Power Loading Research Articles

Adaptive Relay Selection and Power Allocation for OFDM Cooperative Underwater Acoustic Systems

The increasing use of relays in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications is a driving force to explore efficient techniques that can significantly improve the system performance. To fully exploit the benefits of cooperative systems, efficient management of resources including relays and power is required. In this paper, both optimal relay selection and power loading issues are investigated for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) cooperative transmission over UWA channel. In our analysis, we consider amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying with perfect channel state information (CSI) at the source, relay, and destination nodes. Moreover, we assume sparse and frequency-selective Rician fading in the presence of colored Gaussian ambient noise. Unlike previous works on this topic, in our study, the power of noise is not identical for all subcarriers at both the relay and destination nodes. We solve two optimization problems that rely on the minimization of the bit error rate (BER) and maximization of the system capacity. In each problem, both optimal relay selection and power loading issues are addressed in two dependent phases. In the first phase, an unconstrained optimization problem is solved to determine the optimal relay out of multiple relays vertically located at different depths of water. We adopt all-subcarrier (AS) basis approach in our OFDM-based transmission model in which a single relay is engaged to transmit the entire OFDM block to the destination. In the second phase, after selecting the optimal relay, another optimization problem is solved to obtain the optimal power allocation. This is jointly done at both the source and relay nodes under total power constraint and fixed subcarrier rate. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of proposed algorithms under different scenarios.

The effect of chip former on power loading of recessing tool

The article handles the influence of a chip former on cutting force and its components. This is allowed by using three grooving inserts from ISCAR company, which differ only with the chip former. These inserts have the same base material, coating and they are designed for the same proportion of recessed slot. The conditions of experiment were used in intersection of recommended cutting conditions of the 3 inserts. During the experiment were observed the components of cutting force at changing feed and cutting speed. The results were compiled in tables and graphs were created for each of the used inserts. The particular force loads of the inserts were compared in the end and conclusions thereof were made.

Sum Rate Analysis for Precoder Design in Distributed MIMO Systems Over Composite Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider the distributed multiple-input multiple-output systems which experience both the small-scale and large-scale fading. By employing the Rayleigh-lognormal model to characterize the composite fading channels, we derive the uplink sum rate in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio for zero forcing (ZF) and ZF decision feedback receivers, respectively. Afterwards, we propose an optimal power loading strategy by constructing an optimization problem that maximizes the dominant term of the sum rate. Then on this basis, a two-stage precoder is designed to further improve the performance, where only the first and second order statistics of the channels are needed at the transmitters. Numerical simulations testify the effectiveness of the analytical sum rates and present the superiority of our optimal power loading strategy as well as the two-stage precoder.

Using a Single VCSEL Source Employing OFDM Downstream Signal and Remodulated OOK Upstream Signal for Bi-directional Visible Light Communications

In this work, we propose and demonstrate for the first time up to our knowledge, using a 682 nm visible vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) applied in a bi-directional wavelength remodulated VLC system with a free space transmission distance of 3 m. To achieve a high VLC downstream traffic, spectral efficient orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing quadrature-amplitude-modulation (OFDM-QAM) with bit and power loading algorithms are applied on the VCSEL in the central office (CO). The OFDM downstream wavelength is remodulated by an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) with OOK modulation to produce the upstream traffic in the client side. Hence, only a single VCSEL laser is needed for the proposed bi-directional VLC system, achieving 10.6 Gbit/s OFDM downstream and 2 Mbit/s remodulated OOK upstream simultaneously. For the proposed system, as a single laser source with wavelength remodulation is used, the laser wavelength and temperature managements at the client side are not needed; and the whole system could be cost effective and energy efficient.

Individuals Post Achilles Tendon Rupture Exhibit Asymmetrical Knee and Ankle Kinetics and Loading Rates During a Drop Countermovement Jump.

