Power CO2 Laser Research Articles

Fabrication of Microchannels on Aluminium-Coated Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Using a Low Power CO2 Laser

Fabrication of Microchannels on Aluminium-Coated Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Using a Low Power CO2 Laser

Prediction analysis and an experimental investigation of precision process of CO2-laser micro-turning for Armox 500 T accompanied via N2 gas

The production of micro grooves on extremely hard workpieces like Armox 500 T, commonly used in military sectors like armored protective vehicles, poses challenges in conventional machining processes. Accordingly, an innovative technique called CO2 laser turning process (LTP) assisted by N2 gas was used for manufacturing micro grooves on Armox 500 T to confront the restrictions of traditional machining processes. This study was concerned with investigating the impact of various operating parameters related to the thermal grooving machining process such as: (i) laser power (P), (ii) gas pressure (GP), (iii) feed rate (F), and (iv) motor speed (S). These parameters were examined under various operating conditions like: (i) cutting depth (DC), (ii) upper width cut (UC), (iii) bottom width cut (BC), (iv) roundness error (RE), and (v) metal removal rate (MRR). Thus, response-surface-methodology (RSM) was used to examine the experimental results, enabling the mathematical modeling of the results, and reducing the need for additional experiments. The findings revealed that the optimal combination of condition settings for the CO2-LTP of Armox 500 T (assisted by N2 gas) included a CO2 laser power of 3000 Watts, N2 gas pressure of 17.2370 bar, a feed rate of 400 mm/min, and a motor speed of 10 RPM. Furthermore, the optimized combinations of thermal machining conditions resulted in increasing MRR, DC, BC, UC, DC, and reducing RE, with values of 0.0163 µm, 0.2333 mm, 0.2511 mm, 0.5241 mm, and 19.403 µm, respectively. Additionally, the correctness of the optimization procedure was demonstrated by the difference between the optimal experimental findings and the forecasted magnitudes for MRR, DC, BC, UC, and RE, which were up to 7.9 %, 6.71 %, 6.1 %, 3.6 %, and 2.98 %, respectively.

A high temperature engine materials test facility.

Gas turbine engines subject materials to extreme conditions. Their high temperature materials and co-developed coatings must survive combustion gas temperatures currently approaching 1800 °C, large thermal gradients, severe thermal shock, and static and fatigue inducing applied stresses, all the while operating in highly reactive, high-pressure, high-speed combustion gas flows containing significant partial pressures of water vapor, oxygen, and other reactive species for many tens of thousands of hours. We describe the design and development of a test facility for the study of materials under individual and combinations of test parameters similar to those experienced within legacy and future engines. A hydraulic load frame capable of applying static or cyclic tension-compression stresses up to 400 MPa to flat-dog bone-shaped test specimens is integrated within an environmental test chamber capable of sustaining gas pressures from 0.1 to 1.2 MPa (1-12 atm). An adjustable0.1-2 kW power CO2 laser whose 10.6 µm wavelength radiation is strongly absorbed by ceramic coating materials is used to heat sample surfaces to temperatures of 1800 °C and above, while rear surface air jet cooling establishes through-thickness thermal gradients. Rapid laser heating in conjunction with transiently applied front and/or rear-side air cooling is used to create hot or cold thermal shock effects. This is accompanied by the impingement of a high pressure (up to 1.3 MPa) reactive gas jet upon the sample with speeds up to 300m/s by preheating dry air, mixing it with steam to the desired humidity, heating to 850 °C, and then expanding it through a converging nozzle. Thermal imaging pyrometers measure specimen front and back surface temperature fields, while environmental test chamber view ports permit digital image correlation and strain mapping.

Evaporation characteristics of Er3+-doped silica fiber and its application in the preparation of whispering gallery mode lasers.

