Power Plant In Indonesia Research Articles

Communication model of musyawarah and role of traditional leaders in building public acceptance to support nuclear powerplant development plan at Bengkayang Regency

The paper aims to explain communication strategy to increase the public acceptance of nuclear power plant in Bengkayang Regency. West Kalimantan will be the first area to have a nuclear power plant in Indonesia. In order to get the permit to build it, the government need public acceptance. Nevertheless, society divided into pro and cons on the nuclear issue. Government need a new communication strategy to bridge the divided opinion. This study aims to elaborate on the concept of deliberation communication and social perception. The qualitative method used in doing this research. Data analysis conducted by interview and literature studies. Results of the research found that the society of Bengkayang tends to trust their traditional leaders. The best communication strategy to help people understand the message is by having deliberation communication. Within the deliberation, the communicator should be accompanied by the traditional leader. Before that, the expert has to convince those traditional leaders to support the message they wanted to deliver to the people. Others finding of this research was the people only need a simple explanation on the benefit and risk with a nuclear power plant in there area.

Development of Reliability-Based Decision Making for Optimum Operation and Maintenance Strategy in Coal-Fired Power Plant

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) held a significant factor in the power generation business. Despite the costs only about 15% of all life cycle costs, this figure may fluctuate to ± 20% due to spare part costs, equipment’s economic lifetime, and personnel cost. This paper describes a reliability-based Decision Support System (DSS) development to determine an optimum O&M strategy for coal-fired power plants. The methodology was developed from System Dynamics modeling, with the objective function to maximize Net Present Value (NPV) and maintain availability exceeding its goal. DSS allows users to study the power plant cost characteristics within their life cycle, including its sensitivity to NPV. The model was tested to a 600 MW coal-fired power plant in Indonesia. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) applied as model acceptance criteria. From this study, coal price was the most sensitive variable to NPV (62.36%), followed by dispatcher demand (53.31%), and overhaul duration (1.5%). From 4 simulated scenarios, it was concluded that O&M outsourcing as asset operator authority was a proper choice that provides the highest NPV. Nevertheless, some risks related to employee competence and bureaucratic obstacles should be controlled.

Life Cycle Assessment of a combined cycle power plant in Indonesia

This paper presents the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a 640 MW combined cycle power plant located in West Java, Indonesia. The power plant adopts the dual-fuel firing system, in which both natural gas and high-speed diesel fuels are used. The LCA was performed using the open-source LCA software OpenLCA version 1.9. A functional unit of 1 kWh of electricity generation was used in calculating the environmental impacts. The system boundary was modeled using the gate-to-gate system, which includes all inputs and outputs for the following subsystems: fuel storage, water preparation, electricity production, and supporting subsystems. The life cycle inventory (LCI) used data gathered from July 2018 to June 2019. The CML-IA baseline method was used to perform the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), providing results for ten midpoint impact categories. All impact categories were normalized using World 2000 normalization factors. The result shows that the most significant impact categories are acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and global warming potential (GWP), respectively. The largest acidification source is nitrogen oxide emission from the combustion chamber, with a percentage of 80.32%. Regarding the combustion stage, the post-combustion method is recommended to remove nitrogen oxide from exhaust gases to lower the AP impact category.

Study of distillation waste by clove for alternative fuel power plant: A review

Today, fuel source energy is increasing demand in Indonesia, such as petroleum and coal. Fuel source energy is exhausted and cannot be renewed, therefore renewable energy is one solution for highly energy demand. Innovations of renewable energy like as biopellet from clove leaf refining waste is important for fuel power plant in Indonesia. This research is discuss about characteristics and quality of biopellet from clove leaf refining waste for alternative fuel in electricity generation. The clove leaf is dried up to moisture content from 15% to 30% then made of mesh size 20 and 40 with a milli hummer. then the clove leaf powder was mixed with glue or molasses with a ratio of 80% powder and 20% molasses then printed. Heated of temperature is 90°C, the second specimen is 110°C and the third specimen is 130°C, after it has reached the specified temperature the powder in the mold on the press or pressed with a pressure of 93 kg / cm2. The specimen have been printed and pressed for about 20 minutes. Biopellet can be an alternative fuel solution in Co-firing systems with coal that has been this is the main fuel for steam power generation.

