Installation Of Power Plants Research Articles

Krabi's renewable energy transition towards sustainable energy: drivers, barriers, and challenges.

The present study was conducted to investigate key drivers, barriers, and challenges towards Krabi's sustainable energy. The provincial electricity demand was found to be continuously increasing, while its supply has relied on national grid which is not a sustainable practice. Krabi Goes Green roadmap has set a target to be self-reliance and 100% electricity from renewable energy (RE). This is a key driver for Krabi's RE transition. Even though high RE resources potential was reported, installation of RE power plants can supply only about half of its annual demand. What would be key barriers and challenges to overcome the barriers were investigated via stakeholders' interviews. Challenges or key success recommendation for each RE are briefly described. Krabi has high potential of both biomass and biogas from wastes of palm oil industry in the province. By the way, most of biomass and biogas power plants are VSPPs having non-firm-type power purchasing agreement (PPA) leading to unsecure electricity buying and selling. The PPA reconsidering was recommended by interviewees. In addition, new biomass power plants are public opposed due to emissions of solid biomass combustion pollutants. Waste-to-energy (WtE) is also high potential, but facing with public opposing as well. Some interviewees suggested installation of high efficiency end-of-pipe treatment facilities together with real-monitoring system must be compulsory for both biomass and WtE power plants. Solar PV is also high potential, but facing a big barrier of land limitation for solar farm installation. Therefore, solar rooftop has become the only option, but facing with a quota system. Reconsideration on the quota system policy as well as more simplify and transparent approval process are highly recommended for promoting solar energy both in the province and the whole country.

Renewable energy resource assessment for rural electrification: a case study in Nepal

Abstract Renewable energy could mitigate remote area energy crises through rural electrification. Karnali province, one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal, is such a remote location and is most deprived in terms of electricity access. Around 67% of the population of the Karnali province is not connected to the national grid electricity supply. High altitude, mountainous topography makes it difficult to provide grid access to the region. This study summarizes the current electricity access status in Nepal and Karnali province specifically. The paper discusses the energy, economic and environmental (3E) analysis of different renewable energy resources like solar and wind energy for the grid-isolated region in Mugu and Jumla district of Karnali province. The study investigates the feasibility of a 200-kW solar power plant installation in Gamghadi, the capital of Mugu district and a 100-kW wind power plant installation in Tila village, Jumla district. The study suggests whether a similar installation of the distributed energy plant is a solution to mitigate the energy crisis problem in the high Himalayas regions, like Karnali province of Nepal. Based on the high-level resource assessment, the study estimates an investment cost ranging from 7 to 9 million USD would be necessary for the installation of such distributed solar PV and wind turbines.

Evaluation and Solution Suggestions for Engineering and Workmanship Failures during Design and Installation of Solar Power Plants

Among the various renewable energy generation systems, the solar photovoltaic occupies a leading position today due to its simple structure. However, increasing the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems is a highly researched topic. In this study, possible connection failures in maximum power inverters and other failures, which decrease the efficiency in solar power plants, are examined. Furthermore, the possible consequences of these losses and their effects on the performance of solar power plants are explained. Some missing-failure processes were identified and corrected in the field analysis of the solar power plant in Turkey. Detected missing failures include connection failures of solar inverters, incorrect network configuration of camera system, fixing lighting time settings. The inverter string connection failure made during the projecting and assembly phase was eliminated and the maximum output was determined as 584.25 kW after the DC string arrangement. An increase of approximately 10% was achieved in production. In the project and application phase, the connection details of the inverters should be drawn and given to the field application personnel as a full-fledged project. In this way, incorrect connections that are not shown in the project and made in the field are prevented. This ensures that the installed power plant operates more efficiently, and the budgetary payback period of the investments made is shortened.

Local and global experience curves for lumpy and granular energy technologies

Current electricity generation systems have been dominated by lumpy energy technologies because the electricity they create has been cheaper than that generated from granular technologies. Accelerating the development and deployment of low-carbon technologies to mitigate climate change will require a better understanding of how lumpy and granular technology innovations work to reduce domestic and foreign technology costs. We estimated one-factor and two-factor experience curves to identify drivers and assess the relative importance of local and global learning experiences in Korea's climate change mitigation efforts between lumpy and granular energy technologies. The results suggest that granular technologies are likely to play a key role in mitigating climate change due to a rapid decline in its cost. Further tapping the local potential of cost reduction in granular technologies will require decreasing the soft costs of solar technologies and ramping up wind power plant installations. The results also suggest that knowledge spillover is relatively limited and slow for lumpy technologies, but frequent and fast for granular technologies. To maximize the spillover of global learning to local innovators, policy makers should improve the absorptive capacity of a country and strengthen the global network ties of local firms.

