Power Meter Research Articles

Transdermal tibial nerve optogenetic stimulation targeting C-fibers.

Purpose: To explore whether stimulation of C-fibers in tibial nerves can induce bladder inhibition by optogenetic transdermal illumination. Methods: Ten rats were injected with AAV2/6-hSyn-ChR2(H134R)-EYFP into the tibial nerves. Transurethral cystometry was performed 4 weeks after the virus injection. Illumination (473-nm blue light at 100mW) was performed with the fiber positioned above the right hind paw near the ankle. The light transmission efficiency was examined with a laser power meter. The effects on cystometry were compared before and after illumination with the bladder infused with normal saline and acetic acid, respectively. Result: Upon transdermal delivery of 473-nm light at a peak power of 100mW, the irradiance value of 0.653mW/mm2 at the target region was detected, which is sufficient to activate opsins. The photothermal effect of 473-nm light is unremarkable. Acute inhibitory responses were not observed during stimulation regarding any of the bladder parameters; whereas, after laser illumination for 30min, a statistically significant increase in bladder capacity with the bladder infused with normal saline (from 0.53 ± 0.04mL to 0.72 ± 0.05mL, p < 0.001) and acetic acid (from 0.25 ± 0.02mL to 0.37 ± 0.04mL, p < 0.001) was detected. A similar inhibitory response was observed with pulsed illumination at both 10Hz and 50Hz. However, illumination did not significantly influence base pressure, threshold pressure, or peak pressure. Conclusion: In this preliminary study, it can be inferred that the prolonged bladder inhibition is mediated by the stimulation of C-fibers in the tibial nerves, with no frequency-dependent characteristics. Although the 473-nm blue light has limited penetration efficacy, it is sufficient to modulate bladder functions through transdermal illumination on the superficial peripheral nervous system.

Thickness-Dependent Light Transmittance and Temperature Rise in Dual-Cure Bioactive and Light-Cure Bulk-Fill Composite Resins.

This study aimed to assess the light transmittance (T) and temperature increase through different increments of dual-cure bioactive bulk-fill restorative material (ACTIVA), light-cure bulk-fill, and conventional composite resin materials. Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 8 mm and heights of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm of ACTIVA, Tetric-N-Ceram bulk-fill (TBF), Filtek One bulk-fill (FBF), and Filtek Z250 (FZ) (n = 6 per group, 96 in total) were light-cured with a visible blue low-intensity light-emitting diode (LED) (650-800 mW/cm2 irradiance). T, and the temperature increase, were measured using an optical power meter and a digital thermometer during curing. The T mean values ranged between 0.012 and 0.239 (76.02 to 98.81% light attenuation), while the temperature rise mean values ranged between 9.02 and 20.80 °C. The parameters, including material type (partial eta squared (ηp2) = 0.284, p < 0.0001), thickness (ηp2 = 0.284, p < 0.0001), and their interaction (ηp2 = 0.185, p = 0.047), significantly affected the T values, whereas only the material type (ηp2 = 0.352, p = 0.047) affected the temperature rise values. The T and temperature rise mean values were highest in ACTIVA increments of 1-mm increments, in particular, showing the highest T mean values, followed by similar increments of TBF. A significantly higher T was found in 1-mm increments compared to thicker increments for all materials (p < 0.0001), and a significant positive correlation existed between T and temperature rise values (r = 0.348, p = 0.001). These findings show that the bioactive material ACTIVA and TBF allow for better T than the other materials, with ACTIVA recording a higher temperature rise. However, the large light attenuation observed for all materials, irrespective of thickness, suggests that curing in more than one location with a low-intensity LED is necessary to optimize the curing process. Furthermore, incremental filling of bulk-fill materials using a low intensity LED could be beneficial.

IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY MONITORING AT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI TELKOM PURWOKERTO

Measurement of electric power usage is carried out using simple measuring instruments and the recording is still manual so that the data obtained is not real-time and accurate. This research aims to implement an electrical energy monitoring system using the Internet of Things (IoT) to obtain real-time information related to electrical energy in the education industry. This research uses an Industrial Grade Power Meter to get a more accurate measurement value. To connect the Power Meter device with the IoT system, this research uses Modbus RS485 communication and a mini PC to process data from the meter, so that the data can be sent to a server using the MQTT communication protocol, and displayed on the Dashboard. The test results of this study indicate that the monitoring system can be implemented and the system runs well with end-to-end measurement results. From the measurement results, the current value (3 phase average) has an average deviation of 0.001 Amperes, Voltage (3 phase average) has an average deviation of 0.519 V, Power factor has an average deviation of 0.012, Active power has a deviation average of 0.000 kW, reactive power with an average deviation of 0.000 kVAR, apparent power with an average deviation of 0.000 kVA and frequency with an average deviation of 0.124 Hz. Then the MQTT protocol has a quality of service with index 4 based on TIPHON standardization on delay, throughput, and packet loss parameters, and index 3 based on TIPHON standardization on jitter parameters.

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Based on the Combination of Gate-Transformer and CNN

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is the practice of estimating power consumption of a single household appliance using data from a total power meter of the user’s house. The transformer model has emerged as a popular method for handling NILM problems. However, with the increase in data from electricity meters, there is a need for research focusing on the accuracy and computational complexity of the transformer model. To address this, this paper proposes a sequence-to-sequence load decomposition structure named GTCN, which combines the gate-transformer and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). GTCN introduces a gating mechanism to reduce the number of parameters for training the model while maintaining performance. The introduction of CNNs can effectively capture local features that the gate-transformer may not be able to capture, thereby improving the accuracy of power estimation of individual household appliances. The results of the experiments, based on the UK-DALE dataset, illustrate that GTCN not only demonstrates excellent decomposition performance but also reduces the model parameters compared to conventional transformers. Moreover, the proposed GTCN structure, despite maintaining the same number of model parameters as the traditional transformer architecture after incorporating CNNs, outperforms the conventional transformer model, as well as current seq2seq and R-LSTM technologies, and achieves enhanced prediction accuracy and improved generalization capability.

Medium-Voltage Testbed for Comparing Advanced Power Line Sensors vs. Measurement Transformers with Electrical Grid Events

Electrical utilities have relied upon potential transformers (PTs) and current transformers (CTs) for very accurate metering and to provide reliable signals for protective relays. Less expensive alternative sensing technologies offer the possibility of wider deployment, particularly in grids that employ distributed energy resources. In this work, the performance of an advanced medium-voltage sensor is compared with that of a reference PT and a CT and experimentally evaluated for different power grid scenarios on an advanced outdoor power line sensor testbed at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The sensor is based on a capacitive divider for voltage monitoring and a Rogowski coil with an integrator for current monitoring. The advanced outdoor power line sensor testbed has a real-time simulator that is used to generate transient scenarios (e.g., electrical faults, capacitor bank operation, and service restoration), while the analog signals are recorded by the same high-resolution power meter. The behaviors of analog signals, harmonic components, total harmonic distortion, and crest factors are assessed for this power line sensor and compared with those of the reference PT/CT because of the absence of testing standards for advanced outdoor power line sensors.

Power-controlled acoustofluidic manipulation of microparticles

Recently, surface acoustic wave (SAW) based acoustofluidic separation of microparticles and cells has attracted increasing interest due to accuracy and biocompatibility. Precise control of the input power of acoustofluidic devices is essential for generating optimum acoustic radiation force to manipulate microparticles given their various parameters including size, density, compressibility, and moving velocity. In this work, an acoustophoretic system is developed by employing SAW based interdigital electrode devices. Power meters are applied to closely monitor the incident and reflected powers of the SAW device, which are associated with the separation efficiency. There exists a range of input powers to migrate the microparticles to the pressure node due to their random locations when entering the SAW field. Theoretical analysis is performed to predict a proper input power to separate mixtures of polystyrene microspheres, and the end lateral position of microspheres being acoustically separated. The separation efficiency of four sizes of microspheres, including 20 µm, 15 µm, 10 µm, and 5 µm, is calculated and compared with experimental results, which suggest the input power for separating the mixture of these microspheres. The study provides a practical guidance on operating SAW devices for bioparticle separation using the incident power as a control parameter.

