Power Of Sanctions Research Articles

KÜRESEL İKLIM DEĞIŞIKLIĞI TEHDIDINE KARŞI ŞEHIR DIPLOMASISI: U20 VAKA ÇALIŞMASI

City diplomacy has turned to new searches in the 21st century to get results especially in the fight against global climate change, while it had a lower profile application area in international relations in the 20th century. The research question of this article, in the Age of Transboundary Crises, is to examine why cities need to be involved in solving global problems and their capacity to contribute in the U20 case study. This study aims to contribute to the international relations city diplomacy literature by examining Urban 20 (U20) with the case study method. The biggest difference of the 21st century from previous centuries is that the problems are transboundary and global, as in the examples of global warming and the Corona pandemic, and the motivation to act jointly takes priority because no international organization, state or other actors can solve these problems alone. In this article, brief information about city diplomacy and international local diplomacy organizations is given at first, and then, it is concluded that cooperation between cities can be beneficial in combating global problems with multi-layered stag hunt theory. It is also concluded that city diplomacy has a limited effect on international relations and does not have a legal sanction power.

İran’ın Vekil Güç İnşasında İzlediği Kimlik Politikası: Azerbaycan İslami Direniş Hareketi (Hüseynçilər/Hüseyniyyun) Örneği

The Islamic Republic of Iran faced severe security problems shortly after the Islamic Revolution. The experiences gained from these threats have thoughtfully shaped Iran's defense strategy in the following years. Forward defense and deterrence concepts are essential toIran's defense strategy. The proxy power strategy, which has been actively carried out since the Revolution, can also be considered an extension of Iran's forward defense and deterrence concept. In this context, Iran is in contact with and manages many groups, large and small, over a wide geography, from Afghanistan to Nigeria and Yemen to Syria. Thus, it seeks to meet potential threats beyond its borders and increase its sanction power in these countries by building groups that will act in parallel with its own policies. He establishes affinity with these groups largely through an identity-based discourse. The Azerbaijan Islamic Resistance Organization (Hüseynçilər/Husayniyyun), which has started to work for the Republic of Azerbaijan since 2013 and whose activities have become visible since 2015, is one of the proxy forces that Iran supports within the scope of these policies. In this study, the background and organizational structure that form the basis of the discourse and activities of this organization, through which Iran is directed and managed within the scope of the proxy power strategy, will be discussed

Ahlakî Yükümlülük ve Ahlakî Nesnellik

“Neden ahlaklı olmalıyım?” sorusu ahlaka ilişkin değer yargılarımızı ve motivasyonlarımızı belirleyen en temel sorudur. Bu soruya bağlı olarak ahlaklı olmanın neden bir gereklilik olduğu ve ahlaki yükümlülüklerin kaynağının ne olabileceği önemli bir sorunsaldır. Ahlaki doğrular insanların bu doğrulara uygun davranışlarda bulunmalarını zorunlu hissettikleri ve bu nedenle bu doğrulara aykırı davranmaktan kaçınmaya çalıştıkları birtakım yasalardır. Bir yasanın ya da doğrunun zorunlu kabul edilmesi halinde buna uymamak insan için yanlış olacağı için bunun doğru olması kendi başına bir yaptırım gücü oluşturacaktır. Ahlaki yükümlülüklerin kaynağını ahlaki doğruların nesnel olması, dolayısıyla zorunlu doğrular olmasından aldığı söylenebilir. Bu ise ahlaki doğruların ve yükümlülüklerin kaynağının insanı aşan bir düzleme referansı olduğu anlamına gelir. Bu çalışmada ahlaki yükümlülüklerin mümkün olup olmadığı, mümkünse bunların mahiyeti ve kaynağının ne olabileceği soruları üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu sorular realist bir ahlak anlayışı çerçevesinde ele alınarak Tanrı ve ahlak arasında bir ilişkinin kurulabileceği ve buna bağlı olarak ahlaki yükümlülüklerin Tanrı’ya dayandırılması gerektiği iddia edilecektir.

