows that this method can be applied on DC-DC converters where the inductor current need to be controlled for proper operation.

Soft Switching Technique in a Modified SEPIC Converter with MPPT using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

: MPPT refers to the process of continuously tracking and adjusting the operating point of a photovoltaic (PV) system to maximize the power output from the solar panels. The operating point at which a PV system produces the most power under a specific set of environmental circumstances is known as the maximum power point (MPP). The Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is used to overcome the challenges of PV arrays with variable irradiance levels, which collects the greatest power from the PV array. Standalone PV systems, as well as gridconnected systems, can benefit from a DC-DC converter with MPPT. This study compares the standard perturbation and observation (P&O) technique with the soft-switching method used in the SEPIC converter utilizing the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink. Reviewing the simulation results and assessing the SEPIC converter's performance. Background: SEPIC soft-switching converter, the soft-switching technique is applied to the SEPIC converter topology. It typically uses additional components, such as inductor and capacitors, to enable soft-switching operation. These additional components help to control the voltage and current waveforms across the main switching devices, reducing switching losses. Methods: The proposed method uses a soft switching technique to reduce switching losses and to improve efficiency. Soft switching is used in SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter) converters, a type of DC-DC converter, to enhance their performance. The projected solution further addresses the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) issue in PV systems using the Cuckoo Search (CS) method. Results: Soft switching technique is implemented in SEPIC converters to reduce these switching losses. In this system, Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) involves turning on the switch when the voltage across it is zero. This allows the current to flow through the switch without creating any significant switching losses. CS algorithm can track the MPP quickly and accurately, it exhibits less prone to oscillations, easily monitor the MPP under a variety of weather circumstances. However, it exhibits negligible oscillation in a steady state, which results in significant power savings. Conclusion: The modified SEPIC converter with a soft-switching MPPT cuckoo algorithm is used with a solar-powered system. A prototype comprising a solar panel, a SEPIC converter, a driver, and a controller circuit was created. A soft-switching SEPIC converter with an MPPT cuckoo algorithm for the PV system is implemented, as are the converter operation, converter analysis, and theoretical analysis, and a controller circuit is analysed. The PV system, MPPT controller with tracking algorithm, and PMSM load were used in the system simulation. A 60-watt SEPIC converter prototype is built, and the outcomes are also tested experimentally.

Synergistic potentiation between P3HT and PTAA enables blade-coated carbon-electrode perovskite solar cells with >21% outdoor and >35% indoor efficiencies

P3HT is a promising hole-transport layer (HTL) for efficient and stable carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs). However, the reported low efficiencies of P3HT C-PSCs, resulting from the unmatched band alignment and electronically poor contact between perovskite and P3HT, is an obstacle. In this work, we propose a binary HTL system that incorporates PTAA into P3HT to address this issue, thereby achieving efficiencies of 21.3 % (0.04 cm2) and 18.8 % (1.0 cm2) under AM 1.5G illumination, and 35.2 % under indoor illumination of 1000 lx, all of which are the highest reported values for low-temperature printable C-PSCs. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that the performance improvements mainly stem from the following collaborative effects between P3HT and PTAA: 1) the introduction of PTAA increases more face-on orientations of P3HT as well as enhanced π–π stacking, forming more effective charge transport channels as molecular bridges; 2) the hole extraction barrier from perovskite to P3HT is reduced by 0.07 eV through incorporating PTAA; 3) triarylamine PTAA and other more face-on configurations can provide additional and stronger passivation sites, intensifying the defect passivation effects. Finally, unencapsulated P3HT-PTAA C-PSCs maintain ≈91 % of initial performance after maximum power point tracking for over 900 h.

Molecular engineering of oxadiazole-based small organic-functional molecules as hole transporting materials for dopant-free perovskite solar cells

The present investigation concerns the synthesis and characterization of new hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for dopant free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, emphasis is placed on three new HTMs, specifically materials P-H, P-OMe, and P-CN, whose center-core is 2,2'-(4,8-bis(octyloxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (OBDT) and combined with two donor units of substituted triphenylamine as at both ends along with oxadiazole acceptor units in between donor and OBDT. The fabrication of perovskite solar cell devices using new HTMs and compared the power conversion performance with the standard spiro-OMeTAD HTM. Several spectroscopic techniques were utilized to characterize the properties of the new HTMs, such as FESEM analysis of thin-film morphologies, time-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and mobility measurements. The HTMs P-OMe established a compressed and steady protective layer on the perovskite layer. This layer contributed to the development of open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current density (JSC), both of which are crucial for accomplishing high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in PSCs. The PSC device integrating the P-OMe HTM displayed a superior PCE of 21.14 % over an active area of 0.22 cm2. This activity was related to the standard device that utilized the standard Spiro-OMeTAD HTM, which accomplished a PCE of 17.46 %. The improved devices with the P-OMe HTM continued about 90 % of their initial PCE throughout maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for 90 days. Furthermore, these devices engaged in their activity over a further 2160 h under various temperature settings (25 °C and 35 °C), probably because of the hydrophobic property of the HTM.