In this work, the concentration of rare-earth ions in doped silica whispering gallery lasers (WGLs) is controlled by evaporation. The fabrication of WGLs is used to experimentally evaluate the evaporation rate (mol/μm) and ratio (mol/mol) of erbium and silica lost from a doped fiber during heating. Fixed lengths of doped silica fiber are spliced to different lengths of undoped fiber and then evaporated by feeding into the focus of a CO2 laser. During evaporation, erbium ions are precipitated in the doped silica fiber to control the erbium concentration in the remaining SiO2, which is melted into a microsphere. By increasing the length of the undoped section, a critical point is reached where effectively no ions remain in the glass microsphere. The critical point is found using the spectra of the whispering gallery modes in microspheres with equal sizes. From the critical point, it is estimated that, for a given CO2 laser power, 6.36 × 10-21 mol of Er3+ is lost during the evaporation process for every cubic micron of silica fiber. This is equivalent to 1.74 × 10-7 mol of Er3+ lost per mol of SiO2 evaporated. This result facilitates the control of the doping concentration in WGLs and provides insight into the kinetics of laser-induced evaporation of doped silica.

Evaluation of Lithium Disilicate Surface Morphology Treated with Er,Cr:YSGG and Fractional CO2 Laser

Abstract: The use of indirect, all-ceramic restorations has grown in popularity among dentists. Studies have demonstrated that for indirect ceramic restorations to be effective over time, cement and ceramic must be bonded in a stable manner. Chemical, mechanical, and laser irradiation are among the methods used to precondition ceramic surfaces in order to increase bond strength.The objective of the study: This study was performed to investigate the roughness values and surface topography of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic treated with conventional methods and different Er,Cr:YSGG, and fractional CO2 laser conditioning parameters.Material and methods: Sixty samples of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic were divided as follows: 1- (n = 10) untreated; 2- (n = 10) Hydrofluoric acid etched; 3- (n = 10) conditioned by Er,Cr: YSGG laser at (7 W, 25 Hz, 50/50% Water/Air, pulse duration 60 us, irradiation time 2 min); 4- (n = 10) conditioned by Er,Cr:YSGG laser at (5 W, 25 Hz, 50/50% Water/Air, pulse duration 60 us, irradiation time 2 min); 5- (n = 10) conditioned by fractional CO2 laser at (power 8 W, pulse duration 10 ms); 6- (n = 10) conditioned by fractional CO2 laser at (power 6 W, pulse duration 10 ms). Then evaluated by: Profilometer, and scanning electron microscopy.Results: The highest roughness values were found in CO2 laser power 8 W treated samples, followed by Er,Cr:YSGG laser power 7W treated samples. The hydrofluoric acid-etched samples showed roughness values comparable to those of CO2 laser-irradiated samples with a power of 6 W. The untreated sample showed the smoothest surface with the lowest roughness value.Conclusion: The application of Er,Cr:YSGG, fractional CO2 lasers enhances the surface roughness of lithium disilicate samples positively, showing the promised results of using these parameters in bonding procedures.

Non-thermal CO2 Laser Therapy (NTCLT): A Novel Photobiomodulative Approach for Immediate Pain Relief of Patchy Oral Mucositis Due to Chemotherapy of Solid Tumors.

Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (COM) is a prominent complication of chemotherapy (CT). Non-thermal CO2 laser therapy (NTCLT) has been demonstrated as an innovative and safe photobiomodulative approach in some kinds of painful oral lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the palliative effects of one session of NTCLT on COM lesions. Methods: Patients with painful COM (WHO grade:≥2) were included in this before-after clinical trial based on the eligibility criteria. The oral lesions were irradiated with a CO2 laser (power: 1 W, scanning the lesions with the rapid circular motion of the defocused handpiece) through a thick layer (3-4 mm) of a transparent gel containing a high-water content. The severity of pain in the lesions was self-assessed using a 0-to-10 visual analogue scale (VAS) for 7 consecutive days. The evaluating physician visited the patients on the 3rd and 7th days in search of any kind of complications. Results: Seventeen adult patients with 35 patches of OM due to chemotherapy of solid tumors completed the trial. Immediately after NTCLT, the mean for non-contact VAS pain scores of the lesions significantly declined from 4.91±2.356 to 0.29±0.622 (P<0.001) and the mean for contact VAS pain scores from 7.77±1.57 to 1.31±1.18 (P<0.001). The mean VAS pain scores of the lesions showed statistically significant differences between the follow-up periods compared to the baseline (P<0.001). The process was completely pain-free and required no anesthesia. After NTCLT, no kind of thermal adverse effects such as irritation, destruction, aggravation and even erythema were observed. Conclusion: Based on the results of this before-after clinical trial, NTCLT has the potential to be considered as a non-invasive and safe palliative option for the pain management of patchy OM due to chemotherapy of solid tumors.