Cluster-based deep transfer learning with attention mechanism for residential air conditioning systems

Deep learning models trained on one building can be inaccurate when applied to different buildings because of the lack of generalizability and scalability of models. This major limitation poses a challenge when scaling deep learning algorithms to a larger set of systems. This paper presents a cluster-based deep transfer learning (CBDTL) model with an attention mechanism as a potential solution to this problem. The CBDTL model allows some attributes learned on one system to be reused to build a model for a different but related system by taking advantage of already trained models. First, CBDTL groups the power meters based on their consumption patterns in residential buildings. Next, a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model with an attention mechanism is used as the base forecasting model for zone temperature and power consumption predictions. The first model within each cluster is trained using Bayesian optimization and all other models transfer knowledge from the first model. Compared with the seq2seq model alone, the seq2seq model with the attention can better predict the dynamics of the complicated physical processes of air conditioners under various conditions. The CBDTL model can be retrained based on only three weeks of three-month data from a target air conditioner by freezing the encoder layers of a seq2seq model that is pre-trained on the data from the source residential buildings. Results indicate that the CBDTL model with attention accurately predicts both the zone temperature and power consumption, demonstrating a prediction accuracy that is almost a whole order of magnitude higher than that of a comparison model trained on three months of data from a target air conditioner. Overall, the results demonstrate that the CBDTL model proposed in this study is effective in improving the prediction accuracy and reducing the training time of forecasting models.

Novel Inter-Core Crosstalk Measurement Method Using a Loopback and Bidirectional OTDR Technique

Uncoupled multi-core fibers (MCFs) have been reported to increase transmission capacity. One of the issues of MCFs is inter-core crosstalk (XT), which deteriorates communication quality. Measurement of the amount of XT is essential; however, the measurement methods require a measurement system separate from that of standard single-mode fiber (SMF) measurements. In this paper, we propose a novel inter-core XT measurement method using a loopback and bidirectional optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) technique. In this measurement, an OTDR is connected to the excitation core at one end of an MCF, and a dummy SMF is connected to the excitation and measured cores at another end. A measured OTDR waveform comprises an excitation core, a dummy SMF, and a measured core. Further, an XT peak appears at the midpoint of the measured OTDR waveform. An XT of homogeneous MCF can be easily calculated from their peak height. The fiber attenuation of excitation and measured cores can be calculated from these waveforms, and the amount of XT and fiber attenuation can be measured simultaneously. Furthermore, in this method, XT can be measured using only OTDR devices, which are the same measurement system as that of the standard SMF. We discussed the measurement mechanism and calculation method of XT amounts and compared the measured XT values with those obtained from the general measurement method using a power meter. We confirmed accurate measurements up to 80 km length of homogeneous MCF; however, the measured error increased when the length was close to the OTDR's noise level.

Analisis Pengaruh Suhu Dan Partial Shading Terhadap Output Daya PV 100-WP Untuk Sistem Hidroponik

This experiment discusses the effect of the variability of solar radiation due to partial shading and surface temperature of the PV Panel on the output power of 100 Wp solar panels. This study begins by determining the load of the system, i.e. DC pump in the nutrient circulation system of the DFT hydroponic system. From there, we can observe the change in solar panel power output and PV surface temperature change due to partial shade. This survey method actually measures the temperature and intensity of solar radiation and measures the power output of a solar panel, and the tools used are thermal sensors used to measure the surface temperature of solar panels. Solar power meter. to measure the solar irradiance and use the multimeter to measure the voltage and current, 10A capacity SCC battery, 100Wp capacity solar panel and 65Ah battery. The test will be conducted for 5 days, starting from 09:00 to 15:00 every day. This result shows that temperature increase affects the output power decrease when the solar panel is in normal condition (not half shaded condition). On the other hand, when partial shade conditions increase, the temperature does not affect the decrease in solar panel output power. The greater the intensity of partial shade produced by the solar panel, the lower the output power. However, for short periods of partial shade, the output power produced tends to be more stable than under normal conditions.

