Packet Power Research Articles

Power Distribution Technology based on Transmission of Power Packets via Conducting Metal Body

Power Distribution Technology based on Transmission of Power Packets via Conducting Metal Body

Stochastic power processing through logic operation of power packets.

This article presents an application of the recently proposed logic operation of power based on power packetization. In a power packet despatching system, the power supply can be considered as a sequence of power pulses, where the occurrence of pulses follows a probability that corresponds to the capacity of the power sources or power lines. In this study, we propose a processing scheme to reshape a stream of power packets from such stochastic sequences to satisfy the load demand. The proposed scheme is realized by extending the concept of stochastic computing to the power domain. We demonstrate the operation of the proposed scheme through experiments and numerical simulations by implementing it as a function of a power packet router, which forms a power packet despatching network. The stochastic framework proposed in this study provides a new design foundation for low-power distribution networks as an embodiment of the close connection between the cyber and physical components.

Router for Wireless Power Packet Transmission: Design and Application to Intersystem Power Management

Router for Wireless Power Packet Transmission: Design and Application to Intersystem Power Management

An INT‐based packet loss monitoring system for data center networks implementing Fine‐Grained Multi‐Path routing

In‐band network telemetry (INT) is a newer network measurement technology that uses normal data packets to collect network information hop‐by‐hop with low overhead. Since incomplete telemetry data seriously degrades the performance of upper‐layer network telemetry applications, it is necessary to consider the own INT packet loss. In response, LossSight, a powerful packet loss monitoring system for INT has been designed, implemented, and made available as open‐source. This letter extends the previous work by proposing, implementing, and evaluating LB‐LossSight, an improved version compatible with packet‐level load‐balancing techniques, which are currently used in modern Data Center Networks. Experimental results in a Clos network, one of the most commonly used topologies in today's data centers, confirm the high detection and localization accuracy of the implemented solution.

Routing optimization on power packet dispatching system based on energy loss minimization

Power packet dispatching system has been proposed for smart power management in the form of discretized packet. In this paper, we discuss the routing optimization of power packets on the network of power routers. We propose a cost metric for the power packet delivery by circuit analysis of the router network. Using the metric, we formulate the optimization problem as a general shortest path problem from a source node to a load node. The result of numerical simulations shows that the proposed algorithm can allocate distributed power sources to load demands and identify the optimal path for the power delivery.

WEC Array Optimization with Multi-Resonance and Phase Control of Electrical Power Take-Off

This new research provides transformative marine energy technology to effectively power the blue economy. Harmonizing the energy capture and power from Wave Energy Converter (WEC) arrays require innovative designs for the buoy, electric machines, energy storage systems (ESS), and coordinated onshore electric power grid (EPG) integration. This paper introduces two innovative elements that are co-designed to extract the maximum power from; i) individual WEC buoys with a multi-resonance controller design and ii) synchronized with power packet network phase control through the physical placement of the WEC arrays reducing ESS requirements. MATLAB/Simulink models were created for the WEC array dynamics and control systems with Bretschneider irregular wave spectrum as inputs. The numerical simulation results show that for ideal physical WEC buoy array phasing of 60 degrees the ESS peak power and energy capacity requirements are minimized while the multi-resonant controllers optimize EPG power output for each WEC buoy.

A Packet Loss Monitoring System for In-Band Network Telemetry: Detection, Localization, Diagnosis and Recovery

