Power Engineering Research Articles

Enterprise Architecture in the Construction Management Software using the Business Model Canvas

Indonesia's construction industry has boomed over the past decade, acting as a powerful engine for the nation's economic growth. However, this success story comes with a growing list of challenges. Construction projects are becoming increasingly intricate, demanding not only efficiency and quality but also enhanced safety and a minimized environmental footprint. To tackle these complexities, the industry is undergoing a crucial transformation towards "smart construction." This approach leverages the power of information and communication technology (ICT) throughout the entire project lifecycle, from planning and design to execution and maintenance. By integrating ICT tools like Building Information Modeling (BIM) and cloud-based project management platforms, smart construction streamlines processes, minimizes errors, and optimizes resource allocation, ultimately leading to improved efficiency, enhanced worker safety, and a reduction in environmental impact. A key pillar of smart construction lies in the integration of enterprise architecture (EA) within construction management software. EA provides a structured framework for aligning IT systems with construction businesses' specific goals and objectives. This ensures that software development and management are adaptable to evolving industry needs and foster continuous innovation. This research delves into the application of EA within the construction management software industry, specifically focusing on the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM). By exploring EA through this established framework, the research aims to shed light on how the construction industry in Indonesia can leverage technology to its fullest potential. This will ensure continued growth within the sector and contribute to a lasting positive impact on the nation's economy.

A Thermodynamic Study on Information Power in Communication Systems.

Modern information theory pioneered by Shannon provides the mathematical foundation of information transmission and compression. However, the physical (and especially the energetic) nature of the information has been elusive. While the processing of information incurs inevitable energy dissipation, it is possible for communication systems to harness information to perform useful work. In this article, we prove that the thermodynamic cost (that is, the entropy production of the communication system) is at least equal to the information transmitted. Based on this result, a model of a communication heat engine is proposed, which can extract work from the heat bath by utilizing the transmission of information. The communication heat engine integrates the manipulation of both energy and information so that both information and power may be transmitted in parallel. The information transmission rate and the information power of the communication heat engine are derived from a pure thermodynamics argument. We find that the information power of the communication heat engine can be increased by increasing the number of communication channels, but the absolute energy efficiency of the heat engine first increases and then decreases after the number of channels of the system exceeds a threshold. The proposed model and definitions provide a new way to think of a classical communication system from a thermodynamic perspective.

Power engineering of the tangential supply device of the microturbine of the thermal control system of a promising spacecraft

This paper presents an overview of the current technical problem related to two-phase spacecraft thermal control systems and possible technical applications of thermal energy recovery in the organic Rankine cycle as an integral part of thermal management systems. The design solution involves the integration of a steam microturbine behind an evaporator radiator. The microturbine is a tangential supply device and a radially centripetal impeller of low speed nst40. In this area, there is no reliable data on the design and energy of both the supply device and the impeller. The energy (loss of enthalpy) of the supply device mainly determines the transport of the swirling flow to the impeller and, as a result, the circumferential operation on the turbine. A prototype of a radial microturbine has been developed and presented in order to evaluate the design of the flow part of both the supply device and the impeller. As a result of the analysis, the main determining hydrodynamic areas necessary for hydrodynamic analysis and mathematical elaboration of the flow calculation algorithm with an assessment of energy losses are identified: the flow of a swirling flow of a radial-annular slit; axial-annular slit and tangential supply device. The first two algorithms assume computational modeling, the model of energy losses in a tangential supply device is not amenable to analytical modeling because it includes a sequence (or compatibility) of flows under boundary conditions defined as “local resistances”: the sudden expansion, reversal of the flow, together with a section of radially circumferential flow, the mutual influence of these boundary conditions assumes only an expe rimental assessment of energy losses in a tangential supply device through the loss coefficient of local resistance in the range of changes in geometric and operating parameters. As a result of experimental studies, a database has been proposed on the loss coefficient of tangential microturbine supply devices in the field of the practical range of the existence of operating and design parameters.

Neural network energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric combine harvesters based on quasi-periodic samples

Energy management strategies are crucial for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Combine Harvester (PHECH). However, many existing approaches rely on rigid, pre-setting rules that struggle to adjust to the PHECH operational conditions. This paper first introduces a power estimation model tailored to the quasi-periodic process of harvester activity. Then, Dynamic Programming (DP) is applied to derive optimal samples of engine power ratio across various scenarios. Building on the samples, a Neural Network (NN) is developed to enhance the strategy's economic and real-time performance. Simulation tests evaluate the proposed algorithm's efficacy and its energy conservation potential. The findings suggest that, compared to fuel-driven harvesters, the NN strategy achieves similar energy cost savings to the DP approach, exceeding 11%, which is better than the Charge Depleting and Charge Sustaining (CDCS) strategy's 7.22% and the MPC-ECMS strategy's 7.87%. Moreover, the NN strategy reduces the time expense to roughly one-fifth of that required by the DP approach.