HISTORICAL CLASSIFICATION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION

Objective: International Labor Organization (ILO) has established some supervisory systems to check the extent to which its decisions are implemented. With these supervisory systems, the organization tries to determine to what extent its decisions are implemented by the member countries. In this context, this study aims to classify the types of ILO supervisory systems and to analyze how they work and how effective they are.
 Methods: This study is based on a systematic literature review. Rather than the traditional literature review, a systematic literature review implies that efficient, systematic, and reproducible methods to identify, evaluate, and synthesize existing literature. As the basis of the literature review, ScienceDirect databases have been selected. 239 research articles and 23 book chapters were analyzed.
 Results: When we examine the supervisory mechanisms in the ILO, one point should be emphasized to fully grasp the topic as a whole and to define the impact of the organization in today’s global capitalist system: ILO is an international organization with no concrete sanction power despite its many supervisory systems.
 Conclusions: The main reason for the lack of sanction tools in the ILO’s control system lies in its ideological background. As a representative of the reformist ideology, the ILO aims to impose its rules on the states by “persuasion method” as required by this ideology.

HEMŞİRELERİN İŞ YAŞAMINDA AYRIMCILIĞA İLİŞKİN ALGILARININ BELİRLENMESİ

Bu araştırmanın amacı, hemşirelerin çalışma ortamında ve hasta bakım uygulamalarında ayrımcılığa ilişkin algılarını belirlemektir. Tanımlayıcı tipte planlanan araştırmanın verileri İstanbul ili Avrupa bölgesinde yer alan bir özel ve bir kamu üniversite hastanesinde çalışan, ve kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 291 hemşireden elde edilmiştir. Veriler, araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan 5’li likert tipte 39 ifadenin yer aldığı anket formu ile toplanmıştır. Kesme noktası 2,00 puan olarak alınmış ve kararsızlık noktasını temsil etmiştir. Bu puanın üzerinde olan ifadelerin yüksek düzeyde ayrımcılık olarak algılandığı, altındaki ifadelerin ise düşük düzeyde ayrımcılık olarak algılandığı yorumu yapılmıştır. Hasta bakımında ayrımcılık olarak algılanan en yüksek puan ortalamasına sahip ifadelerde ilk üç sırada, “Hemşirelerin; refakatçisi olmayan hastaların, hemşirelerin iş yükünü arttırdığını düşünmesi (ort=2,49), VIP olan hastalara daha fazla ilgi gösterilmesi (ort=2,42), yatağa bağımlı olan hastaların bakımını iş yükü artışı olarak görmesi (ort=2,36)” olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışma ortamında ayrımcılık olarak algılanan en yüksek puan ortalamasına sahip ifadelerde ilk üç sırada, “Doktorların hemşirelere göre, çalışan personel üzerinde iş yaptırım gücünün daha fazla olması (ort=2,64), Yöneticilerin çalışanların performansını değerlendirirken objektif davranmaması (ort=2,50) ve Sigara kullanan hemşirelerin, mesai saatleri içerisinde daha fazla dinlenme süresi kullanması (ort=2,45)” olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca ayırımcılık algısı ortalama değerlerinin hemşirelerin bazı demografik özelliklerine göre farklılık gösterdiği saptanmıştır.

The Bridge between Emotion and Crime

The definition of law is broadly defined as the whole of the regulations that organize the general society and that determine the sanction power of the government. Although law and science have a wide range of interests, it is necessary to establish a bridge between law and science in order to preserve the greatest gains of humanity such as life and freedom. Law is regulated and based on an old theory consisting beliefs and customs rather than neuroscience. In this article, we try to make a brief summary about where they connect and separate. Keywords: Law, neuroscience, justice, emotion Special Issue of Health Sciences DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-03-32

What next for sanctions against North Korea?

ABSTRACTSanctions against North Korean nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs are not working. Pyongyang continues to see qualitative improvements in its nuclear and missile capabilities, and UN reporting reveals that the sanctions regime itself is subject to “rampant violations.” Despite these failures, sanctions remain a valuable, and a central tool in facilitating North Korean denuclearization. Strengthening the coercive power of sanctions against North Korea requires three targeted improvements in implementation: preventing WMD sales, improving sanctions compliance, and stifling sanctions evasion.

