Power Plant Waste Research Articles

A comparative thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of two different combined cycles by utilizing waste heat source of an MSWPP

In this paper, thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis as well as genetic algorithm optimization of two combined cycles, a gas turbine-organic Rankine cycle (GT-ORC) and a gas turbine-Kalina cycle (GT-KAL) are carried out. The novelty of this study is that the cycles are adapted to an actual solid waste power plant to generate additional power from the exhaust gas. Thus, the power generation capacity of the actual power plant can be raised by using the combined cycle. Due to this reason, besides the thermodynamic analysis of the cycles, thermoeconomic analyses and optimizations are also very important in order to improve the actual system capacity. The net power output of GT-ORC and GT-KAL are found to be 1.51 MW and 1.59 MW, respectively. The results obtained are seen to be reasonable when compared to the net power output of the power plant (5.66 MW). Another originality of this study is that the thermoeconomic results are improved by utilizing a multi-objective optimization method namely non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm method (NSGA-II). Thus, the two objectives, total power output and the total cost rate, at the design stage of the cycles are optimized and enhanced. Due to the optimization results, it is found that the net power output of the GT-ORC and GT-KAL are increased by 11.34% and 0.99%, respectively, while the total cost rates are decreased by 18.59% and 1.31%, respectively. GT-ORC with the net power output of 1.70 MW is seen to be more efficient as compared to GT-KAL which produces a net power output of 1.61 MW. However, the total and the capital cost rates of GT-ORC are found to be higher than those of GT-KAL.

Thermal Power Plant Waste By-product and Its Utility in Concrete

Nearly 117 coal based thermal power station has working conditions in India. About 71% (169 x 103 MW) electricity is generated from four Indian regions i.e. Western, Northern, Eastern, and Southern. All these thermal power plant has produces by-product after burning coal as an energy inputs. The by-product obtained in the form of fine ash which has been known as fly ash and bottom ash. These by-products directly dump on the nearby area or thrown into low lying areas. The utility of these finer materials has proven a feasible substance in the concrete constituents. The paper presents possible advantages to incorporate it into concrete. Fly ash, bottom ash and pond ash has potential to act as a binding and filler agent in concrete.

Сорбционная очистка осадков сточных вод от тяжелых металлов

Introduction. Because of urban development the volume of municipal and industrial wastewater are growing. Along with them the amount of sewage sludge (SS) also increases. Millions of tons of SS are currently accumulated on the territory of the Russian Federation and contain various pollutants, including heavy metals (HM). In this regard, the search for effective methods of SS treatment from HM is an urgent problem. The main methods of SS treatment are drying, dehydration, thermal methods, UV and microwave wave treatment. These kinds of disinfection eliminates many pathogenic microorganisms, but they are quite expensive and not effective against HM. Reagent methods include SS disinfection with quicklime (CaO). However, decontamination requires large doses (up to 30%) and it is also ineffective against HM. Humic-mineral reagent are more effective, they are based on crushed caustobiolites, their cleaning capacity from HM is 19–87%. Methods and materials. The authors have previously shown the effectiveness of wastewater treatment from HM using sorbents based on dolomite, quartzite, and waste from mining and processing plants. Therefore, a method for SS treatment from HM using sorbents based on dolomite, humates, and CS containing CaCO3 and humic compounds was proposed. In this regard, a method was proposed for SS treatment from HM using three types of sorbents based on: 1) waste of thermal power plants (TPP) – conditioned sludge (CS) containing CaCO3 up to 68% and humic compounds up to 12% – sorbent 1 (S1); 2) dolomite – Mg and Ca carbonate in a composition with sodium humate (25%)– sorbent 2 (S2); 3) modified dolomite with sodium humate (1%) – sorbent 3 (S3). Results and discussion. In laboratory experiments, the cleaning capacity of SS was studied using a dolomite-based sorbent modified with humate (1%). In field tests, a decrease in the concentration of HM in SS was studied with the use of sorbents based on CS and the complex sorbent dolomite-humate (75:25). The cleaning capacity of SS from HM increases in the series: sorbents based on waste from TPP – CS containing CaCO3 and humates (cleaning capacity E = 4.8–48.6% for dried SS and 29.3–53.3% for dehydrated SS) < sorbent based on a composition of dolomite with humate (E = 65.1–92.1% for dried and 56.6–89.4% for dehydrated SS) < a dolomite-based sorbent modified with humate (E = 90.8–99.9%). Conclusions. The maximum cleaning capacity is shown by a dolomite-based sorbent coated with a nano- and micro- sized layer of sodium humate.