Perencanaan Control Valve Pada Head Tank PLTA Tulungagung Menggunakan PLC

Head Tank of the Tulungagung Hydro Electric Power Plan of PT PJBUP Brantas still has a manual control valve which consists of a gate valve and a pair of float valves. There are some problems when the pipe of the float valve is blocked by cediment and debris, it could affect the cooling water system and make damage to the power plant. In this research, there would build a plan of the automatic control valve of the Tulungagung HEPP. PLC Siemens Simatic Step 7 was used as a control base on a SCADA software Wonderware Intouch version 10.0.0. In this modification plan, a pair of float valve changed over solenoid valve and manual gate valve change over motorized valve. For the water level that would be ultrasonic sensor SICK UM 30 as a input for the power meter Omron Procces Meter K3MA-J. The reliability of this modification are excellence and complete for the auto/manual control even for the long distance one. Moreover this modification also has excellence safety.

PROBE FOR MEASURING THE LONGITUDINAL COMPONENT OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN A DIELECTRIC WAKEFIELD ACCELERATOR

To conduct experiments to determine the amplitude of the electric field and the transformation ratio in the wake field accelerator based on dielectric structures excited by electron bunches of the Almaz-2 electron accelerator, a probe was developed and manufactured. The probe consists of a ¼ wavelength antenna (27 mm) and a detection circuit based on a 2A201A microwave diode. To calibrate the probe, a measuring stand was assembled, consisting of a microwave generator and a horn emitter. A SPEKTRAN spectrum analyzer (Germany) was used as a microwave power meter, and a digital oscilloscope was used as a meter of the detected signal from the probe. The results of measurements made on the stand show that at a microwave radiation power of 26 mW/m2 and an electric microwave field strength of 2.6 V/m at the measurement point, the output signal from the probe is 1 mV.

Total Harmonics Distortion Prediction at the Point of Common Coupling of industrial load with the grid using Artificial Neural Network

Power quality challenges have generated a lot of disputes between utilities, customers, network operators, and equipment manufacturers around the world as regards the share of responsibility for power quality solutions, this results in different levels of financial and technical losses for both the network operators and the customers. One of the major consequences of the operation of heavy-duty factories globally is the corruption of power quality at the point of common coupling (PCC). In order to quantify the harmonics contribution at the PCC by industrial consumers, this paper presents three-phase total harmonics distortion of current (THDi) prediction model at the PCC. The proposed artificial neural network (ANN) models use a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPN) to predict three-phase total harmonic distortion. The input parameter used in the models is easily measured with basic power meters. The model was trained with input parameters captured at 33 kV and 132 kV voltage levels using power quality meters at five (5) different steel manufacturing plants. Eight (8) different models were designed, trained, validated, and tested with different combinations of input parameters, number of hidden layers, and number of neurons in the hidden layer. The results show that the model with two hidden layers which uses four major power parameters (Current, apparent power, reactive and active power) as input parameters in the training model had the best performance with a 95.5% coefficient of correlation between the measured THDi and the predicted THDi.

Highly efficient NbTiN nanostrip single-photon detectors using dielectric multilayer cavities for a 2-µm wavelength band.

We report superconducting nanostrip single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) with dielectric multilayer cavities (DMCs) for a 2-µm wavelength. We designed a DMC composed of periodic SiO2/Si bilayers. Simulation results of finite element analysis showed that the optical absorptance of the NbTiN nanostrips on the DMC exceeded 95% at 2 µm. We fabricated SNSPDs with an active area of 30 µm × 30 µm, which was sufficiently large to couple with a single-mode fiber of 2 µm. The fabricated SNSPDs were evaluated using a sorption-based cryocooler at a controlled temperature. We carefully verified the sensitivity of the power meter and calibrated the optical attenuators to accurately measure the system detection efficiency (SDE) at 2 µm. When the SNSPD was connected to an optical system via a spliced optical fiber, a high SDE of 84.1% was observed at 0.76 K. We also estimated the measurement uncertainty of the SDE as ±5.08% by considering all possible uncertainties in the SDE measurements.