Immediate Analgesic Effect of Non-thermal CO2 Laser Therapy (NTCLT) on Oral Ulcers in a Kidney Transplant Patient with Leukopenia

Introduction: The significant and immediate analgesic effect of Non-thermal CO2 Laser Therapy (NTCLT) as an efficient, safe, and innovative photobiomodulation (PBM) approach has been demonstrated in some painful oral lesions, such as recurrent oral aphthous ulcers, oral lesions of pemphigus vulgaris, and oral mucositis due to chemotherapy of solid tumors. Case Presentation: We report a case of a kidney recipient patient hospitalized due to pancytopenia, fever, and painful oral ulcers. According to the clinical features of the oral lesions and after extensive workups, drug-induced leucopenia, and the resultant leucopenia-induced oral ulceration were the most acceptable diagnoses for the patient. She was referred to our laser department for pain reduction of her painful oral ulcers by NTCLT. The CO2 laser (power: 1 watt) was irradiated through a thick layer of a completely transparent gel with very high water content while scanning the surface of the lesion with rapid circular motion of the defocused handpiece. Results and Conclusions: The pain of the patient's oral ulcer was relieved immediately and dramatically after NTCLT without any visible thermal side effects. The procedure was completely painless, and anesthesia was not required. The results of this report suggest that NTCLT can be considered a promising procedure for significant and instant pain relief of leucopenia-induced oral ulceration in kidney recipient patients without any thermal complications.

Plasma enhanced planar crystal growth of laser induced graphene

The effect of wettability of Polyimide (PI) surface on the crystallite size and electrical conductivity of Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) was studied for the first time. The wettability of PI was increased by varying the scan speed of a localised Argon cold plasma pen. The surface energy of PI increases with wettability which reduces the activation energy of diffusion of graphene nuclei and improves the crystallinity of LIG. The effect of plasma exposure was studied by contact angle measurement using two liquid solvents such as water and Ethylene Glycol (EG). Raman spectra of LIG showed that the crystallite size increased by 21 % at lower CO2 laser power (0.77 W) on PI pre-treated at a lower plasma scan speed (200 mm/min) which improved the conductivity by 51.13%. This study demonstrated that increased wettability of PI surface assists in the planar growth of LIG crystallites.

Ultrafast lithium disilicate veneer debonding time assisted by a CO2 laser with temperature control

We report on using a CO2 (10.6 µm) laser to debond the lithium disilicate veneers. Sixty-four sound human premolar teeth and 64 veneer specimens were used in the study. The zigzag movement via CO2 laser handpiece along with an air-cooled jet to prevent temperature elevation above the necrosis temperature limit (5.5 C°) was applied. The optimal deboning irradiation time was super-fast, at about 5 seconds at 3 Watt CO2 laser power. It is 20 times less than any previously published work for veneers debonding. The enamel beneath the debonded veneers has been assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and shear stress technique as criteria for the easiness of debonding. The fast deboning process with nonsignificant changes in enamel integrity and tooth vitality reflects the high potential of CO2 laser in veneers debonding.

Study of the Optical properties for CdS before and after irradiated by CO2 laser for different exposure times

Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films were deposited on glass substrates using thermal vacuum evaporation technique at pressure (10-6) Torr at room temperature then samples irradiated by CO2 laser of power (1 watt) and wave length (10.6) μm at distance 10 cm from the source during different exposure times (3, 5, 10, 15) sec. The absorbance spectra was recorded using UV-visible spectrophotometer .Optical properties such as transmission , reflection ,absorption coefficient (α), optical band gap (Eg), extinction coefficient (K), refractive index (n), and complex dielectric constants (er&amp;ei) were evaluated from absorbance spectra. The results shows that the laser irradiation cause increased in reflectance R, absorption coefficient a, the extinction coefficient K, the refractive index n and the real part and imaginary part of dielectric constant while irradiation cause decrease in the transmittance T and the value of the energy gap Eg.

An In Vitro Study of the Effect of CO2 Laser Power Output on Ablative Properties in Porcine Tongue.