An Energy, and Emission Assessment of Diesel Engines Powered with Shorea Robusta Biodiesel and Blends

The present investigation examines the exergy, energy, and pollutants of a diesel-powered engine fuelled with a blend of Shorea Robusta Biodiesel (SRB) and normal diesel. The impact of engine power, speed, and fuel mix on emissions and operating characteristics are investigated. The use of blended fuels including SRB reduces a number of performance metrics, including BTE, exergy efficiency, and the sustainability index. Furthermore, CO (carbon monoxide), smoke, and HC (hydrocarbon) emissions are reduced when compared to utilising pure diesel fuel. SRB20 has the lowest HC emissions among the mixes SRB. At an engine speed of 1500 rpm and a power output of 5.5kW, SRB10, SRB20, and SRB30 blends lower HC emissions by 8.92%, 10.71%, and 7.14%, respectively. Similarly, when compared to conventional diesel fuel, SRB10, SRB20, and SRB30 blends reduce CO emissions by 1.25%, 5%, and 6.25%, respectively.

Analysis of the performance, combustion and emission of Hydrogen Induction in a CRDI engine

<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:18.0pt; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Since hydrogen gas is a plentiful element in the universe, using it as fuel for IC engines has the potential to reduce pollution while also improving the engine performance. Hydrogen gas as fuel has many advantages, including a high energy density, a rapid flame speed, clean burning, and a short quenching distance. When compared to pure diesel as fuel, alternative fuels like biodiesel (a mixture of lemon and orange peel oils) are utilised in this experiment to reduce exhaust emissions. In addition to biodiesel, hydrogen induction is used in dual fuel technology to boost the power of engine while minimising emissions and improving the fuel efficiency and fuel economy. Hydrogen gas is utilised, the engine consumes less biodiesel fuel, thereby reducing the fuel cost. According to experimental findings, a reduction in the brake-specific energy consumption of 23.48% and a rise in brake thermal efficiency of 33.4% are observed for pure diesel along with 6lpm of hydrogen gas. Therefore, hydrogen is a potential fuel to drive the internal combustion engine to produce more power and by minimizing the exhaust gas emissions. </span></span></span></span></span></p>

Investigation of emission characteristics of a marine cargo ship in real-world conditions

Pollution caused by ship emissions will considerably impact coastal areas. A test system that matched the actual conditions of a ship was designed based on a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), and the emission characteristic of gaseous and particle emissions and the particle size distribution of the ship's main engine were investigated under real-world operating conditions. The results showed that the emission concentrations of the main pollutants fluctuated greatly under the departure, anchoring, and docking conditions, and the peaks of CO, CO2, and NOx emissions appeared under these transient conditions. The emission concentrations of CO2, hydrocarbons, particle number (PN), and particulate mass increased with the increase in speed. The PN-based particle size distribution of the engine presented a unimodal distribution under daily operating conditions. The maximum emission factor of NOx based on the engine power was 29.53 g/kWh at the engine speed of 66 r/min. The results of the study may contribute to supplementing the emission factors of this type of ship, and provide data support for monitoring and assessment of the marine environment.

Digital image correlation approach for low-cycle fatigue life monitoring of 13HMF power engineering steel

In this paper, strain evolution of 13HMF power engineering steel was analysed during force-controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF). The material performance under cyclic loading was monitored by using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique for different values of stress amplitude exceeding the yield strength of the material significantly. Data collected from DIC was compared to the extensometer ones to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Finally, the cloud data reflecting the fatigue performance of 13HMF was generated in the form of strain-stress amplitude - service life distribution map.

Boron Nitride Modified Superhydrophobic Anti‐Icing Coating for Electrical Equipment Protection

AbstractAnti‐icing of superhydrophobic materials has attracted a lot of attention. The potential for applications in power electronics, transportation, engineering and other fields is enormous. However, in practical applications, the anti‐icing performance parameters of superhydrophobic materials are still far from meeting the engineering requirements. It is a feasible solution to modify superhydrophobic materials to assist surface deicing by combining the vibration and heat generated by equipment in actual engineering. In this study, conventional superhydrophobic materials are modified by h‐BN. The electrical properties are improved to meet the engineering requirements. At the same time, it reduces the ice adhesion at the interface and improves the thermal conductivity of the material. The modified material has the possibility of assisting in de‐icing in engineering applications. A feasible solution is found for the engineering interface ice‐covering problem.