Network measurement provides rich data for network monitoring, control, and management. In-band network telemetry (INT) is a new network measurement technology that uses normal data packet to collect network information hop-by-hop. However, the design and implementation of INT protocol cannot do anything about packet loss: (1) The end-to-end telemetry mechanism makes INT unable to detect packet loss; (2) Since data packets may be lost due to various reasons, INT telemetry information will inevitably be lost. In summary, INT system by itself is unreliable. Incomplete telemetry data will seriously affect the performance of upper-layer network telemetry applications. In this paper, we present our successful experience in INT packet loss monitoring. We design, implement, and open source a powerful packet loss monitoring system for INT, called LossSight. The functions of LossSight include the detection of packet loss events, the deduction of the time and location of the losses, the diagnose of the root cause of the losses, and the recovery of the lost INT information. Experiment results show that LossSight provides excellent performance and extremely low overhead, including detection accuracy and diagnostic precision close to 100%, and detection latency of just milliseconds. In particular, LossSight uses a generative adversarial network to recover lost telemetry information, with excellent accuracy and reliability. LossSight has been running stably in the supercomputing interconnection environment of the National Supercomputing Center in Jinan. We suggest that all INT applications that require reliable telemetry information should be implemented based on LossSight.

AccelSDP: A Reconfigurable Accelerator for Software Data Plane Based on FPGA SmartNIC

Software-defined networking (SDN) has attracted much attention since it was proposed. The architecture of the SDN data plane is also evolving. To support the flexibility of the data plane, the software implementation approach is adopted. The software data plane of SDN is commonly implemented on a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) server, executing an entire processing logic on a commodity CPU. With sharp increases in network capacity, CPU-based packet processing is overwhelmed. However, completely implementing the data plane on hardware weakens the flexibility. Therefore, hybrid implementation where a hardware device is adopted as the accelerator is proposed to balance the performance and flexibility. We propose an FPGA SmartNIC-based reconfigurable accelerator to offload some of the operation-intensive packet processing functions from the software data plane to reconfigurable hardware, thus improving the overall data plane performance while retaining flexibility. The accelerated software data plane has a powerful line-rate packet processing capability and flexible programmability at 100 Gbps and higher throughput. We offloaded a cached-rule table to the proposed accelerator and tested its performance with 100 GbE traffic. Compared with the software implementation, the evaluation result shows that the throughput can achieve a 600% improvement when processing small packets and a 100% increase in large packet processing, and the latency can be reduced by about 20× and 100×, respectively, when processing small packets and large packets.

Electric power processing using logic operation and error correction.

In this study, electric power is processed using the logic operation method and the error correction algorithms to meet load demand. Electric power was treated as the physical flow through the distribution network, which was governed by circuit configuration and efficiency. The hardware required to digitize or packetize electric power, which is called power packet router, was developed in this research work for low power distribution. It provides an opportunity for functional electric power dispatching while disregarding the power flow in the circuit. This study proposes a new design for the network, which makes the logic operation of electric power possible and provides an algorithm to correct the inaccuracies caused by dissipation and noise. Phase shift of the power supply network is resulted by implementing the introduced design.

Decentralized algorithms for consensus-based power packet distribution

Power packets are proposed as a transmission unit that can deliver power and information simultaneously. They are transferred using the store-and-forward method of power routers. A system that achieves power supply/demand in this manner is called a power packet network (PPN). A PPN is expected to enhance structural robustness and operational reliability in an energy storage system (ESS) with recent diverse distributed sources. However, this technology is still in its early stage, and faces numerous challenges, such as high cost of implementation and complicated energy management. In this paper, we propose a novel power control based on decentralized algorithms for a PPN. Specifically, the power supply is triggered and managed by communications between power routers. We also discuss the mechanism of the decentralized algorithm for the operation of power packets and reveal the feasibility of the given control method and application by forming biased power flows on the consensus-based distribution.

Power Packet Network and Control

Power Packet Network and Control

Power Packet Dispatching With Shared Power Line: Experimental Verification for Industrial Applications

The power packet dispatching system is one method of electric power management with distributed power sources. The system introduces power sources and loads of different profiles and a flexible attachment/detachment of a part of them without interacting with the rest. The focus points are the physical packetization and their time-division multiplexing on the shared power line. This article verifies these concepts in industrial applications. First, experimental setups for the transfer of power packets to loads of various voltage/power requirements are developed. Then, experimental verification of the principal concepts is demonstrated with a setup assumed to be part of a robotic manipulator.