Geochemical mechanism of lead vapors over fly ash cenospheres in simulated flue gas

Coal combustion is one of the major pathways by which lead (Pb) enters the ecological environment. An effective method to control Pb emissions in a furnace is to transform the Pb from vapors to particles using Si-Al-based sorbents. However, the high price, poor thermal stability, and difficult molding of sorbents limits their application. Fly ash cenospheres (FACs) prepared from the waste of coal-fired power plants, which are mainly composed of SiO2 and Al2O3, are ideal materials for Pb sorbents because of their high strength, light weight and low price. In this study, the adsorption and reaction mechanisms of FACs and several Si-Al-based sorbents for Pb vapors were investigated in a two-stage fixed-bed reaction system, and the thermal stability and regeneration characteristics of FACs were tested. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity for Pb vapors is FAC > kaolin > SiO2 > γ-Al2O3. The acidic sites, such as Si-O and Al-O bonds in FACs, were the main reaction sites for Pb adsorption and captured Pb in the form of stable Pb compounds (Pb2+). As the temperature increased from 700 to 1200 °C, the Pb adsorbed by FACs increased, and 55.21% of the Pb in the simulated flue gas was removed at 1200 °C. Kaolin is an excellent sorbent for Pb vapors. The adsorption capacity of kaolin for Pb first increases and then decreases with increasing temperature, and the maximum removal rate occurs at 1000 °C, reaching 33.46%. In addition, FACs are thermally stable and reusable. Therefore, the high-temperature application of FACs to remove Pb vapors has good prospects.

Ensuring Strength of Fine Grained Concrete with Mixed Cement Binders

The article presents the results of the evaluation of the strength of fine-grained concrete of ordinary grades on mixed cement binders with ash and slag waste of thermal power plants. To ensure the required strength, the preliminary activation of the mixed binder was envisaged, which is one of the main techniques for reducing cement consumption. Experimental-statistical models of the strength properties of fine-grained concrete was obtained, which make it possible to predict the required strength with a minimum consumption of cement and the optimal concentration of ash in the binder.

Adsorption reverse electrodialysis driven by power plant waste heat to generate electricity and provide cooling

Adsorption reverse electrodialysis driven by power plant waste heat to generate electricity and provide cooling

The impact of fly ash and structural fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete

Structural concrete is prone to micro-cracks even before the structure is subjected to the design loads. These cracks appear mainly due to drying shrinkage and other causes of volume changes. These small-scale cracks induce large cracks and the improved miniaturized scale cracks, resulting in inelastic deformation of concrete. To reduce the development of such micro-cracks, often fibers of artificial and natural origin are used in concrete to strengthen it against cracking. Researchers have developed high strength concrete using modern fibers like glass, carbon, polypropylene, aramid fibres and structural fibers. Thermal power plant waste by-products like fly ash and bottom ash hugely suffer from the problem of waste disposal. Fly ash is used in the fiber reinforced concrete to make it dense, and to reduce drying shrinkage which helps to arrest the shrinkage cracks. This study has been conducted for understanding the mechanical behaviour of concrete by adding the structural fibre at 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08% and 0.1% by weight of cement and fly ash partially replaces the cement by 10% of the weight of cement. The results were then compared with M35 grade conventional concrete. The results were very found promising compared to conventional concrete wherein, the fly ash binds the concrete mix to make it dense. The fly ash is very cheap, eco-friendly, economical and effective in enhancing the strength of concrete compared to ordinary Portland cement.

High-technology energy-efficient composite material made from waste of thermal power plants

Polysulfide composite materials made from high tonnage waste of oil and gas and thermal power sectors were developed and studied. The composition of these materials was optimized. It was shown that the components interacted with each other, and a compact homogeneous structure was formed when pyrite was added.

Improvement of Performances of the Gypsum-Cement Fiber Reinforced Composite (GCFRC).