A geospatial comparative analysis of solar thermal concentrating power systems in Greece

Solar concentrating power is an important weapon for facing the energy crisis and environmental issues. Greece is a country with great solar potential and thus it is an ideal candidate for the development of important solar concentrating power plants. These plants present the advantage of easy energy storage with thermal storage tanks, something beneficial for the production of a relatively stable electricity production profile, something critical for the further development of renewable energy systems. The objective of the present work is the detailed investigation of the solar concentrating technologies in different Greek locations in order to define in which locations solar concentrating power is a promising solution. Moreover, three typical solar concentrating technologies are studied and more specifically the parabolic trough collector (PTC), the linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) and the solar DISH. Thirteen different Greek regions are investigated by using hourly weather data from the typical meteorological year (TMY). The solar potential, the available irradiation, the useful heat production, the electricity production and the exergy production, as well as the respective efficiency indexes and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), are calculated. It is important to highlight that this study is focused on the systems of small capacity which are ideal for distributed renewable power production. It was concluded that the most efficient and economically feasible technology is the solar DISH, with the PTC to follow and LFR to be the last choice. Moreover, southern Greece is found to be a better choice for the installation of solar-concentrating power plants compared to northern Greece. More specifically, in the Southern Aegean Sea, it was calculated that the specific electricity production is 253.0 kWh/m2 with PTC, 160.7 kWh/m2 with LFR and 296.8 kWh/m2 with DISH, while the LCOE at 0.0882 €/kWh with PTC, 0.1046 €/kWh with LFR and 0.0843 €/kWh with DISH.

A Copula-Hammersley approach for probabilistic analysis of integrated power and heat networks

As the interaction between the electrical and district heating networks have been increased due to the wide utilization of combined heat and power units, the interest in providing an appropriate tool to analyze these integrated systems dramatically grows. Besides, the installation of renewable energy power plants, such as wind turbines, is increased because of their clean power generation. However, the amount of their generated power is uncertain since wind speed is not exactly determined. In this regard, deterministic approaches cannot be employed to solve the power flow problem, and it is necessary to use a probabilistic viewpoint. This paper presents a probabilistic power flow framework for the integrated power and heat networks based on a novel Copula-Hammersley technique. The proposed method is able to consider various system uncertainties along with the existed interaction between the heat and power networks to successfully solve the power flow problem. Simulations on a case study of Barry Island networks demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The superiority of this technique is verified by studying various indices and characteristics of the obtained results in comparison with some other conventional approaches. It is verified that the proposed technique reduces the average mean and standard deviation errors by approximately 45% and 72% compared to traditional methods, respectively. Furthermore, the efficiency ratio of the proposed approach is 15% higher than that of the conventional methods which shows that it is faster and more accurate than those techniques.

Improvement of Korea Meteorological Administration Solar Energy Resources Map Using Fine-Scale Terrain Data

Real-time solar energy resources mapping is crucial for the development and management of solar power facilities. This study analyzes the effects of the digital elevation model (DEM) resolution on the accuracy of the surface insolation (insolation hereafter) calculated by the Korea Meteorological Administration solar energy mapping system, KMAP-Solar, using two DEMs of different resolutions, 1.5 km and 100 m. It is found that KMAP-Solar yields smaller land-mean insolation with the fine-scale DEM than the coarse-scale DEM. The fine-scale DEM reduces biases by as much as 32 Wm− 2 for all observation sites, especially those in complex terrain and that the insolation error reduction is correlated with the difference in sky view factor (SVF) between the coarse- and fine-scale DEM. Both the coarse- and fine-scale DEMs generate the insolation-elevation and insolation-SVF relationship which is characterized by positive (negative) correlation between the insolation and the terrain altitude (SVF). However, the coarse-scale DEM substantially underestimates these relationships compared to the fine-scale DEM, mainly because the coarse-scale DEM underrepresents large terrain slopes and/or small SVFs, most seriously in high-altitude regions. The fine-scale DEM generates a more realistic insolation distribution than the coarse-scale DEM by incorporating a wider range of key terrain parameters involved in determining insolation. Improvements of insolation calculations in KMAP-Solar using a fine-scale DEM, especially in the areas of complex terrain, is of a practical value for Korea because the operational solar resources map from KMAP-Solar supports solar energy research, solar power plant installations, and real-time prediction and management of solar power within the power grid.