Power Packet Router With Power and Signal Switches for a Single Power Packet

This brief proposes a power packet router (router) and experimentally verifies its operation. A power packet is a unit of DC power and an information tag. When the tag is attached to the power directly, a power packet ensures their simultaneity during the transmission. The router sends and receives power packets in Time Division Multiplexing scheme. Since the beginning of our research project, the router has generated a power packet with a single switch. The switch ensures the simultaneity of power and information during transmission. On the other hand, the switch limits the capacities of power and information of a power packet. The proposed router ensures the simultaneity by its power packet generation method. It lets the switches operate in sync for power and information to generate a single power packet. The operation is experimentally verified. The results make it confirmed the possibility to combine the individually optimized subunits for packet generation.

Power Regeneration From DC Motor With Bidirectional Router in Power Packet Dispatching System

In a power packet dispatching system, the electricity is converted to pulse power with an information tag attached to its voltage waveform physically. The packetized power is forwarded toward objective loads by the router according to tag information attached to the power packet. In this brief, a bi-directional power packet router is shown, which enables us to dispatch and receive the power at the same port. By using the bi-directional router, the feasibility of driving DC motor and management of its regenerative power is verified in the power packet dispatching system.

Performance Evaluation of the Objective Functions for Digital Media in Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Thing (IoT) technology allows physical objects to connect to the Internet and it is based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that represent an essential component for IoT. Moreover, the high rate of using the internet has enabled the spread of digital media such that the world is populated by digital media products, which are included in several industries such as healthcare and education. Moreover, it has emerged that IoT technologies enable the objects from exchanging digital data and communicating in an efficient way by using a routing protocol. Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is one of the most growing routing protocols in IoT. Specifically, it is a routing protocol for WSNs with low-power and lossy networks(LNNs), proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a standard for routing packets in WSN to support IPv6 communication. Furthermore, RPL uses objective functions(OFs) to optimize the path from source to destination. Mainly, it has two objective functions that are: Objective Function Zero (OF0) and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). In this paper, the evaluation and the analysis of RPL's objective functions are presented in terms of both Power Consumption (PC) and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) in medium network sizes specifically when N=25, N=40, and N=50 using a set of network parameters, including Packet Reception Ratio (RX) and Transmission range (TX) under random and grid network topologies. The experimental results show that the two objective functions perform the same in term of PDR when RX=100% but in some cases MRHOF outperforms OF0 and gives a 1-5% higher PDR than OF0. However, on average OF0 consumes less power than MRHOF.

Sensor data fusion and clustering : A congestion detection and avoidance approach in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network is gaining more popularity as it is easy to maintain, manage and inexpensive to establish. A group of sensor nodes with sensing and computing capability are deployed in network. When these nodes are deployed in remote areas, an adequate energy of the nodes becomes major issue. As the sensor nodes are battery operated, so energy is an important resource that must be utilized efficiently. Therefore, the most preferable method to tackle such issue efficiently is to divide the network into clusters and data communication by data fusion techniques. Data fusion is a technique which enables gathering data from several sensor nodes thus to provide a unified scenario in order to reduce redundancy of data which consumes lots of energy. The proposed method is clustered based data fusion to avoid congestion. One node from each cluster is elected as cluster head which is elected after observing various parameters like enduring energy of the node, distance from base station, and chances of traffic in near future. The cluster head node gathers data from cluster members hence applies local level data fusion on this information and then forward it to base station for final decision level data fusion. This method improves the reliability of data, reduced traffic and improve network link. The level of congestion is predicted periodically. It is taken as congestion indicator. This method helps in reducing power consumption and packet drop rate. The performance of this technique is investigated to prove its superiority to different state of art algorithms. The performance is validated using numerical analysis derivations and MATLAB.