The novelty of this paper lies in the identification of the scientific patterns of the influence of thermal power plant waste (TPPW) on the hydration mechanism and the structure of the gypsum-cement binder (GCB). The classification of raw materials for the production of GCB has been developed taking into account the genesis, which contributes to the prediction of the properties of composites. The features of the hydration phase formation and hardening of GCB have been studied taking into account the chemical, structural and morphological features of fly ash and slag. In addition, the microstructural, morphological, and thermal properties of the cured binders at a 28 day cure were determined. For the first time, scientific data on the properties of gypsum-cement fiber-reinforced composite using TPPW and microfiber have been obtained. The results show that the synergistic effect of gypsum-cement binder, TPPW, and polyamide or basalt microfiber improves the physicomechanical properties of a 28 day cured binder: compressive strength of 20 MPa, flexural strength of 8.9 MPa, and softening coefficient 0.87.

Power production waste.

The storage of large amount of power production waste occupies huge land resource; moreover, the stored or discarded waste may pollute the water environment through changing the water pH, releasing the trace and toxic elements even radioactive elements, and so on by leachate. Therefore, the recycling and disposal of power production waste are important and necessary. This paper reviews the research literatures published in 2019 on power generation waste from coal-fired and nuclear power plants, mainly including the recycling of fly ash and flue gas desulfurization gypsum in construction industry and environmental application, the recovery and immobilization of different metals from coal combustion products and selective catalytic reduction catalysts, and the treatment and disposal of radioactive elements from nuclear power plants. Practioner points Coal-fired power plant waste can be applied for material preparation and wastewater purification. Valued and toxic metals are normally recovered or removed from spent selective catalytic reduction catalyst. Recovery and removal of radioactive elements is essential for nuclear power plant wastes disposal.

Determination of Residual Heavy Metals in an Incinerator Bottom Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Power Plant

Bottom ash is a part of by-product from the municipal solid waste power plants which is always a wider problem for the urban and rural communities due to its disposal plants may cause serious environmental pollution. This work was focused on the residual heavy metal in an incinerator bottom ash from the municipal waste power plant placed in Nongkham district, Bangkok. Four bottom ash samples were obtained in 2017. After drying and grounding, the bottom ash samples were prepared to clear solution with the microwave digestion technique using nitric, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid under the heating program. The total residual heavy metals in the incinerator bottom ashes, such as lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium were determined by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) with deuterium background correction. The total concentration of lead, copper, zinc and cadmium were found in the range of 280.40-354.22mg kg-1, 365.35-524.45 mg kg-1, 1,527.25-2,074.34 mg kg-1, and 0.48-1.02 mg kg-1, respectively. The recovery of all metals was found in the range of 89.4-101.2% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was to be 2.15-3.55 % (n=7). The concentration of zinc, copper, and lead was found high levels, while cadmium was low concentration. Heavy metals in solid waste material occur in different chemical forms and phases. The sample preparation based on the microwave digestion was successfully developed for the waste samples with a good reliability.

Pemilihan Teknologi PLTSa di Kota Yogyakarta (Studi Kasus: TPA Piyungan Yogyakarta)

The city of Yogyakarta is the city of choice for foreign and local tourist destinations. Their arrival also became a problem for the city of Yogyakarta in terms of waste. This is evidenced by the increasing waste generation in the city of Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta City waste is transported to Piyungan landfill every day. Piyungan Landfill has limited availability of land while unlimited amounts of incoming waste every day. Based on the primary data obtained from this study, the average municipal waste in Yogyakarta was 310 tons / day. The solution to this problem is the Waste Power Plant (PLTSa). The benefits of PLTSa to produce electricity can also reduce the volume of waste at the Piyungnan landfill. PLTSa technology certainly has choices in accordance with the characteristics of waste in the Piyungan Landfill. The purpose of this study is to conduct a review of the feasibility of PLTSa technology to be selected by the Grid Analysis (GA) method. First, there is a need for primary and secondary data about the amount of waste generated in the city of Yogyakarta every day. The method used in choosing PLTSa technology in the city of Yogyakarta with a simple random method was continued using the grid analysis method. The results of the calculation and processing of data obtained the right technology for karakersit city waste Yogyakarta is incenerator

Estimasi Potensi Energi Listrik dari Sampah di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Sampah Talang Gulo Kota Jambi

Garbage is something of the residual material of production, which is generally not desirable owner. Therefore garbage is discarded and ends at the end of waste processing (TPA) to be managed to be destroyed. Waste destruction in TPA has always caused problems such as the problem of negative waste impact on the environment, and the difficulty of finding new TPA location when the TPA that is being used has expired. Indeed, garbage still has resources to be processed. One of the technology that can process garbage is a waste power plant (PLTSa) produces electrical energy. This technology has been widely used in Indonesia. The principle is the garbage that pollutes the environment utilized for power generation. Jambi City has TPA in Talang Gulo, but the destruction of garbage in TPA still uses a natural process, which is to block garbage with the method of destruction of garbage in the soil. Indeed, garbage in TPA Talang Gulo can be used as a source of power on PLTSa technology that produces electrical energy. From data of garbage volumes from 2018 to 2030, it has been worth utilizing garbage through PLTSa. The large electrical energy produced was 355,126.78 in the year 2030.