Study Design Cross-sectional laboratory study. Background Asymmetrical knee loading during jogging and hopping has been reported in individuals who have ruptured their Achilles tendon. No studies have examined knee loads in individuals post Achilles tendon rupture during high-demand tasks, such as single-limb landings. Objectives We sought to determine whether individuals post Achilles tendon rupture demonstrated asymmetrical knee loads and impact forces during drop countermovement jumps (CMJs). Methods Achilles tendon length and the single-leg heel-rise test for endurance were assessed in 34 individuals (31 male) 6.1 ± 2.0 years post Achilles tendon rupture. Movement patterns were assessed during a drop CMJ. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures analyses of variance, with comparisons between limbs and prior treatment history (surgery versus nonsurgery). Results An 8.6% longer Achilles tendon (P<.001) was found in the involved limb. During the single-leg heel-rise test, the involved limb demonstrated 22.4% less endurance and 14.6% lower heel-rise height (all, P<.001). During the landing phase of the drop CMJ, the involved limb exhibited 39.6% greater loading rate (P<.001), 16.8% greater eccentric knee power (P = .048), but 21.6% lower eccentric ankle power (P<.001). During the take-off phase, the involved limb exhibited 12.1% lower jump height and 19.9% lower concentric ankle power (both, P<.001). Conclusion Elevated eccentric knee joint power and higher loading rates during a drop CMJ in individuals who experienced Achilles tendon rupture several years earlier may be a compensation pattern for reduced plantar flexor function. This movement pattern may place individuals who have had an Achilles tendon rupture at greater risk for knee injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(1):34-43. Epub 26 Oct 2017. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.7684.

Geometric Parameterization Technique for Continuation Power Flow Based on Quadratic Curve

The electricity sector, especially in emerging countries, has experienced several transformations, mainly resulting from the increase of electricity demand. This encourages more investment in the generation sector and causes increasing concerns with the development and improvement of tools for static voltage stability analysis of electrical power systems. This paper presents a new geometric parameterization technique for continuation power flow (CPF) that works based on the addition of a parabola that passes through three points in the plane formed by the variables of total real power losses and loading factor. This technique eliminates the Jacobian matrix singularity at the maximum loading point, which allows obtaining the solution trajectory (P–V curve) without any need to change the parameter, which is a very common procedure in the currently available CPFs. Intending to define a simple and efficient step size control procedure, the total real power losses values are normalized by its base case value. The results obtained by applying the proposed technique to the IEEE-300 bus system and two real large systems of 638 and 787 buses show its effectiveness.

SPM-Improved Transmission Performance of Software-Reconfigurable IMDD PONs Based on Digital Orthogonal Filtering

Extensive explorations are undertaken of the feasibility of utilizing self-phase modulation (SPM) to mitigate the channel fading effect associated with digital-orthogonal-filtering-enabled software-reconfigurable intensity-modulation direct-detection passive optical networks (PONs). A comprehensive theoretical model is developed and subsequently verified, based on which numerical simulations are undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of the effects of both SPM and adaptive channel power loading in maximizing the signal transmission capacity of each individual channel in the aforementioned PON systems. It is shown that, for the channel experiencing the worst channel fading effect, the SPM effect can enhance its transmission capacity by a factor as large as 2, and a further 45% transmission capacity improvement is also obtainable when adaptive channel power loading is applied. The signal transmission capacity improvement enabled by the coexistence of these two effects increases almost linearly with transmission distance. The research work not only provides a new means for dynamically manipulating the signal transmission capacity of each individual channel, but also allows the utilization of low-cost optical components without comprising the overall PON system performance.

Particle-in-cell simulations of the plasma interaction with poloidal gaps in the ITER divertor outer vertical target

Predictive modelling of the heat flux distribution on ITER tungsten divertor monoblocks is a critical input to the design choice for component front surface shaping and for the understanding of power loading in the case of small-scale exposed edges. This paper presents results of particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of plasma interaction in the vicinity of poloidal gaps between monoblocks in the high heat flux areas of the ITER outer vertical target. The main objective of the simulations is to assess the role of local electric fields which are accounted for in a related study using the ion orbit approach including only the Lorentz force (Gunn et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 046025). Results of the PIC simulations demonstrate that even if in some cases the electric field plays a distinct role in determining the precise heat flux distribution, when heat diffusion into the bulk material is taken into account, the thermal responses calculated using the PIC or ion orbit approaches are very similar. This is a consequence of the small spatial scales over which the ion orbits distribute the power. The key result of this study is that the computationally much less intensive ion orbit approximation can be used with confidence in monoblock shaping design studies, thus validating the approach used in Gunn et al (2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 046025).

Preliminary results of divertor modelling for DEMO-FNS reactor

The first results of divertor modelling for the DEMO-FNS divertor are presented. The divertor geometry open towards the private flux region is found important for improving the pumping conditions and reducing the power loading on the targets.

