Prestige Power Research Articles

Dziewczęta-żołnierze. Przyczyny występowania tego zjawiska

This article presents an overview of the issue of the girls-soldiers. It presents the motives for becoming a soldiers by girls. Sometimes the reasons for becoming a soldier could be of fear (lack of safety), but often it is also of prestige and certain power. It might be surprising but a girl becoming a soldier may also gain some security or prestige.

VC Board Representation and IPO Performance

This paper studies the impact of five dimensions of venture capitalist (VC) power on the likelihood of VC board representation in their portfolio firms at the initial public offering (IPO) as well as the effect of the latter on IPO performance. The dimensions of VC power are based on Finkelstein’s (1992) four dimensions of power which are ownership power, structural power (i.e. the VC’s rank within the firm’s financial hierarchy), expert power (i.e. VC industry specialization), prestige power (i.e. the number of IPOs the VC has been involved with so far). We add controlling power (i.e. how pivotal the VC is to the voted decision) to these four dimensions. We find that all five dimensions of power have a significantly positive impact on the likelihood of VC board membership. While controlling for the possible endogeneity of the latter, underpricing and the IPO premium are higher when there is VC board membership, which is consistent with both the grandstanding and management support hypotheses. Our results suggest that VCs have a real impact on IPO performance and that they do not just maintain a strong presence in better performing companies after the IPO.

Tipping the Scales: A New Understanding of Food’s Power in the Political Sphere

The above is but one example that illustrates that food as both a symbolic and consumable item has power in politics. In this paper I seek to create a contemporary theoretical model that can be used to examine and investigate how food is utilised as a form of power in international politics. This framework will categorise the most common political uses of food into three distinct forms of power: the traditional realist ‘hard power’, Joseph S Nye’s ‘soft power’ and a modernised food orientated variant of Hans J. Morgenthau’s ‘power of prestige’.

Social media use, perceptions of decision-making power, and public relations roles

Public relations practitioners in this study who were more frequent users of social network sites and social media tools reported greater perceptions of their own structural, expert and prestige power. Forty of 115 members of a PRSA chapter responded to the survey request. In terms of day-to-day practice, the sample matched national samples of practitioners, with manager and technician questionnaire items loading on the exact same factors as in prior studies. However, those enacting predominantly manager roles did not differ significantly from those enacting predominately technician roles in social media use. This study points to the need for future research to examine more closely the use of social media in the daily roles of public relations practitioners.

The Power of Prestige: Why Young Men Report Having more Sex Partners than Young Women

In a survey of 48 men and 61 women from a southwestern US college, the gender difference in reported number of sex partners was mediated by the degree to which individuals felt that men and women who had many sexual partners were prestigious. In addition, men cared about the quantity and quality of their sex partners more than women did and these two factors were also related to reported number of sexual partners. The gender difference in reported sex partners is not veridical; it can be accounted for with attitudinal measures related to status and sex that are more common in men than women. Results are discussed in terms of understanding biased reporting in young American men and women.

The Power of Prestige and the Aesthetic of Mightiness: Mastodon's Leviathan and the Popular Image of Moby-Dick

The Power of Prestige and the Aesthetic of Mightiness: Mastodon's Leviathan and the Popular Image of Moby-Dick

Web power: a survey of practitioners’ World Wide Web use and their perceptions of its effects on their decision-making power

A national e-mail survey investigated how 432 public relations practitioners perceive their World Wide Web use impacts their decision-making power in their organizations. Practitioners’ web use appears to be positively related to three of Finkelstein's [Finkelstein, S. (1992). Power in top management teams: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 505–538] conceptualizations of power derived from “upper echelons” theory from the strategic management literature—structural, expert and prestige power. “Super users” who use the web more frequently for productivity and efficiency, for research and evaluation, and for issues communication are most likely to perceive the web empowered them to be promoted (structural power). Practitioners who use the web more frequently for productivity and efficiency as well as for issues communication are more likely to perceive the web empowers them as experts in their organizations (expert power) and enhances how others see them (prestige power). Practitioner-owners perceive that greater web use leads to greater expert power than did non-owners.