Optimization and influence of oil supply parameters on oil capture characteristics of radial oil scoop for high-speed bearings

Radial under-race lubrication technology offers an innovative solution for high-speed bearings in aero-engines, aiming to minimize oil flow rate and engine power loss. This study, through experimental and CFD simulation methods, evaluates the entire operational process of radial under-race lubrication — capturing, delivering, and expelling oil. It elucidates the mechanisms through which oil supply parameters, particularly the orifice diameter, affect both oil capture efficiency and flow rate, while identifying the optimal range of orifice diameters under various oil supply conditions. An improper orifice diameter can reduce oil capture efficiency by up to 45 %. In engineering applications, achieving a higher oil capture flow rate may necessitate sacrificing a portion of oil capture efficiency. Optimized oil capture efficiency consistently exceeds 80 %, with a significant improvement of over 20 %. Owing to the competitive relationship between the relative error of oil supply and capture efficiency, it is necessary to reconcile these factors to achieve optimal performance.

Enhancing Electrical Power Engineering Education in North Sumatra: Evaluating the Effectiveness and Practicality of Consortium Collaborations Between Academia and Industry

Simulation technology tools are becoming important learning tools in higher education, facilitating the development of practical and cognitive skills in a safe and widely accessible environment. Simulation technology is applied in practicing and developing practical learning skills in a safe environment, without real risks. Computers as media and are used to improve learning outcomes and facilitate students in innovative learning. The importance of using simulation media in learning electricity engineering because inviting students to learn and interact with simulations can improve critical thinking skills, problem solving, and decision making. The simulation media was developed using the ADDIE model to achieve learning effectiveness targets by observing the parameters of alignment between simulation content and learning outcomes, interactivity that allows students to be actively involved in the learning process, the quality of feedback provided by simulations to help students understand in improving learning outcomes in the field of electricity engineering. The results of testing 21 respondents showed an increase in student involvement and motivation in the pretest results of 65.5 and post-test 83.38 in the experimental class, indicating that there was an increase in learning outcomes from media users. Practicality test 80% in the practical category shows the implication of using the media provides convenience.

A Comprehensive Approach to Biodiesel Blend Selection Using GRA-TOPSIS: A Case Study of Waste Cooking Oils in Egypt

The transition to sustainable energy sources is critical for addressing global environmental challenges. In 2017, Egypt produced about 500,000 tons of waste cooking oil from various sources including food industries, restaurants and hotels. Sadly, 90% of households choose to dispose of their used cooking oil by pouring it down the drain or into their village’s sewers instead of using proper disposal methods. The process involves converting waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel.This study introduces a multi-criteria decision-making approach to identify the optimal biodiesel blend from waste cooking oils in Egypt. By leveraging the grey relational analysis (GRA) combined with the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS), we evaluate eight biodiesel blends (diesel, B5, B10, B20, B30, B50, B75, B100) against various performance metrics, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulate matter, engine power, fuel consumption, engine noise, and exhaust gas temperature. The experimental analysis used a single-cylinder, constant-speed, direct-injection eight cylinder diesel engine under varying load conditions. Our methodology involved feature engineering and model building to enhance predictive accuracy. The results demonstrated significant improvements in monitoring accuracy, with diesel, B5, and B20 emerging as the top-performing blends. Notably, the B5 blend showed the best overall performance, balancing efficiency and emissions. This study highlights the potential of integrating advanced AI-driven decision-making frameworks into biodiesel blend selection, promoting cleaner energy solutions and optimizing engine performance. Our findings underscore the substantial benefits of waste cooking oils for biodiesel production, contributing to environmental sustainability and energy efficiency.

Investigation on varied sewage sludge producer gas and methane blend equivalence ratios operated SI engine intact with Miller cycle strategy

Decentralised power generation through a gasifier-engine genset can reduce both reliance on power grid and pollution. However, the low calorific value of the produced gaseous fuel moderates engine power and efficiency, which is a big challenge for its utilisation. For early and cost-effective solution prediction, a simulation tool of adequate precision can effectively envisage dual-fuel (DF) mode engine performance. Thus, this study simulates DF-SI engines with late inlet valve closures (LIVCs) to improve thermal efficiency using the Miller cycle strategy. Simulation is performed using quasi-dimensional thermodynamic modelling (QDTM). After validating the model using referred experimental results, QDTM was employed to study the parametric impacts of inputs (blends, LIVC and equivalence ratio) variations on performance and emissions response parameters. Power improves by blending sewage sludge-based producer gas with methane. Multi-objective optimisation through the response surface method (RSM) determined the optimum operating parameters as 0.814 equivalence ratio, 68.23% SSPG-blend and 55.9° CA (ABDC) LIVC. Corresponding optimal responses were 5.906 bar IMEP, 3.85 kW BP, 28.6% BTE, 12.596 MJ/kWh BSEC, 0.134 V% CO and 2045.29 ppm NO emissions. ANOVA-based optimal results presented a composite desirability of 0.843 with a 95% confidence level. Conclusively, methane mix and LIVC approach increase the power and efficiency of the DF-SI engine; additionally, optimisation guides to balance power and emission trade-off.