Understanding the Potential of Bio-Carbon Capture and Storage from Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia

Indonesia is currently experiencing a significant increase in population, industrialization and energy demand. As the energy demand increases, so does the production of climate-altering CO2 emission. Biomass power plants have emerged as a low carbon power generation alternative, utilizing agricultural and industrial waste. Biomass power plants have the potential of being a carbon-negative power generation technology in the near future by integrating carbon and capture storage (bio-CCS). The objective of this paper is to analyze and map potential CO2 emission in the processes of biomass power plants from gasification and firing or co-firing technology, then recommend suitable carbon capture technology based on the biomass power plant characteristics in Indonesia. The CO2 emission to be captured in the gasification process is 11-15% of the producer gas, while in co-firing it is 7-24% of the flue gas stream. Using biomass instead of coal in power plants reduces the electric efficiency and increases the plant’s in-house emission, but when analyzed in a wider boundary system it is apparent that the net GWP and CO2 emission of biomass power plants are way smaller than coal power plant, moreover when equipped with carbon capture unit. Biomass power plant that uses firing technology can reduce CO2 emission by 148% compared to typical coal power plant. Installing carbon capture unit in biomass firing power plants can further reduce the specific CO2 emission by 262%. If carbon capture technology is implemented to all existing biomass power plants in Indonesia, it could reduce the greenhouse gas emission up to 2.2 million tonnes CO2 equivalent annually. It is found that there are 3 significant designs for gasification technology: NREL design, Rhodes & Keith design and IGBCC+DeCO2 design. The first two designs are not suitable to be retrofitted into existing biomass power plants in Indonesia since they are based on a specific BCL/FERCO gasifier. While IGBCC+DeCO2 design still needs further study regarding its feasibility. While for firing, the most promising technology to be applied in the near future is solvent-based absorption because it is already on commercial scale for coal-based power plants and can be implemented for other source, e.g. biomass power plant. Bio-CCS in existing biomass power plant with firing technology is likely to be implemented in the near future compared to the gasification, because it applies the post combustion capture as an “end-of-pipe” technology which is generally seen as a more viable option to be retrofitted to existing power plants, resulting in potentially less expensive transition.

China's Belt and Road Initiative: from perceptions to realities in Indonesia's coal power sector

This paper contributes to the debate on the sustainability of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by analyzing Chinese investments in Indonesia's coal power sector. Insofar, scholarship on the BRI examined the role of Chinese companies “going out,” neglecting host countries' agency in shaping this initiative. This study analyses this important yet often overlooked dimension through the lens of local stakeholders. Fifteen in-depth interviews provide key insights into themes that are explored using a novel database. Results show a sharp increase in the Chinese-led financing, construction, and investments in Indonesia's coal power plants. While large State-owned enterprises spearheaded this increase, the BRI is also generating an impetus of private investments in new “instrumental” coal power plants that serve industrial parks, owned by non-energy companies. After the Paris Agreement, only Chinese, Japanese, and Malaysian institutions continued to finance coal power plants in Indonesia. However, unlike other foreign investors, Chinese companies are bringing mostly subcritical (low-end) technology, and their operations have been associated with the use of illegal labour. Overall, results show how China's export of industrial capacity and financing through the BRI is met by Indonesia's developmental attitude towards using coal and foreign investments to prioritize its economy growth over environmental and social sustainability.

Investigation on Slagging Fouling Potential in Coal Blending for PLTU with PC Boiler with Droptube Furnace Method

The majority of power plants in Indonesia are Coal-Fired Power Plants (PLTU) which using coal as the main fuel. The coal used in the PLTU is coal that has been adjusted to the existing PLTU design. However, coal availability according to the initial design of the PLTU is running low and even almost non-existent. If the coal does not meet the PLTU design specifications is forced to be used as fuel, various problems will arise regarding to the capability and reliability of the power plant itself. Therefore, looking for coal alternatives that have similar specifications to the PLTU design is very important, to get these alternatives can be done by Blending coal from various specifications. The Blending product must be evaluated from various aspects, one of which is slagging and fouling. This research will focus on the aspects of slagging fouling resulting from the Blending of two different coals in terms of characteristics and specifications. Evaluation is carried out by taking samples and tested to make predictions based on AAS and AFT, burning in the Drop Tube Furnace (DTF), and performing SEM and XRD analysis of two coal Blending products. The results obtained are that the A and B Blending products are in an acceptable risk for direct testing on a larger scale (PLTU) or boiler simulator. However, Blending A has a greater potential for further research than Blending product B.