Turkish Lira – A Fiat Currency that Resembles the Volatility of Cryptocurrencies: The Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Turkish Economy

The dollar’s dominance as the world’s reserve currency was inaugurated at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference where the agreement was signed by the 44 wartime allies, but the dollar’s hegemony was solidified in 1971 when US President Nixon cut the dollar’s link to gold. True, the fixed exchange rate regime reminiscence of the Bretton Woods is no longer with us; and also true that the two watchdog institutions created in 1944 are still around permitting and encouraging but almost compelling world inflation. We are now faced with a dilemma that begs for a solution; the Bretton Woods system and its successor the dollar regime after 1971 created a system of economic slavery in which all countries are serving to keep the United States of America happy. The inevitable birth of Bitcoin is the upshot of this dilemma and the most recent devaluation of the Turkish lira is an unescapable consequence that unmistakably demonstrated exactly what happens when the U.S. demands are not satisfied. The U.S. dollar continues to rule both international trade and foreign exchange markets; today, circa 90% of daily forex trading volume is dollar denominated plus half of the world’s 185 currencies are in a tight trading range to the dollar. Since the late 1990s, the United States’ growing abuse of sanction power via the dollar tool has reemerged the interest in search for a viable alternative to the U.S. dollar.

Policy Diffusion and Telecommunications Regulation Wavre, Veronique Cham, Palgrave Macmillan (2019), 202 p., ISBN 978-3-319-70744-0

Policy Diffusion and Telecommunications Regulation Wavre, Veronique Cham, Palgrave Macmillan (2019), 202 p., ISBN 978-3-319-70744-0

Bitcoin Mania: An End to the US Dollar’s Hegemony or another Cryptocurrency Experiment Destined to Fail?

Over three decades, contemporaneous crises have collectively cost the world’s economies $30 trillion. The advent of Internet has transfigured commerce that resulted in exponential surges in online sales, this fostered money’s evolution into cryptocurrency. The mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto (2008) created Bitcoin as a purely peer-to-peer electronic cash system, removing trusted third party (bitcoin serves as a digital unit of account of Bitcoin network). Some economists along with the opponents argue that Bitcoin will collapse soon referring to “Manias, Panics, and Crashes” (Kindleberger, 1978). Bitcoin advocates however believe “this time is different” (Reinhart & Rogoff, 2008) inferring that Bitcoin will dominate in the future, end the dollar’s hegemony, and become a global reserve currency. Financial turmoil in the new millennium together with the United States’ abuse of sanction power since 2008 global financial crisis have reemerged the interest in search for a viable alternative to the U.S. dollar. The main results of our analyses indicate that bitcoin price can grow exponentially higher than its current price level, and can hit $1 million by 2040.

PİŞMANLIK VE ISLAH MÜESSESESİNİN VERGİ CEZALARININ YAPTIRIM GÜCÜ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

As the ultimate consequence of the rule of law, there is a penalty for every crime and offense. The offenses and punishments of these are not unlawful. In law it is also possible to talk about offenses and crimes. While barriers and irregularities are called smuggling is a crime, violation of confidentiality, and doing exclusive works. Therefore, criminal sanctions have been introduced in the relevant laws, especially the laws for each offense and crime. In some cases, penalties seem to have been partially or completely removed. Examples include exemptions, reconciliation, repentance and adjustment. It is an important element that removes penalties when demanded in writing by the taxpayer in the period of , repentance and adjustment. This element removes both punishment for offenses and crimes. Tax efficiency and volunteerism that are desired to be earned through offenses and are voluntary compliance. However, it is also clear that this establishment negatively affects the sanction power of penalties. In this framework, tax offenses, crimes and their penalties will be explained in detail, the regret and correctional system will be examined and a number of suggestions will be made about the regret and correctional system which is thought to reduce the sanction of the penalties

Metamorphosis of the sanction power of local self-governments

Metamorphosis of the sanction power of local self-governments

The Opinions of Teachers on the Use of Cartoon Character in the Mathematics Lesson

This aim the use of cartoon characters in mathematics education at primary education level aimed to reveal the views of teachers. The qualitative research design is used in this study. The research data was created as a result of surveys to teachers who work in primary schools in North Cyprus. The data are presented into categories. As a result of this study is the power of sanctions on children cartoon characters and teacher opinions has emerged that cartoon characters for the education can be adapted to direction of increasing student achievement in mathematics lesson.