The positive use of power on a major construction project

Although reasonably well developed in the general management literature, the source and use of power in organizations has received little attention in relation to its effect on the management of construction projects. This paper reviews the literature on power and its relationship to both formal and informal authority, and its manifestation as organizational politics, and relates them to construction projects in general. Reward, coercive, expert and referent (prestige) power and the role of resources are covered in this general review. A closer examination is then made of power through a case study of the development of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, which identifies the positive use of power and its implications for the outcome of the project.

George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal.

No history of racism in America can be considered complete without taking into account the role that George Washington - the principal founding father - played in helping to mold the racist cast of the new nation. Because General Washington - the universally acknowledged hero of the Revolutionary War - in the postwar period uniquely combined the moral authority, personal prestige, and political power to influence significantly the course and the outcome of the slavery debate, his opinions on the subject of slaves and slavery are of crucial importance to understanding how racism succeeded in becoming an integral and official part of the national fabric during its formative stages. Relying primarily on Washington's own words - his correspondence, diaries, and other written records - supplemented by letters, comments, and eyewitness reports of family members, friends, employees, aides, correspondents, colleagues, and visitors to Mount Vernon, together with contemporary newspaper clippings and official documents pertaining to Washington's relationships with African Americans, Fritz Hirschfeld traces Washington's transition from a conventional slaveholder to a lukewarm abolitionist.

Power Dimensions in the Board and Outside Director Independence: Evidence from large industrial UK firms

This paper examines the independence of outside directors in large UK corporations. It also establishes the presence of different power dimensions in British Boards. The evidence from the study suggests that while the proportion of outside directors is about 48% (consistent with previous studies), only 40% could be regarded as semi‐independent with less than 20% of them truly independent. Using the analytical schema of Finkelstein (1992), the paper found reliable, valid and stable objective estimates of structural, ownership and prestige power in the board of 180 large UK industrial firms (1750 directors) from 28 sectors. The findings have strong implications for the operationalisation and measurement of board composition and structure in empirical work. The study (by incorporating CEO influence on director’s appointment process) offers wide ranging opportunities for examining if board composition and outside director independence matters. Hypotheses that test if the CEO influence of the nomination process affect board independence could be examined. The reliable and valid objective estimates of power in the board will facilitate the consideration of power dynamics (presently largely ignored) in empirical works investigating the performance effect of the board. Finally, the power dimension factors discovered serves as useful solution to the problem of multicollinearity in regression methods employing several governance mechanisms as explanatory variables.

Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World

Part I. Introduction: 1. Factional competition and political development in the New World: an introduction Elizabeth M. Brumfiel Part II. Chiefdoms: 2. The power of prestige: competitive generosity and the emergence of rank societies in lowland Mesoamerica John E. Clark and Michael Blake 3. Factional ascendance, dimensions of leadership, and the development of centralized authority Charles S. Spencer 4. External warfare and the internal politics of northern South American tribes and chiefdoms Elsa M. Redmond 5. Chiefdom rivalries, control, and external contacts in lower Central America Mary W. Helms 6. Factional competition and the political evolution of Mississippian chiefdoms in the southeastern United States David G. Anderson Part III. States: 7. Ethnicity and political control in a complex society: the Tarascan state of prehispanic Mexico Helen Perlstein Pollard 8. Ethnic groups and factions in Aztec Mexico Elizabeth M. Brumfiel 9. Factional divisions within the Aztec (Colhua) royal family Rudolf Van Zantwijk 10. Alliance and intervention in Aztec imperial expansion Frederic Hicks 11. Political factions in the transition from Classic to Postclassic in the Mixteca Alta Bruce E. Byland, and John M. D. Pohl 12. Internal subdivisions of communities in the prehispanic valley of Oaxaca Stephen A. Kowalewski 13. Cycles of conflict: political factionalism in the Maya lowlands Mary E. D. Pohl and John M. D. Pohl 14. Political cosmology among the Quiche Maya John W. Fox 15. Factionalism and political development in the central Andes Terence N. D'Altroy Part IV. Discussion 16. Factional competition and historical materialism Glenn Perusek 17 Conclusions: moietal opposition, segmentation and factionalism in New World political areas John W. Fox.