Co-processing of industrial trade rejects in cement plant.

In India non-hazardous industrial waste is generated at a staggering rate of about 30 million metric tonnes/year; considering the major generators (excluding power plant and mining industry waste) as per Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India (GoI), thus disposing of them is a challenge. The industrial waste generated from fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) trade rejects and expired product is also enormous (although largely remains unaccounted) and needs to be disposed of by the producer as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, GoI. Co-processing of this industrial trade rejects in cement plant can be a prominent solution as it reduces the disposal problem of the solid waste stream and provides an alternative methodology for complete thermal and material recovery of the waste with no by-products. Co-processing further reduces the use of conventional resources by utilizing the waste as an alternative fuel and raw materials. The study thus analyzes a co-processing trial of a month in a cement plant in the southern part of India and based on the obtained data, the environmental and operational sustainability was studied. The economic benefit obtainable was also analyzed based on the achieved substitution benefit. Parameters such as emission and quality of the final product were gauged. The leaching behavior of the final product was also analyzed. Thus, the findings will help in reducing the carbon footprints of the industrial wastes, specifically the FMCG trade waste, and will show the sustainability of co-processing waste in Indian cement plants.

Water impermeability of hydraulic concrete based with thermal power plant waste substrate

One of the main factors in ensuring the reliability of concrete used in the construction of hydraulic and reclamation facilities is their waterproofing and frost resistance, and the design of the optimal composition of concrete to ensure waterproofing is of great importance. The main goal of the study was to select the water/cement ratio of the concrete mix not only in terms of concrete strength but also in terms of concrete strength, to ensure the optimal concentration of aggregates for dense structural concrete and finally to increase the water permeability of hydraulic concrete using microfillers and chemical additives. In the study, industrial ash (Angren Thermal Power Plant) was used to modify technical lignosulfonates and prepared a plasticizer L-2 chemical additive. Studies have shown that if the size of pores and capillaries that occur in the concrete structure is less than 10-5 cm, they will not allow free water to pass through. But if these dimensions are larger than 10-5 cm, they will have the property of water permeability. The size of the pores formed in the cement gel, which is usually used in the preparation of concrete, is less than 10-5 cm, and they are impermeable to water. However, the sizes of capillaries and pores of different sizes formed in the concrete structure may vary depending on the factors listed above (10-6 - 0.2 cm). Based on the research, the technological factors affecting the waterproofing of hydraulic concrete were analyzed. It was argued that the use of L-2 plasticizer chemical additive in the amount of 0.25% of the cement mass in the preparation of hydraulic concrete can reduce the water-cement ratio by 18% and increase the waterproofing of hydraulic concrete by 3 times. In addition, it was considered that by waterproofing open pores and capillaries in freshly poured concrete, their waterproofing can be increased by 20. … 30 times.

The Production of Liquid Fuel from Plastic Wastes by Using Waste Garbage Power Plant: Study on the Effect of Electric Load and Fuel/Gasoline to Solar Ratio

The type of plastic waste that is often a problem in many cities in Indonesia is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), his is due to the plastic waste plastic waste bags has no longer economic value. One of the goals of plastic waste processing is usng it as a raw material for the Waste Garbage Power Plant (PLTSa). The most profitable in handling plastic waste by converting plastic waste into fuel oil as an alternative energy source because plastic is basically derived from petroleum. Plastic also has a fairly high heating value equivalent to gasoline and diesel fuel. Some studies related to plastic processing have not been integrated from the production process to downstream products in the form of electric products to get the overall level of plant efficiency. Therefore a research of plastic waste power plants needs to be done at the prototype level to determine the performance of the fuel and the level of efficiency of the resulting assemblers. The Pyrolysis Reactor Prototype Unit can be used to convert plastic bottle waste into liquid fuel with a yield of 56.26% carried out at a process temperature of 170 oC and the resulting heating value reaches 19644 Btu/lb close to the heating value of Pertamina Gasoline. The generator system performance test for the liquid fuel mixture (BBC) with Gasoline and Diesel has an optimal mixture ratio in the BBC - Bensi / Solar mixture 3: 2 with an optimal load of 800 Watt. In the generator system performance test for liquid fuel mixture (BBC) with Gasoline/Diesel is more optimal for comparison of BBC fuel with Gasoline, because for the BBC mixture with Gasoline in all generator system comparison values occur ignition. Whereas BBC with Solar does not ignite at a ratio of 0: 5, 1: 4 and 2: 3.

