Power Plants In Poland Research Articles

Determining the Environmental and Economic Benefits of Life Cycle Assessment on Example of the Power Plants in Poland

Determining the Environmental and Economic Benefits of Life Cycle Assessment on Example of the Power Plants in Poland

Liquid-liquid extraction of uranium(VI) in the system with a membrane contactor.

Raising role of the nuclear power industry, including governmental plans for the construction of first nuclear power plant in Poland, creates increasing demand for the uranium-based nuclear fuels. The project implemented by Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology concerns the development of effective methods for uranium extraction from low-grade ores and phosphorites for production of yellow cake—U3O8. The Liqui-Cel® Extra-Flow 2.5 × 8 Membrane Contactor produced by CELGARD LLC (Charlotte, NC) company is the main component of the installation for liquid–liquid extraction applied for processing of post leaching liquors. In the process of membrane extraction the uranyl ions from aqueous phase are transported through the membrane into organic phase. The flow of two phases in the system was arranged in co-current mode. The very important element of the work was a selection of extracting agents appropriate for the membrane process. After preliminary experiments comprising tests of membrane resistivity and determination of extraction efficiency, di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was found to be most favourable. An important aspect of the work was the adjustment of hydrodynamic conditions in the capillary module. To avoid the membrane wettability by organic solvent and mixing two phases equal pressure drops along the membrane module to minimize the transmembrane pressure, were assumed. Determination of pressure drop along the module was conducted using Bernoulli equation. The integrated process of extraction/re-extraction conducted in continuous mode with application of two contactors was designed.

The Modernization of the Energy Sector in Poland vs. Poland’s Energy Security / Modernizacja sektora energii w polsce a bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski

The paper discusses the essence of Poland’s energy security, decisive factors for its attainment and the structure of primary energy sources of the country. It describes the main problem areas in functioning of the energy sector in Poland, as well as the conditions for its modernization. The issues of increasing the natural gas share in the country’s structure of primary energy sources and a construction of the first nuclear power plant in Poland have been particularly emphasised. The paper stresses that without modernizing actions it will be impossible for Poland to fulfil international obligations concerning changes in the functioning of the energy sector. The study, analysing the conditions for increasing the role of natural gas in Poland, points at the necessity to expand the gas infrastructure, to increase a scale of gas production from domestic deposits and to complete liberalization of the energy industry. It also emphasises that a potential delay in the construction of the country’s first nuclear power plant may limit competitiveness of the economy.

Zasady opodatkowania elektrowni wiatrowych i energii przez nie wytwarzanej – wybrane problemy

The purpose of this article is to present certain tax law problems related to the production of energy by wind power plants in Poland. The publications include s the issues in the context of property tax, good and services tax act, excise tax and income tax. The article consists of following parts: wind power plant as an object of the property tax, place of supply of electricity in electroenergy system, tax exemptions on renewable energy sources in excise tax and taxation of green certificates.

New reliability coefficients of MV/LV transformer/distribution substation and its components

This paper introduces the possibility of application of u- and k-coefficient to operational reliability analysis of MV/LV transformer/distribution substations. The failure duration index was shown to have specific constraints in cost-related assessments of electric power system reliability. A direct correlation was assumed to exist between the failure duration and the actual emergency shutdown time, which can be shown with the u- and k-coefficients. The value of both indices has been determined on the basis of empirical data collected at two major power plants in Poland throughout the period of 10years.

Estimation of Chloride Migration Coefficient in Air-Entrained Concretes Containing Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash / Ocena Współczynnika Migracji Jonów Chlorkowych W Betonach Zawierajacych Popiół Fluidalny

Abstract The objective of this investigation was comparing the penetration of chloride ions in ordinary and air-entrained concretes containing a waste material Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash (FBCFA). All concretes were tested with 15% and 30% cement replacement by FBCFA, with the same water-binder ratio of 0.45. Two kinds of fly ash coming from fluid bed combustion in two power plants in Poland have been used.In this study the rapid chloride permeability test - Nordtest Method BUILD 492 method - was used. The microstructure of the concrete was analyzed on thin polished sections and the measurement of air voids sizes and their distribution, using digital image analysis, was carried on according to PN-EN 480-11:2008.Obtained results have shown a significant influence of partial cement replacement by FBCFA on the chloride ions movements in concrete. It has been found that this kind of addition reduced considerably the chloride ion penetration. The influence of air entrainment on the chloride diffusion coefficients was also measured and it was shown that application of air-entraining admixture for concretes with FBCFA reduce the chloride diffusion coefficient but it should be used with caution.