Feasibility of 10 MW Biomass-Fired Power Plant Used Rice Straw in Cambodia

This study investigates the feasibility of rice straw for energy production in Cambodia. The potential areas for a 10 MW biomass-fired power plant installation are estimated based on rice straw availability displayed in a graphic information system (GIS). The discounted cash flow (DCF) method on the profitability index (PI) was executed by Mathlab software, which was used to determine the period of the power plant profitability. The reduction of CO and CO2 emissions from the proposed rice straw biomass-fired power plant with 10 MW capacity was calculated and compared with the coal-fired power plant and open field burning. Prey Veng, Takeo, and Battambang are potential provinces that have an estimated rice straw source of 804,796 t/annum, 720,040 t/annum, and 603,273 t/annum, respectively. Within a 20-year project, the biomass-fired power plant can reach profitability between six and ten years with the operation of the rice-straw price of 20 USD/t to 40 USD/t. The total energy produced by these potential areas is 1251 GWh/annum, with a CO2 emission avoidance of 1.06 million t/annum compared to the coal-fired power plant operation. Simultaneously, the emission savings of the biomass-fired power plant compared to open-field burning are 0.61 million t/annum of CO2 and 0.02 million t/annum of CO in the study site. The findings are prospectively essential for further designing of a small-scale biomass-fired power plant in Cambodia.

Organization of the rural electrification process in Ukraine during the Post-war period (second half of the 1940s – first half of the 1960s)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the characteristic features and peculiarities of the organization and implementation of rural electrification in Ukraine during the first post-war twenty years (1945-1965). The author considered the post-war Soviet government regulations on the development of rural electrification. The authorities envisioned the use of electricity primarily in production processes, betting on the use of renewable energy sources and/or local, cheap fuels. This process took place under the conditions of the administrative-command system, it was authorized and directed centrally, in a directive way at the highest state level. Three periods of implementation of this process are defined: - the second half of the 1940s – the beginning of post-war electrification in combination with the reconstruction of the most necessary production and infrastructure facilities; - the 1950s – active construction of autonomous power plants and creation of local power grids in rural areas; - the first half of the 1960s – complete electrification of villages with centralized connection to a single state power grid. The supply of equipment, installation, repair, supervision, and maintenance of rural power plants was carried out by the regional offices of the Republican Test (later the Main Directorate) of Rural Electrification ("Ukrsilelektro"/"Ukrgolovsilelektro"). However, its effectiveness remained quite low, and the quality of the work performed caused numerous complaints. Electrification cost considerable money, took place unevenly, and depended on many local conditions (the presence of nearby rivers, fuel deposits, industrial facilities, transport connections, etc.). The research is based on materials from the funds of the Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine and the Central State Archives of Public Associations and Ukrainians.

Analysis of Angola's potential for the installation of biomass power plants

Resumo O aumento da produção de energia elétrica com base em combustíveis fósseis conduz ao aumento de gases com efeito estufa e a originar conflitos devido ao aquecimento global. Por estes motivos, também é crescente o número de estudos relativos a fontes alternativas de energia sustentável. A biomassa florestal pode ser uma importante fonte de combustível para unidades produtoras de energia, como sejam as centrais termoelétricas. Vários estudos, em Portugal, demonstraram que a quantidade anual de resíduos agroflorestais pode constituir uma fonte alternativa de combustível para as centrais termoelétricas. Ainda que a produção agroflorestal e pecuária, em Angola, seja diferente da praticada em Portugal, a produção de resíduos agroflorestais e a forma de os aproveitar segue os mesmos princípios. O objetivo do presente trabalho é o de estimar, através do processamento de imagens do satélite MODIS, a disponibilidade em biomassa florestal e identificar locais com potencial para a instalação de centrais termoeléctricas a biomassa vegetal. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em ambiente de sistemas de informação geográfica e deteção remota. As imagens MODIS permitiram calcular o índice de vegetação NDVI e estimar a biomassa existente recorrendo a formulários anteriormente apresentados por outros autores. Através de técnicas de álgebra cartográfica, introduziram fatores condicionantes à instalação das centrais, como sejam a morfologia do terreno, a proximidade à rede viária e a proximidade a reservas naturais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que Angola possui um potencial em biomassa florestal que permite instalar até 17 centrais de 11 GWh-1, sendo que 12 se localizam próximo da atual rede elétrica de alta tensão ou em situação de ligação direta à rede. Destas 12, 4 estão próximas das atuais centrais elétricas hídricas, pelo que poderão funcionar em complemento de produção. Os resultados também mostram que as fazendas dedicadas à produção florestal se localizam próximo das zonas de ação das centrais e da rede ferroviária. Assim, os resíduos de exploração florestal que estas fazendas geram poderão ser comercializados como combustível para estas centrais. Também as fazendas dedicadas à produção agrária se localizam próximo das potenciais centrais, pelo que poderão usar a energia produzida e vender os seus resíduos vegetais como combustível.