Assessment and Commissioning of Electrical Substation Grid Testbed with a Real-Time Simulator and Protective Relays/Power Meters in the Loop

Electrical utility substations are wired with intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, power meters, and communication switches. Substation engineers commission these IEDs to assess the appropriate measurements for monitoring, control, power system protection, and communication applications. Like real electrical utility substations, complex electrical substation grid testbeds (ESGTs) need to be assessed for measuring current and voltage signals in monitoring, power system protection, control (synchro check), and communication applications that are limited by small-measurement percentage errors. In the process of setting an ESGT with real-time simulators and IEDs in the loop, protective relays, power meters, and communication devices must be commissioned before running experiments. In this study, an ESGT with IEDs and distributed ledger technology was developed. The ESGT with a real-time simulator and IEDs in the loop was satisfactorily assessed and commissioned. The commissioning and problem-solving tasks of the testbed are described to define a method with flowcharts to assess possible troubleshooting in ESGTs. This method was based on comparing the simulations versus IED measurements for the phase current and voltage magnitudes, three-phase phasor diagrams, breaker states, protective relay times with selectivity coordination at electrical faults, communication data points, and time-stamp sources.

The relationship of muscle oxygen saturation analyzer with other monitoring and quantification tools in a maximal incremental treadmill test.

Introduction: The study aims to explore whether NIRS derived data can be used to identify the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) during a maximal incremental treadmill test in non-professional runners and to determine if there is a correlation between SmO2 and other valid and reliable exercise performance assessment measures or parameters for maximal incremental test, such as lactate concentration (LT), RPE, HR, and running power (W). Methods: 24 participants were recruited for the study (5 women and 19 men). The devices used consisted of the following: i) a muscle oxygen saturation analyzer placed on the vastus lateralis of the right leg, ii) the Stryd power meter for running, iii) the Polar H7 heart rate band; and iv) the lactate analyzer. In addition, a subjective perceived exertion scale (RPE 1-10) was used. All of the previously mentioned devices were used in a maximal incremental treadmill test, which began at a speed of 8km/h with a 1% slope and a speed increase of 1.2km/h every 3min. This was followed by a 30-s break to collect the lactate data between each 3-min stage. Spearman correlation was carried out and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The VT2 was observed at 87,41 ± 6,47% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) of each participant. No relationship between lactate data and SmO2 values (p = 0.076; r = -0.156) at the VT2 were found. No significant correlations were found between the SmO2 variables and the other variables (p > 0.05), but a high level of significance and strong correlations were found between all the following variables: power data (W), heart rate (HR), lactate concentration (LT) and RPE (p < 0.05; r > 0.5). Discussion: SmO2 data alone were not enough to determine the VT2, and there were no significant correlations between SmO2 and the other studied variables during the maximal incremental treadmill test. Only 8 subjects had a breakpoint at the VT2 determined by lactate data. Conclusion: The NIRS tool, Humon Hex, does not seem to be useful in determining VT2 and it does not correlate with the other variables in a maximal incremental treadmill test.

Handheld microfocused ultrasound device for facial lifting: A preliminary study of ULTIGHT.

Although focused ultrasound modalities have achieved positive clinical results in noninvasive skin rejuvenation, they presented various side effects and particularly severe pain during treatment. This study introduces a microfocused ultrasound (MFU) device, ULTIGHT, to overcome the severe pain issue, providing quasi-facial lifting. Transducer surface was imaged with a scanning electron microscope. The energies of four treatment cartridges were measured using an ultrasound power meter. In vitro experiments were performed to quantitatively evaluate the MFU thermal zones (MFUTZs) and treatment line (TL) of 10 MFUTZs. Ex vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the MFUTZs and temperature rise in tissue. Clinical trials using eight volunteers were performed to qualitatively evaluate facial lifting. The MFU transducer clearly showed a smooth and no air gap surface. ULTIGHT produced 10 discrete MFUTZs in a TL of length 10 mm. In ex vivo tissue, discrete linear MFUTZs were clearly observed at lower number of TLs; however, they started to aggregate at higher number of TLs. The temperature rise was linearly increased as a function of the number of treatments. A single MFUTZ resulted in a temperature rise of 3°C-10°C that could cause hyperthermia for body temperature. In the clinical trials, the volunteers showed quasi-facial lifting right after treatment on the lower facial region. ULTIGHT provides relatively low energy, which may be advantageous or disadvantageous depending on clinical applications. Additionally, it has the advantage of being pain-free even without anesthetic during treatment, providing quasi-facial lifting right after treatment.