Pengaruh Surfaktan Polysorbate dan Lesitin Pada Pelumas Minyak Goreng Terhadap Temperatur Mesin dan Daya

The development of the automotive world to date has grown rapidly, especially two-wheeled vehicles. Large temperature changes in lubricating oil viscosity, even if the value is too low, will reduce the lubrication of engine parts, increase friction between metals, and cause engine parts to heat up quickly. Efforts to control and overcome excessive engine heat can replace mineral-based lubricating oils with environmentally friendly and biodegradable lubricating oils. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of using a mixture of cooking oil and surfactants C64H124O26 and C42H80NO8P as engine lubricants on the power and temperature produced by motorized vehicles. The independent variables of this research are RPM variation and mixture of pure cooking oil with lecithin and polysorbate surfactant (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%). The dependent variables are engine temperature and power. The control variables of this research are testing at room temperature, 4 stroke 125CC matic vehicle, and Raw Material using Palm cooking oil. The test method uses an infrared thermo gun for temperature and Dyno test for the highest power test on the type of Cooking Oil + Polyosrbate 7.5% with an average overall power of 5.872, then for the lowest temperature on the type of Cooking Oil + Polysorbate 2.5% with an average value of 86.2ºC.

Interaction of Titanium Atoms with the Surface of Perfect and Defective Carbon Nanotubes

The dispersion of metal atoms over the surface of 1D and 2D carbon systems is the most affordable way to control their properties, which are attractive for many applications in electronics, power engineering, and catalysis. In this work, the features of the interaction of titanium atoms with the surface of carbon nanotubes, caused by various structural defects on these surfaces, were studied by first-principles computer simulation based on the density functional theory. Nanotubes (7, 7) and (11, 0) with similar diameters (≈1 nm) but different types of conductivity, metallic and semiconductor, respectively, were chosen for the study. Three types of defects were studied: a single vacancy, a double vacancy, and a topological defect. Two possible orientations of each type of defect relative to the tube axis were considered. We mainly used the basis of atomic-like orbitals (the SIESTA package) and in some test calculations also the basis of plane waves (the VASP package). Computational experiments have shown that the binding energy of Ti atoms with a defect-free nanotube is always lower than with defective ones, regardless of the used approximation for the exchange-correlation functional (LDA or GGA). The binding energies predicted in the LDA approximation are noticeably higher than in the GGA approximation (up to ~15% for the (7, 7) tube and up to ~50% for the (11, 0) tube). The strongest coupling occurs when the titanium atom is adsorbed on a nanotube with a single vacancy. The resulting configuration can be considered as a defect in the substitution of one carbon by a titanium atom.

Reviewing Welding Procedures—Checklists for Nuclear Power Systems

Abstract To ensure effective control of the welding process, nuclear power architecture and engineering (AE) companies routinely undertake the review of procedure qualification records (PQRs) and welding procedure specifications (WPSs) for safety-related structures, systems, and components (SSCs), as qualified by manufacturers and construction contractors. Given the substantial quantity of PQRs and WPSs necessitating evaluation, along with the multitude of variables inherent in these documents, a set of review checklists has been devised. These checklists, developed from the perspective of AE companies' welding engineers, transform welding procedure qualification rules and requirements into intuitive descriptions, assessments of correctness, or numerical comparisons of scale. AE companies' welding engineers employ these review checklists to scrutinize PQRs and WPSs, facilitating a comprehensive, accurate, and efficient review process.