Experimental demonstrations of 30Gb/s/λ digital orthogonal filtering-multiplexed multiple channel transmissions over IMDD PON systems utilizing 10G-class optical devices.

By utilizing digital orthogonal filtering (DOF) in the digital domain, we report, for the first time, experimental demonstrations of aggregated 30.078Gb/s/λ transmissions of DOF-multiplexed spectrally-overlapped and/or frequency gapless six channels over IMDD PON systems incorporating off-the-shelf and low-cost 10G-class optical devices. Experimental results show that simple adaptive channel power loading implemented in the digital domain enables very similar transmission performances of individual channels regardless of their locations in the digital filter space. As a direct result of the interplay between the transmission system-associated negative chromatic dispersion and the intensity modulation-induced frequency chirp, negative power penalties of >0.2dB are experimentally observed for all the involved channels under various transmission system configurations. In addition, excellent performance robustness of the demonstrated systems is also obtainable for various transmission distances up to 45km.

Power deposition on misaligned castellated tungsten blocks in the Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI linear devices

For the final design of the ITER divertor it is important to determine whether shaping of each tungsten monoblock to eliminate leading edges is required or not. In order to aid this decision, two experiments were performed in DIFFER’s linear plasma devices to study heat loads on misaligned water cooled blocks at glancing incidence. First, a series of tungsten blocks were exposed to a high parallel heat flux (26 MW ) hydrogen plasma beam in the Magnum-PSI linear device. The blocks were exposed at an oblique angle between and with respect to the plasma beam, approaching the low angle of incidence expected in the ITER divertor strike-point regions. One block was vertically misaligned with respect to the others by a value between 0 and mm, and the surface temperature evolution monitored. This was compared to a finite element thermo-mechanical model of the system, to investigate any discrepancies between the two. The importance of Larmor orbit smoothing effects could also be considered, as the Larmor radius was larger than half the misalignment height. Next, a row of identical tungsten blocks were exposed at an angle of to ∼500–700 μs pulsed hydrogen plasmas of peak power between 275–625 MW in the Pilot-PSI linear device, to simulate the effect of edge localized mode (ELM) transients. One block was misaligned with respect to the others by 1 mm. In all cases, the model and experiment were found to be in excellent agreement (to ∼1%), demonstrating clearly that an optical approximation for plasma power loading on misaligned edges is appropriate. A simple model including Larmor smoothing was applied, the results of which give a similar prediction to the optical approximation for the temperature of the misaligned edges, within the error of the temperature measurements, though a small decrease in edge temperature is calculated. Therefore it can be concluded that the application of the optical approximation is generally appropriate as an input physics assumption for the study of shaping alternatives.

Transient induced tungsten melting at the Joint European Torus (JET)

Melting is one of the major risks associated with tungsten (W) plasma-facing components (PFCs) in tokamaks like JET or ITER. These components are designed such that leading edges and hence excessive plasma heat loads deposited at near normal incidence are avoided. Due to the high stored energies in ITER discharges, shallow surface melting can occur under insufficiently mitigated plasma disruption and so-called edge localised modes—power load transients. A dedicated program was carried out at the JET to study the physics and consequences of W transient melting. Following initial exposures in 2013 (ILW-1) of a W-lamella with leading edge, new experiments have been performed on a sloped surface (15 slope) during the 2015/2016 (ILW-3) campaign. This new experiment allows significantly improved infrared thermography measurements and thus resolved important issue of power loading in the context of the previous leading edge exposures. The new lamella was monitored by local diagnostics: spectroscopy, thermography and high-resolution photography in between discharges. No impact on the main plasma was observed despite a strong increase of the local W source consistent with evaporation. In contrast to the earlier exposure, no droplet emission was observed from the sloped surface. Topological modifications resulting from the melting are clearly visible between discharges on the photographic images. Melt damage can be clearly linked to the infrared measurements: the emissivity drops in zones where melting occurs. In comparison with the previous leading edge experiment, no runaway melt motion is observed, consistent with the hypothesis that the escape of thermionic electrons emitted from the melt zone is largely suppressed in this geometry, where the magnetic field intersects the surface at lower angles than in the case of perpendicular impact on a leading edge. Utilising both exposures allows us to further test the model of the forces driving melt motion that successfully reproduced the findings from the original leading edge exposure. Since the ILW-1 experiments, the exposed misaligned lamella has now been retrieved from the JET machine and post mortem analysis has been performed. No obvious mass loss is observed. Profilometry of the ILW-1 lamella shows the structure of the melt damage which is in line with the modell predictions thus allowing further model validation. Nuclear reaction analysis shows a tenfold reduction in surface deuterium concentration in the molten surface in comparison to the non-molten part of the lamella.