CO2 lasers have been generally used in oral soft-tissue surgery. Although an increase in power enhances the depth of ablation, the specific correlation between units of power and ablative depth has not been stated. This study aimed to explore ablative depth and width affected by a power unit of 10,600-nm CO2 laser continuous wave at 3 to 10 W in tissue blocks of the swine tongue. The 112 samples were randomly allocated into eight groups according to the power settings. The depth and width of the incision were measured by using the ImageJ program. The 3 W group showed the minimal depth of ablation [0.527 mm (0.474 and 0.817)] and width of ablation [0.147 mm (0.110 to 0.184)]. The maximal depth [3.750 mm (3.362 and 4.118)] and width [0.700 mm (0.541 to 0.860)] were in the 9 W group. The correlation between the ablative depth and power unit was 0.81 (p < 0.001). Based on the regression equation (p < 0.001), the ablative depth (mm) = (the power unit of laser in W × 0.491) − 0.731. In conclusion, the ablative depth of the CO2 laser on soft tissue was strongly correlated to power units enabling the prediction equation.

Design, Construction and Characterization of Sealed Tube Medium Power CO2 Laser System

A low-cost medium-power carbon dioxide (CO2) laser system is designed, constructed, and characterized to produce coherent, monochromatic laser radiation in the infrared region. The laser cavity is simulated and designed by using ZEMAX optic studio. A switch-mode high-tension pump source is designed and constructed using a flyback transformer and simulated using NI Multisim to study the voltage behavior at different node points. A prototype cooling system/chiller is designed and built using thermo-electric coolers (TEC) to remove the excess heat produced during laser action. Various parameters, such as pumping mechanism, chiller stability, efficiency, output power, and current at different applied voltages, are studied. The chiller efficiency at different output powers of the laser is analyzed, which clearly shows that the chiller’s cooling rate is good enough to compensate for the heat generated by the laser system. The center wavelength of the carbon dioxide laser is 10.6 μm with an FWHM of 1.2 nm simulated in the ZEMAX optic studio. The output beam penetration through salt rock (NaCl), wood, and acrylic sheet (PMMA) at various output powers is analyzed to measure the penetration depth rate of the CO2 laser.

Direct-write formation of integrated bottom contacts to laser-induced graphene-like carbon

We report a simple, scalable two-step method for direct-write laser fabrication of 3D, porous graphene-like carbon electrodes from polyimide films with integrated contact plugs to underlying metal layers (Au or Ni). Irradiation at high average CO2 laser power (30 W) and low scan speed (∼18 mm s)−1 leads to formation of ‘keyhole’ contact plugs through local ablation of polyimide (initial thickness 17 μm) and graphitization of the plug perimeter wall. Top-surface laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes are then formed and connected to the plug by raster patterning at lower laser power (3.7 W) and higher scan speed (200 mm s)−1. Sheet resistance data (71 ± 15 Ω sq.)−1 indicates formation of high-quality surface LIG, consistent with Raman data which yield sharp first- and second-order peaks. We have also demonstrated that high-quality LIG requires a minimum initial polyimide thickness. Capacitance data measured between surface LIG electrodes and the buried metal film indicate a polyimide layer of thickness ∼7 μm remaining following laser processing. By contrast, laser graphitization of polyimide of initial thickness ∼8 μm yielded devices with large sheet resistance (>1 kΩ sq.)−1. Raman data also indicated significant disorder. Plug contact resistance values were calculated from analysis of transfer line measurement data for single- and multi-plug test structures. Contacts to buried nickel layers yielded lower plug resistances (1-plug: 158 ± 7 Ω , 4-plug: 31 ± 14 Ω) compared to contacts to buried gold (1-plug: 346 ± 37 Ω , 4-plug: 52 ± 3 Ω). Further reductions are expected for multi-plug structures with increased areal density. Proof-of-concept mm-scale LIG electrochemical devices with local contact plugs yielded rapid electron transfer kinetics (rate constant k 0 ∼ 0.017 cm s−1), comparable to values measured for exposed Au films (k 0 ∼0.023 cm s)−1. Our results highlight the potential for integration of LIG-based sensor electrodes with semiconductor or roll-to-roll manufacturing.