Developing Digital Instrumentation and Control System for Experimental Power Reactor by Following IEEE Std 1012 −2004 to be Verified and Validated

We will develop the Experimental Power Reactor of Indonesia (RDE), by adopting the HTR-10 type from Tsinghua University-China. The–Instrumentation and Control (I&C) for RDE will developed with digital system technology which in the development process will have verification, validation, design and implementation, reviews, and audits for digital computer software activities. Software design for I&C system of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) should be started by developing software requirement specification (SRS) to meet the requirement that systems and components should be designed, fabricated, erected, tested, and inspected. In the regulatory structure of developing nuclear power plant in Indonesia, BAPETEN also concern for the design development of important to safety with computer based system for nuclear power plant (NPP) by PERKA BAPETEN No.6 in 2012. Since BAPETEN did not state which standards should be use, we can refer to the standards that are commonly used globally. IEEE Std 1012™-2004 is recommended by the latest US. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Guide 1.168 in 2013 about verification, validation, reviews, and audits for digital computer software used in safety systems of NPP. This guide also recommends IEEE Std 279, “Criteria for Protection Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations,” or in IEEE Std 603-1991, “Criteria for Safety Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations. In this research we will examine the recommendation activity that should be follow to meet the requirement of the regulatory body which is also covered in IEEE Std 1012-2004. Developing traceability analysis in the first activity will help the designer to trace the requirement to meet the design criteria and reach the effectiveness and performance of the I&C system. By tracing from the top tier recommendation, it will help the development I&C system of RDE to be verified and validate as the design criteria for HTR-10

Determination of risk level, remaining life prediction, and risk based inspection planning based on API 581

Electricity can be produced through several types of plants, one of which is Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP). One company that manages Geothermal Power Plants in Indonesia is PT Indonesia Power. In processing geothermal into electricity, companies need machines that work well in any condition, one of which is a separator machine that functions as a separator of geothermal steam with impurities. To keep the separator machine working properly, proper inspection is needed. Inspections can be done by a variety of methods, but inspections of separators should use a risk-based inspection method. Therefore, the study was conducted by applying a risk based inspection method based on API 581 Second Edition to determine the level of risk, the remaining life of the machine, and the planning of inspections (intervals and inspection techniques) on the machine. The level of risk for all separator units is medium high with a risk category of 1E, which has a low probability of failure and high failure consequences. The estimated age of the remaining machines working according to their functions based on research for unit I is 25 years, for unit II 13 years, and for unit III 18 years. This affects the inspection intervals in each unit, unit I should be inspected every 6 years, unit II is inspected every 3 years, and unit III is inspected every 4 years with a thorough inspection and thickness measurement as an inspection technique.

Prediction of coal dust dispersion to total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration in ambient air quality, case study: PLTU Tanjung Jati B

According to the National Medium-Term Development Plan set a 35000 MW target in 2019, wherein 2016, coal still dominated the power plant’s fuel, which is 62%. The fastest rate of consumption is 4,7% per year since 2002; by the domination of coal-fired power plant in Indonesia in 2005 with 29.4 million tons of coal consumption, it is projected to be an increment in 2020 with 75 million tons of coal consumption. This condition could lead to generated coal dust, potentially impacting the ground concentration of TSP in the ambient air quality. The further impact may lead to environmental & social issues in the community residence of surrounding coal-fired power plants (PLTU). Considering the potential impact of coal dust emission from coal stockpile activities, then the prediction of coal dust dispersion generated from coal handling activities to determine the ground concentration of TSP is necessary to determine appropriate mitigating control to reduce the coal dust emission. Therefore, such a power plant will have mutual benefits with the surrounding area, especially the community. According to the model prediction result using AERMOD, it could be predicted that the emission contribution from the coal stockpiles is reached 100-200 μg/m3.