Jointly Optimal Pre- and Post-Channel Equalization and Distributed Beamforming in Asynchronous Bidirectional Relay Networks

We consider an asynchronous bi-directional relay network (consisting of two single transceivers and multiple single-antenna relays) where the transceiver-relay paths are subject to different relaying and/or propagation delays. In such a network, the end-to-end link can be viewed as a multipath channel which can cause intersymbol-interference (ISI) in the signals received by the two transceivers. Assuming a block transmission/reception scheme, we consider both pre- and post-channel equalization at both transceivers to combat the interblock-interference (IBI) induced due to ISI. Considering amplify-and-forward relays, we study the problem of optimal design of pre- and post-channel linear equalizers and optimal power loading at the two transceivers as well as optimal network beamforming. To do so, assuming a limited total transmit power budget, we minimize the total mean square error of the linearly estimated signals at both transceivers by optimally obtaining the transceivers’ powers and relay beamforming weights as well as block pre- and post-channel linear equalizers at the two transceivers. We prove rigorously that this minimization leads to a certain relay selection scheme, where only a subset of the relays will be turned on. We also provide semiclosed form solutions to the design parameters.

Neural Network-Based Stabilizer for the Improvement of Power System Dynamic Performance

This paper develops an adaptive control coordination scheme for power system stabilizers (PSSs) to improve the oscillation damping and dynamic performance of interconnected multimachine power system. The scheme was based on the use of a neural network which identifies online the optimal controller parameters. The inputs to the neural network include the active- and reactive- power of the synchronous generators which represent the power loading on the system, and elements of the reduced nodal impedance matrix for representing the power system configuration. The outputs of the neural network were the parameters of the PSSs which lead to optimal oscillation damping for the prevailing system configuration and operating condition. For a representative power system, the neural network has been trained and tested for a wide range of credible operating conditions and contingencies. Both eigenvalue calculations and time-domain simulations were used in the testing and verification of the performance of the neural network-based stabilizer.

Underwater fiber–wireless communication with a passive front end

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel concept on underwater fiber–wireless (Fi–Wi) communication system with a fully passive wireless front end. A low-cost step-index (SI) plastic optical fiber (POF) together with a passive collimating lens at the front end composes the underwater Fi–Wi architecture. We have achieved a 1.71-Gb/s transmission at a mean BER of 4.97 × 10−3 (1.30 × 10−3 when using power loading) over a 50-m SI-POF and 2-m underwater wireless channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Although the wireless part is very short, it actually plays a crucial role in practical underwater implementation, especially in deep sea. Compared with the wired solution (e.g. using a 52-m POF cable without the UWOC part), the proposed underwater Fi–Wi scheme can save optical wet-mate connectors that are sophisticated, very expensive and difficult to install in deep ocean. By combining high-capacity robust POF with the mobility and ubiquity of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC), the proposed underwater Fi–Wi technology will find wide application in ocean exploration.

26 m/5.5 Gbps air-water optical wireless communication based on an OFDM-modulated 520-nm laser diode.

We experimentally demonstrate a high-speed air-water optical wireless communication system with both downlink and uplink transmission employing 32-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and a single-mode pigtailed green-light laser diode (LD). This work is an important step towards the future study on optical wireless communications between underwater platforms and airborne terminals. Over a 5-m air channel and a 21-m water channel, we achieve a 5.3-Gbps transmission without power loading (PL) and a 5.5-Gbps transmission with PL in the downlink. The corresponding bit error rates (BERs) are 2.64×10-3 and 2.47×10-3, respectively, which are below the forward error correction (FEC) criterion. A data rate of 5.5 Gbps with PL at a BER of 2.92×10-3 is also achieved in the uplink.

Modelling and analysis of the JET EP2 neutral beam full energy ion dump curved end plate

This paper describes enhanced modelling of the power loading on the current JET full energy ion dump (FEID) curved end plate, and the new end plate design with improvements to the power handling capabilities and additional features to improve fatigue life. Monte-Carlo simulations of each of the nine residual ion components which are intercepted by the plate shows a peak power density of 20MW/m2 and compares well with recently installed fast thermocouple measurements. Analytical calculations and simulations with the Charged Particle Optics (CPO) code are used to investigate the potential for movement of the residual ion focus due to space charge effects. Cooling performance is significantly enhanced by improved water channel flow which is both modelled and confirmed by experiment. Fatigue life, calculated from ANSYS modelling is improved using a slot arrangement to relieve stresses created from focussed heat load distribution.