Experimental estimation of CO concentration in LN2 cooled CW CO laser operating with CO2 laser gas mixture

The lasing medium of cryo-cooled CW-CO laser operated with CO2 laser gain medium (CO2–N2–He mixture) resulting in 5 µm emission is formed in-situ in the discharge and its composition, that is sensitively dependent on the discharge temperature, is not known a priori. The composition of the CO lasing gas mixture here was successfully arrived at by way of sampling the gas mixture at the exhaust and measuring the wavelength dependent absorbance by a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer. This enabled us to determine the CO and CO2 concentrations in the lasing mixture accurately while the other major constituents were estimated from the initial partial pressures. The composition of the lasing gas mixture was studied for various discharge wall temperatures starting from no cooling condition (∼351 K) to LN2 cooled conditions (79 K). While the concentrations of both, CO2 and CO were found to decrease for temperatures below the freezing point of CO2 at the operating pressure of 11 mbar, the relative concentration of CO with respect to CO2 also increased with reducing temperature accompanied by a steady increase in the CO laser power output. The onset of lasing in 5 µm region was found to occur at a discharge wall temperature of 212 K.

Microstructuring of the end-surface for silver halide polycrystalline fibers to suppress Fresnel reflection

Silver halide polycrystalline infrared fibers (PIR) have unique properties such as excellent transmittance in the spectral range from 3 to 17 µm, while also being highly flexible, non-toxic, and non-hygroscopic. They are used in industry and medicine for CO2-laser power delivery, flexible infrared imaging, and remote process spectroscopy. While PIR fibers possess a quite low attenuation (0.1-0.5 dB/m) in the 8-12 µm range, their total transmittance is limited by significant Fresnel reflections at the fiber end faces due to the high refractive index of silver halide (&gt;2.1). Functionalization of these surfaces with specially designed Anti-Reflective Microstructures (ARMs) enables a striking enhancement of fiber transmittance. In this work, direct imprinting (or embossing) of microstructures to fiber ends and their profiling with a microstructured knife was applied to fabricate such ARMs. The resulting two-dimensional Moth-eye microstructures and one-dimensional microgrooves at the PIR-fiber ends enable to an increase of fiber transmittance in a broadband range of (5-17 µm) as well as to reach up to 20% improvement for PIR-fiber laser cables used for power delivery of CO2-lasers at 10.6 µm.

A Generalised Approach on Kerf Geometry Prediction during CO2 Laser cut of PMMA Thin Plates using Neural Networks

This study presents an application of feedforward and backpropagation neural network (FFBP-NN) for predicting the kerf characteristics, i.e. the kerf width in three different distances from the surface (upper, middle and down) and kerf angle during laser cutting of 4 mm PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) thin plates. Stand-off distance (SoD: 7, 8 and 9 mm), cutting speed (CS: 8, 13 and 18 mm/sec) and laser power (LP: 82.5, 90 and 97.5 W) are the studied parameters for low power CO2 laser cutting. A three-parameter three-level full factorial array has been used, and twenty-seven (33) cuts are performed. Subsequently, the upper, middle and down kerf widths (Wu, Wm and Wd) and the kerf angle (KA) were measured and analysed through ANOM (analysis of means), ANOVA (analysis of variances) and interaction plots. The statistical analysis highlighted that linear modelling is insufficient for the precise prediction of kerf characteristics. An FFBP-NN was developed, trained, validated and generalised for the accurate prediction of the kerf geometry. The FFBP-NN achieved an R-all value of 0.98, in contrast to the ANOVA linear models, which achieved Rsq values of about 0.86. According to the ANOM plots, the parameter values which optimize the KA resulting in positive values close to zero degrees were the 7 mm SoD, 8 mm/s CS and 97.5 W LP.

Effect of CO2 Laser Fluence in Cladding Process on the Microstructure of Cold Rolled 0.2 % Carbon Steel

In this article a 1.8kW continuous wave of high power CO2 laser was used to clad of a titular composition of Ni – 10 wt% Al powder on cold rolled 0.2% carbon steel substrate. The feed rate was kept constant after many preliminary claddings at approximately 11 g/min. In order to produce clads with different specific energies and interaction times, different traverse speeds were used in the range of 1.5 to 12.5 mm/s. The microstructure of substrate was changed at the heat affected zones under the variety of specific energies. The cladded coatings showed the presence of ɣ solid solution and β (NiAlFe) phases. A strong metallurgical bonding produced between the substrate and the clad coat at fluence higher than 48 J/mm2. The changing in microstructure were observed using both microscope and SEM. The microhardness was evaluated using Vickerʼs microhardness test. The microstructure of the substrate was ferrite and pearlite transformed to martensite at the region adjacent to the clad interface. It followed by a three regions can be classified, a grain growth zone (large grains of austenite/ferrite and pearlite), recrystallization zone (fine grains of austenite/ferrite and pearlite) and recovery zone (the structure has a little changes from the structure of low carbon steel). The microhardness testing result showed higher values for the clad regions compared with substrate. This study emphasize the possibility to develop a temporary new graded material.