Multi-functional triboelectric nanogenerators on printed circuit board for metaverse sport interactive system

Metaverse is the society of future, which merges the physical and digital worlds by utilizing sophisticated human-machine interfaces (HMIs). In this study, a Metaverse sport interactive system based on triboelectric nanogenerators has been developed, which realizes a real-time interaction among human beings, devices, and the internet. This Metaverse sport interactive system is composed of a self-powered anaerobic power meter (APM), a wireless transmission module, personalized data analysis based on the professional Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) method, and an augmented reality (AR) application. By leveraging the WAnT method, the power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) are tested, which indeed reflect the explosive power, speed endurance, and endurance. Meanwhile, the data is transmitted to the cloud via the wireless transmission module, and the users can freely explore the Metaverse through AR application. Notably, through machine learning, the professional WAnT can not only reflect the anaerobic capacity but can also be used for athlete selection. Essentially, this work puts forward a new approach to design online competitions, sport training, and athlete selection, and in general, provides a new strategy to build the Metaverse.

Structural renovation of the Secondary standard of the electric power unit for the industrial frequency range

The article reveals ways for structural renovation of the composition of the Secondary standard of the electrical power unit for the industrial frequency range with the aim of restoring the technical resource of its constituent parts, improving metrological characteristics in terms of increasing output power, as well as increasing productivity and reducing the cost of work due to their automation.&#x0D; Based on the results of the metrological characteristics’ analysis of electrical energy and power measuring equipment modern nomenclature and the existing standard base, it is proposed to make a structural renovation of the standard by including additional equipment to its composition, namely: the precision three-phase standard electricity meter compatible with the high-precision three-phase power source. The structural scheme of the renovation standard has been developed.&#x0D; The renovation of the standard allows turning the standard into a single hardware and software complex that provides calibration and testing of wide nomenclature of electric power and electric energy meters in the full range of values in high-performance automated mode.

Speeding axion haloscope experiments using heterodyne-variance-based detection with a power meter

We describe a new axion search method based on measuring the variance in the interference of the axion signal using injected photons with a power detector. The need for a linear amplifier is eliminated by putting a strong signal into the microwave cavity, to acquire not only the power excess but also measure the variance of the output power. The interference of the external photons with the axion to photon converted signal greatly enhances the variance at the particular axion frequency, providing evidence of its existence. This method has an advantage in that it can always obtain sensitivity near the quantum noise limit even for a power detector with high dark count rate. We describe the basic concept of this method both analytically and numerically, and we show experimental results using a simple demonstration circuit.

Comparison of bismuth atomic lamps for a non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometry

The performance of two types of radiation sources – an electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL) and a boosted discharge hollow cathode lamp (Superlamp) – for atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) was studied and compared using bismuth as a model analyte at 222.8 and 223.1 nm fluorescence lines. Hydride generation was used for analyte introduction to a miniature diffusion flame where the generated bismuthane was atomized. An in-house assembled non-dispersive atomic fluorescence spectrometer was adjusted so that either of the sources could be employed. The optimization of the radiation sources at chosen 40 Hz modulation rate included a duty cycle and applied currents (primary and boost), in addition to proper focusing on the flame atomizer. With optimum operation parameters the sensitivity achieved with the EDL was around an order of magnitude higher than that with the Superlamp, in agreement with the higher radiation intensity measured by an optical power meter and resulting limits of detection of 1.5 pg and 11 pg, for the EDL and the Superlamp, respectively.