Аssessment of the influence of the efficiency of heat conversion in the regenerative system of turbo installations of power plants on indicators of the quality of their work.

Аssessment of the influence of the efficiency of heat conversion in the regenerative system of turbo installations of power plants on indicators of the quality of their work.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИЙ ПО НАБОРУ ИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК

As a result of the analysis of various types of power plants, their disadvantages and advantages were identified in the article, the main quantitative and qualitative characteristics were determined, according to which different types of power plants can be compared. The following are selected as the main quantitative characteristics of power plants: unit cost; installed electric capacity; cost of electricity; utilization factor of installed power plant capacity; service life; efficiency, construction period and the area occupied by the power plant. Qualitative characteristics include: location, financial conditions, time and weather conditions, environmental friendliness, operation of power plants, utilization, carbon footprint. The most common types of power plants are also selected for comparison. The formulation of the problem was carried out and a comprehensive methodology was applied for selecting the best option for power plants based on the totality of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, including methods of spectral analysis and hierarchy analysis. The combined use of spectral analysis and hierarchy analysis methods when choosing the best option for power plants allows to somewhat reduce subjectivity in decision-making, especially in conditions where a quick assessment of alternative options is required. Based on the methodology, integral quantitative estimates were obtained for each of the power plant options. According to the set of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, a ranked number of power plant options were obtained: nuclear power plants; thermal power plants; hydroelectric power plants; wind power plants; solar power plants. The best is a nuclear power plant. It was established that the greatest influence on the construction of the generalized ranked series of power plants according to the totality of quantitative and qualitative characteristics was exerted by: qualitative characteristics: location and financial conditions; quantitative: unit cost; installed electric capacity; cost of electricity; utilization factor of installed power plant capacity; service life; efficiency of power plants. The complex methodology can be used when making a decision on the choice of a combination of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the best option and other technical systems.

A Comparison of Risks Assessment for the Project Phase of Solar Power Plant Installation with FMEA Pareto and AHP Methods

As a result of the rapid depletion of fuels, high costs and environmental concerns which is in today’s conditions in energy production by traditional methods cause rapid orientation to renewable energy sources. In this context, the number of alternative researches and studies on the phenomenon of energy, which has become an indicator of the development of countries, has increased steadily. Taking measures by analysing possible failures and risks in the establishment and operation of renewable energy plants is of great importance in terms of cost control, efficiency, sustainability of production and ensuring the safety of life and property. For this reason, in this study, failures and risks occurring in the projecting stage, which is the first and important stage of the installation of solar power plants (SPP), which are among the sustainable and renewable energy sources that have become an important part of our lives are analysed using Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA). In the FMEA analysis, the precautions that can be taken against the mistakes and risks that may be encountered regarding the researched subject were investigated. In addition, the opinions of experts on this subject expressed in the literature and researches were also taken into consideration. Then, with the Pareto analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method systematic, the order of importance of the risks was determined and the similarities between them were tried to be determined.