Comparative Efficacy of Fractional CO2 Laser and Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser in Combination Therapy with Tranexamic Acid in Refractory Melasma: Results of a Prospective Clinical Trial

Melasma manifests as hyperpigmented macules and patches, usually affecting the face, neck, and rarely upper limbs. This study evaluated comparative efficacy of a fractional CO2 laser with a Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser in combination therapy with tranexamic acid in refractory melasma. A total of 30 patients with refractory melasma were included in this study. The fractional CO2 laser (power: 30 w, pulse energy: 30 mJ, tip type: 300, pulse rate: 100/cm2) was used on one side of the patients’ face and three passes of the Q-Switched Nd:YAG (QSNY) laser (Wavelength: 1064 nm, pulse energy: 750 mJ, fluence: 1.50 J/cm2, spot size: 4 mm × 4 mm, hand piece: fractional) were used on the opposite side of the same patient’s face for six sessions. During the course of laser therapy, all patients received oral tranexamic acid 250 mg twice daily. Melasma area and severity index (MASI) score and physician’s satisfaction and patient’s satisfaction were analyzed. Thirty patients (mean age 39.97) were included. Patient global assessment (PtGA) in the fractional CO2 laser group was significantly better than the Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser group at 4th, 8th and 12th weeks (p-value &lt; 0.001). According to PtGA, the improvement was significant in both groups over time. Physician global assessment (PGA) at the 8th and 12th weeks, and physician satisfaction (PS) at the 8th week, in the fractional CO2 laser group was significantly better than the Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser group (p-value &lt; 0.05). The PGA in both groups significantly reduced over time. The MASI score significantly decreased in both groups over time. The MASI score in the fractional CO2 laser group decreased more than the Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser group over time (p &lt; 0.001). The most common side effects reported were erythema and discomfort, which subsided in less than 24 h. A fractional CO2 laser with oral tranexamic acid is an effective and well tolerated therapeutic method for the treatment of patients with refractory melasma.

Electrochemiluminescence sensing of vitamin B12 using laser-induced graphene based bipolar and single electrodes in a 3D-printed portable system

Vitamin B12 plays a very important role in human body and its deficiency can be detrimental to the production of red blood cells, anemia, memory loss, low immunity to infection, and permanent and severe damage in the nervous system and brain. In the present work, vitamin B12 sensing has been accomplished using two Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platforms, one with Bipolar Electrode (BPE), while the second one Single Electrode (SE). The electrodes were fabricated on polyimide (PI) substrate by creating optimized Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG). With optimized speed and power of CO2 Laser, non-conducting portion of PI gets converted into conducting zone (electrodes) for ECL imaging. A 3D-printed miniaturized portable system was developed to detect and monitor the ECL signals. Android smartphone was effectively used to provide dual functions such as to drive the DC to DC buck-boost converter and to capture the ECL images. The sensing of vitamin B12 was accomplished in the linear range 0.5–700 nM and 0.5–1000 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) 0.107 nM (R2 = 0.98, n = 3) and 0.094 nM (R2 = 0.977, n = 3), respectively, for BPE and SE-based ECL platforms correspondingly. Therefore, proposed ECL platforms can be selectively used in various domains such as point of care testing (POCT) and biomedical applications.

A Method of Signal Transmission in Conditions of a High Level of Interference from a Powerful Plasma Installation

The problem of signal transmission in experimental installations is of particular importance for plasma physics due to the characteristic powerful impulse noise caused by the operation of power equipment. This article describes a filter based on a broadband in-phase transformer designed to transmit signals at the KI-1 solar plasma simulation facility of the Institute of Laser Physics, SB, RAS. The parameters of the plasma produced by exposure to a pulse of powerful CO2-laser to a solid-state target, sharply differ from the plasma parameters of confinement installations, which makes the known methods of signal transmission based on classical transformers and optocouplers unacceptable. The presence of X-rays also imposes restrictions on the use of fiber optic solutions.