Keeping up Appearances: Patronage of the Arts, City Prestige, and Princely Power in Northern Germany and Denmark I600-I670

Keeping up Appearances: Patronage of the Arts, City Prestige, and Princely Power in Northern Germany and Denmark I600-I670

Family Life Cycle, Work Career Patterns, and Women's Wages at Midlife

Social gerontologists generally agree that the status of the elderly in the US and in other industrial countries is quite low but their status is not uniformly high in nonindustrial societies. The status of the elderly tends to be high in agricultural societies because the elderly usually control property right; elderly status is lower in hunter-gatherer societies because resourses are usually open to all. The status of the elderly tends to be higher in societies with extended and stem families than in those with nuclear families although this relationship may be spurious due to the association of family types with economic systems. The authors test the hypothesis that the status of the elderly varies according to family type regardless of economic system. Specifically the authors test whether elderly status varies with type of economy; the presence or absence of inheritance customs; and patterns of postmarital residence especially in cases of patrilocal residence. Data on 122 cultures from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample of Murdock and White 1969 and the Human Relations Files are examined for prestige power and privilege for elderly males and females. Elderly status is significantly lower in exploitative than in agricultural economics. Elderly status also varies with family structure. For men and women status is highest in small extended families and lowest in large extended families. The elderly have higher status in societies that have inheritance customs. Their status is lowest in neolocal societies highest in patrilocal societies and intermediate in other unilocal societies. The effects of inheritance customs and small extended families are negligible. This study suggests that the importance of family structure is overated as a source of elderly status.

Prestige Power and Legitimacy in a Modern Nigerian Town

Prestige Power and Legitimacy in a Modern Nigerian Town

Prestige power and legitimacy in a modern nigerian town

prestige power and legitimacy in a modern nigerian town

The Austrian Army in the Age of Metternich

The fall of Napoleon ushered in a period of comparative stability in Europe based primarily on the new balance of power established by the treaties of 1815 and the rigorous suppression of all domestic disorders. Preservation of this state of affairs fell in large part to Austria, which had emerged from the French wars with great prestige and additional power. Its ruling circles, and above all its chancellor and chief minister, Klemens Prince Metternich, were determined to defend the newly restored order against all radical innovators, foreign and domestic. To accomplish this, Metternich relied both on diplomacy and armed force. But while the first aspect of his system has been examined and reexamined by historians, the second has been strangely neglected.' Therefore, it is the purpose of this article to briefly survey the character and role of the Austrian army during the age of Metternich. From 1815 to 1848 the primary tasks of the k.k. Austrian army were the maintenance of the international status of 1815 and the protection of internal tranquility. To perform these missions, the empire, now comprising some thirty million inhabitants, maintained an impressive military establishment, numbering, on paper at least, nearly four hundred thousand men. However, behind this imposing facade there existed severe shortcomings in finances, administration, personnel, and training. In addition, the sturdy political conservatism of Austria's rulers was matched by an equal hostility to military innovations, an attitude which tended to impede military efficiency. Basically, many of the defects could be traced to the impoverished condition of the state. The strain of the French wars had left the empire financially exhausted, burdened with a heavy public debt and a mass of depreciated paper money. Financial recovery was impeded by complicated and sometimes contradictory economic regulations and by an inefficient system of taxation. Under these circumstances there was considerable pressure to reduce military expenditures. As early as the summer of 1814, General Josef Count Radetzky, then chief of staff to Field-Marshal Karl Prince of Schwarzenberg, commander in chief of the allied armies, had protested to Emperor Francis that the k.k.

The Power of Prestige‐‐A Programme of Integration for Slow‐Learning Girls

The Power of Prestige‐‐A Programme of Integration for Slow‐Learning Girls