The effect of different fineness values of Afşin Elbistan fly ash on permeability in concrete

Too much CO2 is released during cement production. In many researches, the use of natural or recycled compounds plays an important role in the cement composition. The use of these components contributes both to reducing the amount of waste and to protecting the environment in nature. It is possible to produce an environmentally friendly concrete, thanks to its being a fly ash thermal power plant waste and its use as mineral additive in terms of its composition. In this study, it is aimed to produce impermeable concretes with the use of C type fly ash as substitutes for cement in concrete composition in substitution rates of 10 %, 30 % and 50 %. In order to reduce the permeability of concrete in this direction, as a result of grinding the fly ash in the ball mill for 0, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes, concrete samples were prepared with and without admixture (Reference). Capillarity test was performed to determine the permeability at the end of cure periods of 28 and 90 days on concrete samples. According to the results obtained at the end of 28 days, the best impermeability was achieved in the mixture with 50 % fly ash replacement and 60 minutes grinding time. In 90 days, the best impermeability was obtained in the mixture with 30 % fly ash replacement and 0 minutes of grinding time. As a result, it was seen that permeability decreased with increasing thinness and substitution rate of fly ash in concrete composition.

Real time estimation of radionuclides in the receiving water of an inland nuclear power plant based on difference gated neural network

Estimation of radionuclides in closed water is an essential licensing issue since it concerns the surroundings' safety, especially for inland sites. As the receiving water of inland nuclear power plant, closed water's flow processes are slow, unstable as well as highly nonlinear, leading to difficulty in monitoring of radionuclides. The traditional method aims to detect the photopeak of γ spectrum, which is complicated and severely time-consuming for the sampling and peak detection processes. Motivated by its time-consuming computation, a real time method for radionuclide estimation in closed water is proposed. A self-defined difference gated neural network utilizing radionuclide concentration data generated from Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code to perform estimation is mainly adopted. Simulation results show that compared to multilayer perceptron and long short-term memory models, the proposed difference gated neural network achieves the accuracy of 98.7% when estimating H3, C60o, A110mg and C58o. Accordingly, the designed method can be used for monitoring of nuclear power plant's waste water, especially in closed waters.

Modification of a Ceramic Brick Additives of Inorganic Technogenic Products of Water Treatment of Combined Heat and Power Plant

Waste of combined heat and power plants represents a certain danger to the environment, and hence the economic problems. However such waste contains substances that are advisable to use for production of construction and finishing materials. Technogenic products of water treatment from the Yuzhnaya combined heat and power plant (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) are a calcite mixture containing more than 64 wt. % calcite. The mineralogical composition of inorganic waste has been determined while using X-ray and IR-spectral researches. Mechanical activation of calcite inorganic wastes leads to grinding of calcite and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed water, which affects the increase in the content of silica frame structures, the reactivity of which directly depends on their quantity. Changes in the structure of silicon dioxide during mechanical activation are established according to IR studies. The results of X-ray and IR studies of the Zapolie deposit clay used in ceramic brick production technology make it possible to attribute it to raw materials with high reactivity. An experimental batch of ceramic bricks has been produced at JSC “Obolsky Ceramic Plant” with addition of calcite inorganic waste from combined heat and power plants. An X-ray diffraction analysis of samples of the obtained bricks having standard composition and with addition of waste has been carried out. The influence of calcite inorganic waste content in the feedstock on the process of ceramic brick structure formation has been stu-died in the paper. Addition of chemical water treatment waste containing calcium carbonate up to 15 wt. % to the Zapolye clay mixture helps to reduce a firing temperature and an appearance of the melt. This leads to crystallization processes of solid minerals from the melt and an increase in the amount of glass phase which contributes to improvement of strength properties in ceramic bricks. The possibility of using inorganic waste (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) of combined heat and power plants as a component of emaciated additives in clay raw materials in the process of ceramic brick production has been established in the paper.

Roundtable on the Pandemics of Racism, Environmental Injustice, and COVID-19 in America

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