PERFORMANCE OF ROOFTOP PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH ADDITIONAL WATER COOLING SYSTEM

Improving solar power plant performance is considered quite important for existing and prospective users of rooftop solar power plants in Indonesia due to its unattractive economic value. One of the efforts to optimize the performance is the application of an additional cooling system on the plant's photovoltaic module. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of temperature reduction of the applied cooling system on solar panel productivity. The research was performed on the existing rooftop solar power plant with a capacity of 3 kWp, located in Depok City with coordinates of 6°38'03.40" South Latitude and 106°82'03.49" East Longitude.The results showed that the additional water cooling system with a closed-loop pumping method on the installed solar module’s entire surface could improve the rooftop solar power plant performance with an average production increase of 15.7% in 7 days of study. Meanwhile, from an economic point of view, this cooling system installation payback period was 2 years.

PENGARUH SUDUT BUKAAN GUIDE VANE DAN TEKANAN AIR TERHADAP KECEPATAN PUTAR DAN DAYA OUTPUT PADA PROTOTYPE PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKROHIDRO DENGAN TURBIN CROSSFLOW

The pattern of power plants development in Indonesia is still relying on the availability of fossilfuels based energy sources. Meanwhile, Human are faced with a situation of depleting reserves offossil energy sources and increasing environmental damage due to the use of fossil fuels basedenergy sources. Renewable Energy development can be a solution to these problems. One of them isthe development of a Micro Hydro Power Plant. In the realization of Micro Hydro Power Plant inIndonesia, the crossflow water turbine type can be used. It is a type of impulse turbine with a goodcharacteristic at a low head for micro-scale generator capacity. This study analyzes the effect of guidevane opening angle and water pressure on rotation and output power of crossflow turbine. Theopening angle of the guide vane studied was 15º, 30º, 45º, 60º, 75º, and 90º in each water pressurecondition of 4 psi, 8.5 psi and 13 psi. The test is carried out by simulating direct measurements on theprototype of the Micro-hydro Power Plant that has been built. Every combination of parameterstested, the maximum value of rotational speed and output power is obtained at the guide vaneopening angle of 30º and water pressure of 13 psi. Turbine rotation values generated before and aftercoupled with a generator are 591.9 rpm and 522.7 rpm. The values of the generator rotation beforeand after the load coupled are at 3490 rpm and 2368 rpm. And the power value generated by thegenerator is 11.8 Watts.

Evaluation of power plant reliability using index loss of load in the Suralaya power plant

Suralaya Power Plant (SPP) is the largest capable electricity generation company in Indonesia, with a total installed capacity of 3400 MW. As the largest power plant in Indonesia, SPP holds a great responsibility as a supplier 17% of the electricity needs of the Java, Madura and Bali (JAMALI) systems. This makes the SPP also one of the national vital objects (Obvitnas). This paper will calculate the reliability index of the generator using the method of loss of load probability (LOLP) and loss of load expectation (LOLE) based on the value of the force outage rate (FOR). Based on data on failure and daily expenses in 2019, the reliability index of SPP for units 1-4 is 4,23 days per year or 1,23%. The higher values LOLP/LOLE are in 2019 are possibility of SPP has lost its burden for 2 days in a period of 2019 because of force majeure (blackout) which causes a reduced load. To improve power plant is that the electricity load in West Java can be fulfilled with the electricity flow.