Determination of areas with potential for wind power plant installation in Kars province using GIS analysis and AHP method

Rüzgâr enerjisi santrallerinin kurulacağı alanların belirlenmesi oldukça karmaşık ve analizi güç birmekânsal karar alma problemi dizisi oluşturmaktadır. Bu problem dizisinin çözülmesi ve rüzgârenerjisi santrallerinin kurulacağı alanların belirlenmesi için son yıllarda Çok Kriterli Karar Verme(ÇKKV) yöntemleri tercih edilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemlerinden,Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin (CBS) birlikte kullanılmasıyla, Kars ilinderüzgâr enerjisi üretim potansiyeli taşıyan alanların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Araştırmada, literatürde kabul gören çalışmalar ve çevre alanlarda uygulanmış projelerin sonuçlarıdoğrultusunda belirlenen kriterlerin analizlerinin yapılmasına yönelik olarak çeşitli açık kaynaklardantedarik edilen raster ve vektör formatlı ham verilerin işlenmesiyle tematik altlık haritalar oluşturulmuştur.Bu haritalardan, AHP analizleriyle hesaplanan kriter ağırlıkları baz alınarak, Kars ilinderüzgar enerjisi santrali kurulumu için potansiyel taşıyan uygun alanlar CBS ortamında haritalanarakbelirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Kars ilinde rüzgâr enerjisi santrali kurulumuna çok uygun veuygun potansiyeli taşıyan 183 km2 alan belirlenmiş olup bu araziler toplam 10,193 km2 yüzölçümünesahip il yüzölçümünün ancak %’1,8’ini oluşturmaktadır. Kars ilinde rüzgâr enerjisi santralikurulumuna uygun potansiyel taşıyan araziler heterojen bir dağılım göstermekte olup bu özelliktekiarazilerin büyük kısmı ili güneyden ve batıdan sınırlandıran sıra dağlar üzerinde bulunmaktadır.

Multi-objective optimization of concentrated solar power plants from an energy-water-environment nexus perspective under distinct climatic conditions – Part B: Environ-economic analysis

The objective of this study is to include environmental impact in optimization of concentrated solar power plants previously limited to techno-economic analysis only. Performance of solar towers and parabolic trough collectors equipped with dry and wet cooling is numerically investigated at 10 min interval for three climatic zones. Based on electricity generation profiles pertinent to variation of design variables of solar multiple and thermal energy storage, the water usage is quantified techno-economically, considering water scarcity levels. Besides, five different potential impacts over lifecycle of concentrated solar and natural gas-based power plants are compared after unifying them into metric of net environmental impact avoided. Additionally, utilizing techno-economic solutions and eco-friendly solutions, multi-objective ‘balanced’ solution is proposed. It is found that levelized cost of water increases five-fold for areas with extreme water scarcity and is higher for trough than solar tower. Net environmental impact of troughs is higher and lower electricity generation causes the avoided impact to be higher than solar towers, when compared with natural gas-fired power plants. For eco-friendly solutions, solar multiple varies from 3.5 to 4 with thermal energy storage of 24 h. Dry-cooled solar towers with optimal solar multiple in range of 3–3.2 and thermal energy storage of 18.8–19.9 h are evaluated for pareto-optimality based ‘balanced’ solutions for all zones. These solutions offer minimum net levelized cost of electricity, alongside maximized electricity generation, huge return on invested capital and energy, and reducing environmental impact by over 94%. Lastly, semi-arid climates are found suitable for concentrated solar power plant installation.

An Integrated GIS-Based ANP Analysis for Selecting Solar Farm Installation Locations: Case Study in Cumra Region, Turkey

With the depletion of traditional energy sources, which are defined as fossil fuels, the importance of renewable energy sources has increased even more. Renewable energy is a sustainable energy source that can be reproduced with the use of existing resources and has almost no harm to the environment. Solar energy is one of the leading types of energy among sustainable energy sources and is an inexhaustible source of energy for humanity that can be used for generations. Selecting an appropriate site for the installation of solar power plants is an important decision that increases the efficiency of a solar farm. In order to minimize the negative environmental, economic and social effects in the solar farm location studies, all criteria affecting the study should be taken into consideration. This study presents the application of combining analytical network process, which is one of the multi-criteria evaluation methods, with GIS, in order to determine the most suitable locations for solar power plants in Cumra Region, Konya, Turkey. Six main criteria have been defined for the most suitable site selection in this area. Criteria maps were prepared using the GIS software and weight values determined from analytical network process and combined for the site suitability map. Suitability map was divided into three categories as low, moderate and high suitable by using an equidistant classification method.