Pengaruh Penambahan Surfaktan Estolida dan Digliserida pada Pelumas Minyak Goreng terhadap Temperatur Mesin dan Daya

Lubricating oil is a type of fluid needed by a machine to carry out work steps. Significant changes in the temperature of the lubricating oil viscosity until it is too low makes the engine components less lubricated, which causes the engine components to heat up quickly because the friction between the metals that occurs becomes greater. Lubricant that is of poor quality can cause deposits to appear in the engine room which results in the engine working harder. The aim can be achieved in this research by varying the lubricating oil with a mixture of Estolide and Diglyceride surfactant percentages of (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%). This test was carried out on a petrol motorbike with a combustion chamber volume of 125cc with standard conditions. The data that will be taken in this research includes engine temperature and power. The power testing method using a dynamometer and lubricant with cooking oil mixed with 7.5% estolide surfactant after heating produces an average value of 6.52 HP which has a higher average value than oil with a value of 5.37 HP

Carbon Dioxide Emission Characteristics and Operation Condition Optimization for Slow-Speed and High-Speed Ship Engines

Greenhouse gas emissions from ships are estimated to be approximately 1002 million tons per year; this is the largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emission source among nonroad transportation. Previous studies have generally estimated CO2 emissions using fuel- or power-based emission factors based on fuel consumption or engine power. In this study, CO2 emissions from vessels were measured using a portable emission measurement system. Emission characteristics were analyzed according to the vessel’s operation conditions and compared with the results of other studies. Generally, the higher the rpm value, the more CO2 is emitted, and the emissions at the maximum rpm differ depending on the type and size of the engine. In order to minimize the emissions by ships, those from high seas should be reduced rather than nearby ports. In addition, a method of establishing optimal operating conditions in consideration of economic and environmental perspectives was proposed. Fuel-based emission factors elicited in this study were constant regardless of engine rpm. The fuel-based emission factors of each engine were found to be similar at 3144.22 and 3150.58 kg-CO2/tonne-fuel. Therefore, distinguishing CO2 emission factors according to engine type is not necessary, and additional research is required to understand the emission factors of each fuel type.

Towards Cross-Border Fisheries Management: An Analysis of Fleet Structures and Species-Specific Regulatory Measures in the Aegean Sea

Intrinsic differences in the applied management measures of shared stocks in transboundary waters inhibit the ability of either state to benefit from such measures, as one state may benefit in lieu of the other, thus reducing the efficacy of both. This study compares for the first time the fleet structure, specific management measures applied to species-specific regulations for commercial fishing, species listed in official monitoring schemes, and protected taxa between Greece and Türkiye for the Aegean Sea. A comparative analysis utilizing the official data was sourced from both countries. Large-scale Greek and Turkish fishing fleets have been modernized within the last 30 years (1991-2021). Greek and Turkish large-scale fishing fleets included smaller trawlers with lower tonnage and slightly higher engine horsepower, while purse seines of both states included larger vessels with higher horsepower and tonnage. This indicates that the fishing pressure on the demersal resources in the Aegean Sea has partially decreased, but the fishing pressure on pelagic resources has increased despite the decrease in the number of vessels. Only 11 out of 74 minimum conservation reference sizes (MCRS) are sufficiently set above the Lm50 sizes they should be based on, whereas 18 species need reproductive studies, and 22 are set below the Lm50, and could benefit from an increase. The application of specific closed seasons for commercial species was used by both states with the intent to protect the reproductive periods of some stocks. However, several of these closure periods did not fully or even partially cover the spawning periods of the respective species. Species-specific closures were applied to 13 species in Greece and 23 species in Türkiye, with only two fish species (Xiphias gladius and Thunnus thynnus) listed for both countries. Only 14 species (out of 34 protected by Greece and 46 by Türkiye) are protected by both states, most of which are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Harmonization of fisheries management measures currently does not align between the two neighbouring states, and the General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean is the competent authority that would be able to restructure such measures, especially as Türkiye has been aligning their measures with that of the EU for the accession process. This contribution highlights the clear differences between Greece and Türkiye, and provides advice for developing a unified management regime for the Aegean Sea.

Characterizing formaldehyde emissions from forklifts in China based on real-world online measurements

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important precursor for secondary pollution in the atmosphere and is carcinogenic. Previous studies have underscored the substantial contribution of non-road construction equipment (NRCE) to HCHO emissions, yet the understanding of HCHO emissions from NRCE remains limited. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on six China III forklifts, which are an important type of NRCE in China, to characterize their second-by-second HCHO emission patterns. We quantified the fuel-based emission factors (EFs) of HCHO under various conditions including operating conditions, engine power, and the presence of an after-treatment device. Results showed that the cumulative weighted HCHO EF for the low-power forklifts was 1.37 ± 0.74 g/kg fuel, which was 3 times greater than that for high-power forklifts. Higher HCHO EFs were found under idling conditions than under moving and working conditions. Notably, the installation of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) potentially resulted in an increase in HCHO emissions. Our research indicates that the HCHO emissions from forklifts were considerably high and may have been previously underestimated by offline measurements, which suggests the need for further investigation of HCHO emissions from forklifts utilizing advanced online techniques.