Determination of temperature and thermal stresses distribution in power boiler elements with use inverse heat conduction method

Determination of temperature and thermal stresses distribution in power boiler elements with use inverse heat conduction method The following paper presents the method for solving one-dimensional inverse boundary heat conduction problems. The method is used to estimate the unknown thermal boundary condition on inner surface of a thick-walled Y-branch. Solution is based on measured temperature transients at two points inside the element's wall thickness. Y-branch is installed in a fresh steam pipeline in a power plant in Poland. Determination of an unknown boundary condition allows for the calculation of transient temperature distribution in the whole element. Next, stresses caused by non-uniform transient temperature distribution and by steam pressure inside a Y-branch are calculated using the finite element method. The proposed algorithm can be used for thermal-strength state monitoring in similar elements, when it is not possible to determine a 3-D thermal boundary condition. The calculated temperature and stress transients can be used for the calculation of element durability. More accurate temperature and stress monitoring will contribute to a substantial decrease of maximal stresses that occur during transient start-up and shut-down processes.

Full-scale co-firing trial tests of sawdust and bio-waste in pulverized coal-fired 230t/h steam boiler

Abstract Co-firing trial tests of sawdust and bio-waste coming from cereal production with hard coal were carried out at Skawina Power Plant in Poland (1532 MW in fuel, currently belonging to CEZ Group). Skawina Power Plant is a tangentially-fired pulverized coal unit with nine boilers (4 boilers of 210 t/h and five boilers of 230 t/h live steam respectively) that produces 590 MW electricity and 618 MW of heat (district heating and process steam). The paper presents an analysis of energy and ecological effects of sawdust and bio-waste co-firing in the existing pulverized hard coal boiler. The mixture of coal and biomass was blended in the coal yard, and fed into the boiler through the coal mills. During the tests, combustion of mixtures composed of hard coal and sawdust (with mass share of 9.5%) and hard coal – bio-waste (6.6% mass basis) were examined. The co-firing tests were successful. Based on the analysis of the test results, the influence of biomass co-firing on specific components of energy balance (e.g. stack losses and boiler thermal efficiency) was discussed, in comparison to combustion of coal alone. The emission indices during coal combustion were calculated and compared to the emission indices for biomass co-firing. It was proved that co-firing of both biomass sorts leads to a decrease of CO and SO 2 emissions. Due to the possibility of considering the part of the energy generated during biomass co-firing as renewable energy, the procedure for biomass based renewable energy share determination is presented and illustrated with an example.

Mercury emission from coal-fired power plants in Poland

The paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding sources of mercury emission in Poland. Due to the large quantities of coal burned at present, as well as taking into account existing reserves, coal remains the main energy source of energy in Poland. The data on coal consumption in Poland in the past, at present and in the future are discussed in the paper. Information on the content of mercury in Polish coals is presented. Coal combustion processes for electricity and heat production are the main source of anthropogenic mercury emission in Poland. It is expected that the current emissions will decrease in the future due to implementation of efficient control measures. These measures for emission reduction are described in the paper. Results of estimated mercury emission from coal-fired power station situated in the Upper Silesia Region, Poland are investigated. A relationship between mercury emission to the air and the mercury content in the consumed coal in power station equipped with the electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) is discussed.

PCDDs/PCDFs, dl-PCBs and HCB in the flue gas from coal fired CFB boilers

The aim of the project was to measure the actual emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) from four selected power plants in Poland in order to update the national inventory of PCDDs/PCDFs emission. Relatively low PCDDs/PCDFs as well as dl-PCBs concentrations in flue gas obtained in measurements in this study for four different circulated fluidized bed (CFB) boilers indicate practical absence of any hazards caused by PCDDs/PCDFs emission from these units. The results of PCDDs/PCDFs determination obtained in this study indicate that hard coal combustion in large CFB in the four central heating plants (CHP) is not a significant source of PCDDs/PCDFs emission to the environment even if operated by co-firing of waste coal. PCDDs/PCDFs concentration in flue gases as well as emission factors were recorded in the range of 0.012–0.060 ng I-TEQ/ m n 3 and 7.51–46.4 μg I-TEQ/TJ, respectively. Dl-PCBs concentration was practically below the LOQ = 0.006 ng WHO-PCB TEQ/ m n 3 in all experiments. HCB concentration as well as emission factors were recorded in the range of 11.5–42.0 ng/ m n 3 and 6.19–26.7 mg/TJ, respectively, where the highest value was obtained for co-firing of waste coal, however. Obtained in this work emission factors will be used for national emission inventory purposes instead of the factors proposed by Toolkit or taken from previous measurements. However, consideration should be given to the fact that the measurements in most cases are related to single installations. Therefore, the need for further development of national factors for the power generation industry in Poland is desired.