A Journey to be Eco-Tourism Destination: Bali Prepared to Shift into Electric-based Vehicle

Indonesia is planning to shift its astronomical number of fossil-fueled vehicles to electric-based. The implementation started from Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 issuance concerning the Battery Electric Vehicle Program Acceleration for Road Transportation to stop air pollution ultimately. Whereas in Bali, Governor Wayan Koster issued governor regulations number 45 & 48 of 2019 to serve as the legal basis for Electric Vehicle (EV) infrastructure development. To stimulate the Bali island's eco-friendly atmosphere, PT Jasamarga Bali Tol, who manages Bali Mandara Toll Road (Nusa Dua - Ngurah Rai - Benoa), launched a Public Electric Vehicle Charging Station. The Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) also requested PT Pertamina (Persero) to produce electric car batteries instead of only fossil fuels. For the electric vehicle battery concept, State-owned Minister Erick Thohir has negotiated with international battery manufacturers. Private companies are also involved in promoting eco-friendly vehicles, such as Grab collaborated with Bali Main Distribution Unit (UID), Bali Province Transportation Agency, PT Pegadaian, Astra Honda Motor, and Panasonic. Then, the Japanese car manufacturer, Toyota, plans to develop the Electric Vehicle Smart Mobility project in Bali to support Nusa Dua, Bali's ecotourism ecosystem. Although EV would help reduce air pollution, The Central Government must inspect the electric vehicle power source since most power plants in Indonesia are coal-fired power stations (PLTU). To solely depend on electric vehicle usage would not have a tremendous impact.

A Journey to be Eco-Tourism Destination: Bali Prepared to Shift into Electric-based Vehicle

Indonesia is planning to shift its astronomical number of fossil-fueled vehicles to electric-based. The implementation started from Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 issuance concerning the Battery Electric Vehicle Program Acceleration for Road Transportation to stop air pollution ultimately. Whereas in Bali, Governor Wayan Koster issued governor regulations number 45 & 48 of 2019 to serve as the legal basis for Electric Vehicle (EV) infrastructure development. To stimulate the Bali island's eco-friendly atmosphere, PT Jasamarga Bali Tol, who manages Bali Mandara Toll Road (Nusa Dua - Ngurah Rai - Benoa), launched a Public Electric Vehicle Charging Station. The Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) also requested PT Pertamina (Persero) to produce electric car batteries instead of only fossil fuels. For the electric vehicle battery concept, State-owned Minister Erick Thohir has negotiated with international battery manufacturers. Private companies are also involved in promoting eco-friendly vehicles, such as Grab collaborated with Bali Main Distribution Unit (UID), Bali Province Transportation Agency, PT Pegadaian, Astra Honda Motor, and Panasonic. Then, the Japanese car manufacturer, Toyota, plans to develop the Electric Vehicle Smart Mobility project in Bali to support Nusa Dua, Bali's ecotourism ecosystem. Although EV would help reduce air pollution, The Central Government must inspect the electric vehicle power source since most power plants in Indonesia are coal-fired power stations (PLTU). To solely depend on electric vehicle usage would not have a tremendous impact.

Economic Analysis of LNG Distribution for Power Plant and City Gas in Bali

Indonesia is a country that contains great potential for economic development and it is also impact on increased electricity demand in Indonesia. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources stated that increasing demand for electricity in Indonesia have reached 6,9% annually. PT. PLN as the electrical company in Indonesia has designed long term strategic development of power plant to anticipate increasing demand for electricity in Indonesia as documented at “Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik” (RUPTL) PT. PLN on 2018-2027[7]. The government has plan to convert the energy that will be used in power plants to become natural gas energy for utilization of power plants in Indonesia. PT. PLN is prioritizing the power plant that will operate by using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as the main energy. PT.PLN also want to build the new Power Plant (PLTGU) in Celukan Bawang, Bali. The power plant will have 350 MWx2 as the additional power supply to reduce deficit of electrical power in Bali. Analyzing economic indicators is an important point to determined requirement Infrastructure and distribution Natural Gas at every district in Bali. In this study MCDM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making) is applied to model and solve multiple criteria optimization problems in economic process. The AHP method is presented to compare the best alternatives route of distribution LNG, the requirement to construct mini Natural Gas filling station, economical value of the distribution, and supply-demand at every district in Bali. Payback period (PP) and Return of Investment (ROI) calculation must be considered to develop economic value and fulfil the needs at every district by establishing a new mini LNG filling station in certain locations. The result of this research is expected to provide recommendation on best LNG distribution, which will assume lowest gas price at the end user. Accordingly, this will support the program of Bali clean and green.