The Signaling Power of Sanctions in Social Dilemmas

Evidence from field and laboratory experiments indicates that a large fraction of the people behave like conditional cooperators public good games. In this article, I investigate the implications of the existence of both conditional cooperators and egoists for optimal law enforcement strategies. When norms of cooperation exist between conditional cooperators, sanctions set by an authority can be lower than a Hobbesian setting where everybody is egoistic. Moreover, if the authorities have private information about the fraction of egoists society, low sanctions can be optimal because they signal that there are few defectors and thus crowd in trust and cooperation between agents. In social dilemmas where conditional cooperation is an important factor, as is the case tax compliance, the model provides a rationale for the low observed sanctions the real world and the mixed evidence on the effectiveness of deterrence. The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.

A Structurational Analysis of Users and Management in a Knowledge Management System Project Implementation

This article applies the concepts of structuration theory to assess the interaction of corporate management with users of a knowledge management system (KMS). The study is based around China Motor Corporation (CMC), a major Taiwanese company faced with the challenge of deploying a knowledge management system. Over a period of 3 years (1999-2002) structured interviews were conducted to examine factors contributing to the success of KMS efforts in CMC. Our findings suggest that management and users must be engaged in a sustained and reciprocal communication method when implementing a KMS. The pattern of communication, power structure, sanction power, and degree of cooperation are dynamically changed during the interaction process. Therefore, it is important to maneuver these factors into a win-win situation for management and users in order to successfully implement a KMS. Practical implications of this article provide feasible real solutions to improve the relationship between users and management during a KMS implementation. Theoretically, this article contributes to the growing body of KM literatures from the structurational perspective.

How Outsiders Weigh Legitimacy and Sanctions in a Siding Dilemma: A Study among Chinese and Dutch

An initial outsider's siding reaction to an interpersonal conflict usually escalates the conflict between the disputants. Building on a classic siding theory (Gross et al., 1958), this study investigated the moderating effect of an outsider's moral and/or expedient orientation on the siding reaction when facing a conflict dilemma between party A (having legitimate claims) and party B (having negative sanction power). Questionnaire studies were conducted in China and in the Netherlands. Consistent with Gross et al.'s assumption, in both cultures, a strongly-moral/weakly-expedient orientation increased the relationship between legitimacy assessment and siding, and a strongly-expedient/weakly-moral orientation increased the relationship between negative sanctions and siding. The results also demonstrated that the siding function of legitimacy assessment overruled the siding function of expected negative sanctions in the case of a balanced strongly-morally/strongly-expediently or weakly-morally/weakly-expediently oriented outsider.

Sanction Power, Jurisdiction, and Economic Policy‐making: Explaining Contemporary Telecommunications Policy in Japan

Variation in policy‐making is an important analytical issue in public policy analysis, but it has not been extensively discussed in the literature on Japanese politics and political economy. Focusing on the interaction between state and societal actors, this article presents a causal argument to account for variation in Japanese economic policy‐making. It is argued that variation in policy‐making patterns is determined by the strength of a bureaucracy’s sanction power and the exclusivity of its jurisdiction. This argument is elaborated through analysis of four related cases of Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) policy‐making: the privatization process of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), the regulation of telecommunications after NTT privatization, the promotion of advanced telecommunications, and the reorganization of NTT. The causal framework is also applied to contemporary Ministry of International Trade and Industry economic policy‐making to highlight the argument’s preliminary applicability to Japanese policy‐making. This analysis of Japanese policy‐making lays a base for further analysis of variation in policy‐making in general.

Siding and Other Reactions to a Conflict

Siding in a dyadic conflict is important because it precipitates escalation. Nevertheless, little is known about how and why a nonprofessional outsider (P) reacts when a conflict party puts him under pressure to take sides. Coalition and role conflict theories suggest four behavior alternatives (taking sides, compromise, avoidance, and conflict resolution) and two behavior determinants: the sanction power and the legitimate power each of the conflict parties exerts over P. This article delineates the relationships among these variables (power hypothesis), and introduces the further assumptions that P will gather information before he selects one of the four behavior alternatives (process hypothesis) and that escalating siding behavior will be his most frequent reaction (escalation hypothesis). In a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data on behavior in role conflict situations, the power hypothesis and the escalation hypothesis are confirmed. Finally, the theoretical and practical significance of the theory are discussed.