Towards highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells: suppressing ion migration by inorganic boric acid stabilizer

The poor stability of organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells is commonly ascribed to elevated ion migration, stemming from the low electronegativity of iodine. To address this issue, boric acid was chosen as a stabilizer for perovskite thin films. As a Lewis acid, the boric acid has a sp2 hybridized boron atom, which can readily accept a pair of electrons from iodine ion into their vacant unhybridized p orbital, and the formation of the Pb-O bond further increases the iodide migration barrier. The significantly increased barrier of the iodine ion migration was demonstrated by the improved phase stability of the perovskite film under an electric field and the obviously enhanced stability of the perovskite films under strong ultraviolet light. PSCs that included the BA stabilizer were able to achieve an enhanced PCE of 25.52%. The initial efficiency of BA-modified devices remained at 80% even after being aged for 1000hours at 85 ℃ under around 30% relative humidity (RH). When subjected to maximum power point tracking and 20-25% RH, the PCE of BA-modified devices maintained an initial efficiency of 80% after 1500hours.

Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic array configurations under partial shading

In Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs), Photo Voltaic (PV) systems often experience notable output power and efficiency reductions due to weather variations. This study is dedicated to determining the most effective PV array configuration under partial shading. Various configurations, including Series Parallel (SP), Total Cross Tied (TCT), Bridge Linked (BL), Honey Comb (HC), Double Tied (DT), and hybrid connections, are simulated and evaluated under PSCs. Nine shading patterns, such as vertical, horizontal, centre-wise, upper triangular, cross-wise, expansive, arbitrary, L-shaped, and diagonal, are examined using a 6 × 6 array of PV Configuration. Performance analysis is based on parameters such as open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP), maximum voltage (Vm), maximum current (Im), Fill Factor (FF), Mismatch Loss (ML)/Power Loss (PL), and efficiency (η). Additionally, hybrid configurations like Alternate- Total Cross Tied -Bridge Linked (ALT-TCT-BL), Alternate -Total Cross Tied -Double Tied (ALT-TCT-DT), and Alternate -Total Cross Tied -Triple Tied (ALT-TCT-TT) are investigated and compared with existing configurations. Hybrid configurations with fewer cross-ties are recommended to simplify circuit complexity. MATLAB/Simulink software is employed for simulation, using a Sunpower SPR-E18-295-COM panel. Comparative analysis confirms that hybrid configurations exhibit higher efficiency for various shading patterns than existing configurations, equal or at par with the TCT connection. For eight connections and nine shading scenarios along with zero (no) shading conditions, eighty distinct combinations have been analysed, and on comparative analysis with contemporary work, the optimal output is obtained from the connections considered under PSCs. For all the shading patterns considered, the proposed work fetches maximum efficiency compared to the contemporary work, and it ranges between 13.61 % and 17.84 % for different shading patterns. The maximum value of efficiencies for horizontal, vertical, diagonal, centre-wise, expansive, arbitrary, upper triangular and L-shaped shading patterns is 13.77 %, 17.24 %, 17.84 %, 15.66 %, 13.61 %, 17.21 %,17.35 % and 15.11 % respectively. The hybrid configuration achieves higher efficiency than current methods for all shading patterns and configurations, with improvements in efficiency ranging from 2.1 % to 42.22 % across all cases.

Family empowerment in midwifery care for pregnant women in compliance with iron tablet consumption

The aim of midwifery care for expectant mothers is to empower families while adhering to iron tablet usage. This exercise is divided into three stages: planning, carrying out, and assessing. Identifying issues that arise at the Bahodopi Health Center, preparing resources, and creating counseling media in the form of Power Point (PPT) illustrated presentations are all part of the preparation stage. Delivering counseling materials on nutrition during pregnancy to pregnant women in order to prevent anemia is part of the implementation stage. Pregnant women's awareness of the information supplied by pre- and post-counseling questionnaires is evaluated at this stage. The findings indicate that prenatal nutrition, anemia, and the connection between nutrition and the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women can all be better understood by pregnant women through the facilitator's coaching. The target's understanding can be increased by providing information about anemia and keeping track of iron supplements. It is hoped that in the future, the community will be able to apply the information gained in a huge and sustainable way