Susceptibility of Steels Exploited in Water-Steam Environments to Hydrogen-Induced Cracking

We perform the detailed investigation of 10Kh2M and 12Kh1MF ferrite-pearlite steels operating in water-steam environments in different boilers and power plants in Poland and Ukraine for up to 240,000 h with an aim of evaluation of their susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking (blistering). For both types of steel, we establish similar regularities of the influence of operating conditions on the properties of materials. An abrupt deterioration of the mechanical properties of materials was observed after 110,000 h of operation. It was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of residual hydrogen and pronounced changes in the parameters of the crystal lattice of iron as well as in the volume fraction and morphology of the pearlite phase. The results of hydrogen-permeation tests were used to choose the parameters characterizing the susceptibility of steels to blistering. For both types of steel, we determine the correlation between their susceptibility to blistering and changes in the microstructure in the process of operation.

Zenon wins C$5-million Polish order

Zenon Environmental Inc is supplying its ZeeWeed membrane technology to treat industrial wastewater at a major power plant in Poland. This is a short news story only. Visit www.filtsep.com for the latest filtration industry news

00/03545 Design and operation experience of 230 MW e CFB boilers at Turow Power Plant in Poland

The Power Station Turow is located in Bogatynia, Poland, and has operated 10 pulverized coal units each of 200 MW. The plant provided 2000 MW at the lowest cost per kWh in Poland. The Turow units have approached and in some cases already gone beyond their 25--30 year's design life. To meet Poland's new environmental standards, which are now compatible with the EU, Turow decided to replace and upgrade six units (No. 1 to 6) from 200 MW to 230 MW units and remove one unit No. 7. Units No. 8, 9 and 10 were equipped with dry sorbent desulfurization technology. Units No. 1 and 2 have been replaced with new clean coal circulating fluidized bed technology. The Power Station Turow with six CFB units is to be the largest in the world power station based on fluidized bed technology.

U.S. unit to cut sulfur pollution at Polish plant

U.S. and Polish officials gathered last month at the Skawina Power Station near Krakow, Poland, to dedicate what they call showcase pollution control that uses advanced U.S. technology and equipment to reduce acid-rain-producing sulfur emissions. The advanced flue gas desulfurization (FGD) unit is viewed as a prototype of efforts by the U.S. Department of Energy to help upgrade pollution control and other operations at power plants in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Such projects also offer a large potential market for U.S. companies. Many power plants in Eastern Europe are aging and in need of repair. Poland alone has about 40 power stations like Skawina, with total capacity of more than 30,000 MW. Once one of Eastern Europe's most beautiful cities, Krakow in recent decades has suffered from unchecked industrial pollution that has damaged buildings and monuments and created health problems. In March 1990, DOE signed an agreement with the Polish ...

Radiological Hazard from Coal-Fired Power Plants in Poland

The aim of this study was to assess the radiological hazard to the Polish population due to coal combustion for electric power production. The activity concentrations of elementary radionuclides in fly ashes from ten power plants were measured. The ATMO computer program was applied to calculate the annual increase of activity concentration in the air and of annual increase of activity fallout on the ground. Exposure by inhalation, oral ingestion and external irradiation was taken into account. The assessed values of individual dose equivalent for the critical group is 0.1 mSv per year, i.e. 4% of the total dose rate from natural radiation. The collective effective dose equivalent received annually from all sources by all the inhabitants of Poland as a consequence of coal combustion in Polish CPP is estimated to be about 370 man.Sv.y-1 (47 man.Sv per GW.y), i.e. 0.4% of the dose from natural radiation.

A distributed data base for real-time control/monitoring of power plants

Real-time monitoring and control of a power plant delivering 1000 MW or more power is a complex task. It involves monitoring of 10000 or so analog signals and even more two-state signals. In addition, some data is to be interchanged between the real-time systems and the off-line ones which are used by the power station staff involved in run preparation functions. The paper describes the basic hardware and software tools designed for development of the distributed data base for a new power plant in Poland, which is a pilot implementation of such data bases.

Enhancement of population doses due to production of electricity from brown coal in Poland

Changes in natural radioactivity as a result of the operations of three Polish brown-coal-fired power plants have been assessed via calculations based on the results of radio-spectrometric measurements of coal and fly ash, information on local climatic conditions and data on atmospheric releases from the plants. Calculations were performed using a computer code derived from solution of the Pasquille equation. Transfer coefficients and conversion factors of absorbed radioactivity to effective dose equivalent (EDE) were selected using literature data. Values for EDE due to inhalation, ingestion and external gamma radiation from radionuclides deposited on the ground were calculated for the population inhabiting the most polllated area and also for the whole population. The individual maximum EDE for the most ‘radioactive’ power plant was estimated at 10·4 μSv y −1. This EDE is less than 1% of the total natural radiation burden of 2 mSv y −1. EDE estimates for the vicinities of the other two power plants are 0·5 and 4·2 μSv y −1. The collective EDE resulting from the production of electrical energy from brown coal was calculated to be 104 man-Sv y −1, i.e. 14 man-Sv per GW-year. It is concluded that some of the brown-coal-fired power plants in Poland should improve their fly ash control and that the manner in which existing transfer coefficients are reported in the literature does not lead to unequivocal results when applied to EDE calculations.