APPLICATION OF AHP AND GIS FOR OPTIMAL SOLAR SITE IDENTIFICATION IN MADHESH PROVINCE, NEPAL

Solar-based renewable energy adoption is in its early stage in the power system of Nepal complying with its commitment to carbon neutrality. The government of Nepal has declared a goal of setting up solar power plants of at least 200 MW in Madhesh Province, but the selection of optimal sites will be the decisive factor in achieving this goal. Therefore, rigorous investigation is necessary for optimal site selection. A three-step framework combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographical Information System (GIS) has been adopted to identify the optimal location for solar power plant installation in Madhesh Province. The framework includes the creation of weighted individual raster images for the different criteria, images of restricted areas for solar installation, and a combination of all the rasters into a single raster using GIS-based software. The weights of the criteria and sub-criteria have been evaluated using the AHP model, which is an expert judgments-based model. The criteria considered were solar irradiance, annual mean temperature, distance from the road, distance from the substation, distance from the urban area, elevation, aspect, and land use. The results were graded from the least preferred area to the most highly suitable area. The most highly suitable areas were in the Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusa, and Mahottari districts, while the districts in the western region of the province had less suitable areas. Thus, the province’s eastern region is most suitable for installing solar power plants.

Re-Powering Italian Wind Farms: a Feasibility Study from Theory to Practice

The installation of new renewable power plants in Italy is currently hindered by various concurrent factors, the length of the authorization process above all. The average time to authorize a wind farm is about five and a half years, mainly due to the binding judgment of the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). Italy however is now in a phase where many of the first-installed wind farms are close to their end of life. In this perspective, a promising solution is given by the re-powering of existing wind farms, since they can access a simplified authorization procedure under the Legislative Decree 08/11/2021, n. 199 et seq., which reduces by one third the bureaucratic burden and it lets non-binding the evaluation of the landscape authorities. Moving from this background, the study provides a feasibility study on the re-powering of Italian wind farms. Starting from the database available at GSE (Gestore dei Servizi Energetici), a new re-powering scenario has been defined, accounting for the constraints on the site area, number and dimension of the turbines imposed by the art. 32 of Law 29/07/2021, n. 108. The effectiveness of the re-powering intervention has been evaluated in terms of energetic yield, considering the increased capacity factor of the new turbines, economic revenue and environmental footprint. To verify its feasibility on a real application, a wind farm owned by AGSM-AIM S.p.A., for which wind, terrain, and production data were available, has been selected. Different plant layouts have been analyzed in the WindPro software, and compared in terms of power, producibility and capacity factor. The feasibility of the different layouts has also been verified by on-field inspections.

Razvoj metodologije za utvrđivanje optimalne snage fotonaponske elektrane postavljene na nagnutom terenu

Models for the calculation of the production of large photovoltaic (PV) power plants with different types of modules (monofacial or bifacial) have been developed in detail in the literature. In addition, detailed models have been developed for PV power plants that have fixed modules as well as PV power plants with tracking the azimuth angle of the Sun and/or the tilt angle of the PV module. On the other hand, due to the increasing installation of PV power plant, their construction is often imposed on the field with complex geometry, so it is interesting to develop models that can optimize the spatial layout and geometric elements of panels on sloping surface in relation on horizontal. Namely, during various analyses in the literature, production models for PV power plants that are planned on sloping terrains have not been developed. Accordingly, in this paper, a procedure was developed for the calculation of the production of PV power plants that are placed on terrain that is not flat, but oriented towards the arbitrary side of the World and with an arbitrary tilt angle.

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro Di Lokasi Obyek Wisata Geopark Ciletuh Sukabumi

The Technology community service activity program that will be disseminated to the community is entitled Micro Hydro Power Plant at the Location of Ciletuh Sukabumi Geopark Tourism Objects. The location of this activity is the border of Ciwaru, Ciemas and Girimukti Villages, Ciemas District, Sukabumi Regency. The problem faced by partners as managers of Ciletuh Geopark tourism objects, especially Puncak Darma and Curug Cimarinjung, is the lack of electrical energy supply both at the location of tourist objects and in supporting facilities around the object and also the surrounding community. The method of solving the problems faced by this partner is to make a micro hydro power plant (PLTMH) installation with a gravity system and provide counseling and training. The result of this activity is that it is hoped that most of the managing community and the environment around the tourist object can get a supply of electrical energy that meets the needs of the management of tourism objects and their supporters. From the results of this activity, an electrical installation with a maximum capacity of 3000 watts was created.