Aerodynamic comparison of a butterfly-like flapping wing–body model and a revolving-wing model

The aerodynamic performance of flapping- and revolving-wing models is investigated by numerical simulations based on an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. As wing models, we use (i) a butterfly-like model with a body and flapping-rectangular wings and (ii) a revolving-wing model with the same wings as the flapping case. Firstly, we calculate aerodynamic performance factors such as the lift force, the power, and the power loading of the two models for Reynolds numbers in the range of 50–1000. For the flapping-wing model, the power loading is maximal for the maximum angle of attack of 90°, a flapping amplitude of roughly 45°, and a phase shift between the flapping angle and the angle of attack of roughly 90°. For the revolving-wing model, the power loading peaks for an angle of attack of roughly 45°. In addition, we examine the ground effect on the aerodynamic performance of the revolving-wing model. Secondly, we compare the aerodynamic performance of the flapping- and revolving-wing models at their respective maximal power loadings. It is found that the revolving-wing model is more efficient than the flapping-wing model both when the body of the latter is fixed and where it can move freely. Finally, we discuss the relative agilities of the flapping- and revolving-wing models.

Failure modes of a seismically isolated continuous girder bridge

Abstract Reliable estimates of the failure modes of basic facilities, especially the seismically isolated bridge, are required for almost any form of analysis used for the seismic design and retrofit of bridge. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau (HZM) Bridge (HZMB), a seismically isolated continuous girder bridge with six spans, is a sea-crossing bridge, which is now under construction and will connect the Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. Because the bridge is located in a highly active seismic zone, it is essential to evaluate the seismic performance of this bridge, in particular of its failure modes. Based on this practical engineering, this paper investigated the failure modes of isolated continuous girder bridge subjected to strong ground motions by developed weighted rank sum ratio method, in combination with developed 3D finite element bridge models. Firstly, three-dimensional finite element bridge models are developed and assessed using the incremental dynamic analysis method. Due to the flexibility of seismic isolation, both bending and rotational stiffness of isolation bearings are taken into account in the analysis. In addition, the rotational angle of bearings is found to be sensitive to seismic analytical results of isolated continuous girder bridges. Then, it conducted the nonlinear dynamic analysis on the HZM Bridge under sixteen strong earthquake records. Further, statistically significant failure modes and the weakest failure mode of this bridge are identified through the weighted rank sum ratio method. It resulted that, the final failure modes of this isolated continuous girder bridge are presented at the isolation bearings on a part of middle piers, at the isolation bearings on the abutments, at the isolation bearings at a side pier, and at the bottoms of side piers, respectively. The results of the failure mode analysis would greatly assist engineers to establish effective strategies for performance enhancement and seismic retrofit of bridge in the future.

Maternal transfer of dioxin-like compounds in artificially matured European eels

Several eel species of the genus Anguilla are considered endangered due to a severe decline in recruitment. Up to now, the reasons for this threatening development are not fully understood. The eel's highly specialized biology can lead to explicitly high accumulation of globally distributed organic lipophilic contaminants during its continental life. Because of this and due the particular toxicological sensitivity of early life stages of oviparous organisms towards dioxin-like compounds, it is crucial to improve our understanding concerning toxicokinetics and maternal transfer of organic contaminants in eels.This study presents analytical data on maternal transfer of dioxin-like (dl) compounds in relevant tissue samples taken from artificially matured and non-matured European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) from German inland waters using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). Detected concentrations revealed a lipid-driven transfer of targeted compounds from muscle-fat-reserves to gonads and eggs respectively, with no distinct preferences concerning the chlorination degree of targeted compounds. Dl-PCBs were shown to contribute the major share of toxicity equivalents found in analysed eel tissues. Maternal muscle tissue to egg concentration ratios in wet weight–based samples had a mean of 6.95 ± 1.49 in accordance with the differences in total lipid content in the respective body matrices. Dioxins and furans in analysed samples were (from a toxicological point of view) of less relevance. Furthermore it was shown that muscle concentrations in silver eels could be used in future assessments to make conservative predictions for expected egg concentrations in female eels.