A Fuel Testing Analysis of B20 Biodiesel for Gas Turbines in Indonesia

Biodiesel fuel has been applied to diesel cars for more than ten years and used on power application (turbines, boilers, etc.) recently in whole or blended with fossil fuels. The advantage of using biofuels as a renewable source is the significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates the possibility of using biodiesel for gas turbine power plant in Indonesia through fuel testing analysis. Some biodiesel produced from four separated factories has been selected as samples for analyzing and then comparing to the fuel specification of three different gas turbine technologies located in Tello, Belawan and Gresik. It is found that no B20 biodiesel meet the requirements of fuel specification from all gas turbine technologies. This study recommends standardizing B20 biodiesel in Indonesia in order to be suitable with the fuel specification of gas turbines. In addition, some technical issues has been proposed to be further research. It is also recommended to do a pilot project using appropriate biodiesel at some gas turbines technologies on operation mode within life cycle cost analysis.

Assessment of the Boiling Water Reactor in Indonesia

Indonesia needs to provide a large enough source of energy for development purposes, not only to produce and distribute daily necessities, but also to build industries that improve the nation's competitiveness and the lives of the people. With so many people, Indonesia has the largest energy consumption of any country in the Southeast Asia region and is fifth in the Asia Pacific in primary energy consumption, after the countries of China, India, Japan and South Korea are expected to increasingly encourage Indonesia's energy needs in the future. In Indonesia the main energy source is the fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source. With the large amount of energy demands in Indonesia, the use of fossil fuels as energy-generating materials is increasing, which results in the depletion of fuel. Besides that, use of fossil fuels in Indonesia produces carbon dioxide in the wild which can endanger the natural environment. From the problems that occur in Indonesia with the limitations and constraints in conventional energy sources, it has been found that the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is a viable alternative for providing electricity. The construction of the NPP would spur national industry development because various industries could be involved in the construction of nuclear power plants. One type of nuclear power plant, namely the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) has already been implemented in several countries with some success and has advantages that could be applied in Indonesia. It is expected that the presence of nuclear power plants in Indonesia would reduce the use of fossil fuels and increase clean and renewable energy in Indonesia.

Analysis Heat Exchanger Network Steam Power Plant in Using Pinch (Case Study in PT POMI Unit 3 Power Plant Paiton)

PT. POMI Paiton Unit 3 is one of big steam power plant in Indonesia that provideelectricity with a capacity of 1 x 815 MW. This power plant requires a large amount ofcoal to produce electricity with a lot of large quantities, estimates of the total consume coalamounted to 3.06 million tons / year. The performance of the power plant PT. POMI Unit3 can be optimized by modifying the Heat Exchanger Network (HEN). Pinch method isused to optimize HEN, this method provides a good opportunity in the design or inevaluating HEN system. Research has been carried capable increase efficiency of 0.5% ofthe power plant that was originally 28.45% to 28.95%, and can reduce fuel use by 1.71 kg/ s initially as much as 97.99 kg / s to 96.28 kg / s, and can also be reconstructed from there-arrangement of Heat Exchanger Network of Power Plant PT. POMI Unit 3 Paiton.

Cenospheres characterization from Indonesian coal-fired power plant fly ash and their potential utilization

Abstract This study presents the cenospheres formation based on the characteristic of the fly ash and the coal as well as the potential production of cenospheres from fly ash from six coal-fired power plants in Indonesia. For cenospheres characterization, SEM-EDS, petrography analysis, and particle analyzer distribution were applied through all samples. Coal and fly ash chemical composition were analyzed using proximate analysis and ICP-MS. Based on the characterization of cenospheres and fly ash chemical components, we correlate the concentration of SiO2, Al2O3, SiO2/Al2O3, Fe2O3, Fe2O3+TiO2, CaO, MgO in the fly ash with cenospheres yield and diameter. The cenospheres yield in six Indonesian coal-fired power plant fly ash is in the range of 0.04–0.16% and inline with the ash content in the initial coal. Moreover, it was found that the cenospheres yield and diameter are in positive correlation with the concentration of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the fly ash, but they are in vice versa correlation with other chemicals. Ternary diagram of the cenospheres was made to their potential application and found that most of the cenospheres are in the ferrocalsialic.