Impulsive torque control of biped gait with power packets

Many strategies for an actuated biped gait generation have been proposed based on the passive dynamic gait. Among them, this study focuses on an impulsive excitation at the toe-off instance. The strategy offers advantages in its experimental implementation; for example, it is not required to measure and control the trajectory of the legs all the time. However, there has been no study on a realistic design of the impulsive torque itself. In this paper, we propose an impulsive actuation method based on a power packet dispatching system. Power packet is a unit of electric power transfer in a pulse shape with information tags attached in voltage waveforms. According to the tag, power packets are transferred from sources to loads. On the basis of the power packetization, the torque input is configured as a result of a power packet supply to electric motors in a realistic setup. The proposed scheme controls the supply in a digitized way, that is, by changing the number of power packets supplied in a gait step. We confirm the successful gait generation with the power packets through numerical simulations.

Modeling the Impact of the MoreData Parameter for Wireless Power-Saving Protocols

In wireless power-saving protocols, one fundamental problem is when a station switches from an awake state to a doze state. The MoreData mechanism has been widely adopted in IEEE 802.11 standards to solve the problem. In this mechanism, when the access point (AP) transmits one buffered packet to a station, it will set the MoreData bit in the Frame Control field of the packet, to notify the station of either keeping awake (i.e., when MoreData = 1) for receiving additional packets or going to sleep (i.e., when MoreData = 0). Although important, few work studied the impact of this bit theoretically. It turns out that theoretically modeling the impact of this bit is by no means easy. Focusing on a polling system, this paper is the first to theoretically model the interaction between this bit setting and others (such as the sleeping interval) and make a trade-off analysis between power consumption and packet delay. Our results show that enabling this bit can reduce the power consumption remarkably, at the cost of slightly increasing the delay; and ignoring this bit might lead to significant analysis errors and inappropriate parameter settings. Extensive simulations verify that our model is very accurate for both homogeneous and heterogeneous settings. This study indicates that when the power-consumption is seriously concerned, we should enable this MoreData mechanism. Furthermore, it is very helpful to provide theoretically guided parameter settings for battery-powered applications.

Consensus-based distribution of power packets and decentralized control for routing

A power packet distribution network is expected to be one of the advanced power distribution systems, providing high controllability in both energy management and failure management. Regarding network operations, the power packet transmission is governed by switching operation within each of the routers. Here, the power distribution through power packets exhibits consensus-like dynamical behaviors. These features lead to the question of a consensus dynamics on switching topology and routing controls for appropriate power flows. Our approach to the above subjects is based on the dynamical modeling and the emulation of dynamics through the decentralized control of routers. The simulations on a ring-structure network, of the power distribution, reveal that the dynamical solution of the unbiased distribution is feasible via the decentralized control, while in the biased case, the result shows two behavioral fragments, which is quite different from the dynamical solution. In this discussion, we propose a decentralized algorithm that contains only fundamental functions for the packet transmission and is able to be redesigned or extended for further applications.

Application of APCMA protocol to power packet networks for multiplexing power packet transmissions

Asynchronous Pulse-Code Multiple Access (APCMA) has been proposed as a brain-inspired communication protocol based on pulse-like signals (Peper et al, The Brain & Networks, 2018). Encoding data as intervals between pulses, APCMA allows multiple transmitters to transmit pulse trains at arbitrary times. While this typically causes collisions in conventional multiple access protocols, it does not do so in APCMA. Even if pulse trains collide and a receiver receives a mixture of them, they are disentangled by a demodulation algorithm that is based on a spike automaton, which is a type of finite automaton that is designed to recognize specific sequences of pulses. This makes APCMA especially suitable for data multiplexing in a communication system that lacks carrier-sense functionality. In this paper, we apply the APCMA protocol to an electrical power packet routing system. The power packet router lacks carrier-sense functionality, which would be necessary for transmission from multiple sources in a conventional communication protocol. We design and implement the modulation and the demodulation protocols of APCMA on a FPGA in power packet router devices. Our experimental results show that the proposed APCMA-based power routing system can transmit multiple power packets simultaneously without collisions.