Power Flow In System Research Articles

Multi time scale optimal dispatch of distribution network considering load demand response

Considering the uncertainty of wind power output and load as well as the differences in the operating characteristics of various adjustable resources over different time scales, a multitime scale optimal dispatching model based on stochastic optimization and distributed robust optimization is designed for the distribution network. Firstly, the demand response of the user load side is divided into price-based load and incentive-based load, and price elasticity coefficients are introduced to describe it. Then, with the minimum operation cost of the distribution network, the loss cost, and the penalty cost of abandoned wind as the objective function, various active and reactive regulation elements as well as the system power flow formulas are taken as constraints. In the day-ahead and real-time stages, a stochastic optimization method based on scenarios and opportunity constraints is introduced. In the intraday stage, a self-regressive sliding window prediction model is used to predict wind power and load processing, and a Wasserstein distance-based prediction error uncertainty set is established to establish an intraday distributed robust rolling optimization model. The improved IEEE 33-node case is used for simulation verification, and the results show that the model can effectively reduce system costs and improve system operation stability.

Power flow analysis of the three-beam system on double parameter elastic foundations based on the wave propagation approach

This article investigates the power flow of the three-beam system on Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundations under elastic boundary conditions. The time-averaged power flow of the beam on elastic foundations with elastic boundary conditions is calculated based on the internal shear force and bending moment and the wave propagation approach. The reliability and accuracy of the calculation method are verified by comparing the vibration acceleration calculated by calculation examples and the finite element method. In addition, the effects of structural parameters and boundary conditions on the power flow of the three-beam system are investigated. This contributes to the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the beam on double parameter elastic foundations under complex boundary conditions.

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM ENERGI TERBARUKAN: PENDEKATAN MULTIGENERATOR DAN SIMULASI ETAP

This research focuses on the analysis of power flow in an electrical energy system involving 5 generators, with a nominal voltage of 345 KV, and a total power of 500 MW. Utilizing the ETAP simulation software, we evaluated the distribution of power, currents, and power factor across the entire system. The results of the analysis provide deep insights into the system's response to loads, power flow, and the efficiency of electrical power utilization. At the 345 KV voltage level, the simulation demonstrates the system's capability to maintain stability and power balance effectively. Power distribution and currents among generators provide a clear overview of the performance of the electrical network. Power factor analysis offers additional information regarding the efficiency of electrical power usage within the system. These findings serve as a crucial foundation for making informed decisions in managing and developing renewable energy infrastructure. In the era of transitioning towards more sustainable energy sources, a comprehensive understanding of power flow and system responsiveness to loads is essential to ensure the reliability and efficiency of the electrical power system

Moth Flame Optimisation for optimal power flow in a power system with Static var compensator

It consequently becomes imperative in the current transmission networks to make full use of existing resources and to rapidly transition to renewable energy alternatives. Electrical energy end users also benefit from effective resource utilisation since it lowers the price they pay for electricity. In this work, we offer a multi-objective optimum power flow (OPF) for an integrated gearbox network where FACTS devices are present. The paper's originality lies in the use of a multi-objective function. Minimising voltage variation, power loss, and negative social welfare (NSW) are all part of the objective function. The abatement of loss and NSW guarantees the lowering of per-unit pricing of power at the consumer end resulting in improved customer satisfaction. The problem was fixed using a FACTS Static var compensator. The theory was tested using an IEEE 30 bus network. The objective function has been optimised using the Mouth Flame Optimisation Algorithm. Detailed presentations, comparisons, and analyses of the collected findings have been made.

Optimal Design of Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System Considering Electric Vehicle Station Using Improved Multi-Objective Optimization: Techno-Economic Perspectives

Electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) have been widely integrated into distribution systems. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer advantages for distribution systems, such as increasing reliability and efficiency, reducing pollutant emissions, and decreasing dependence on non-endogenous resources. In addition, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has made EVs a potential form of portable energy storage, alleviating the random fluctuation of renewable energy power. This paper simulates the optimal design of a photovoltaic/wind/battery hybrid energy system as a power system combined with an electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) using V2G technology in a grid-connected system. The rule-based energy management strategy (RB-EMS) is used to control and observe the proposed system power flow. A multi-objective improved arithmetic optimization algorithm (MOIAOA) concept is proposed to analyze the optimal sizing of the proposed system components by calculating the optimal values of the three conflicting objectives: grid contribution factor (GCF), levelled cost of electricity (LCOE), and energy sold to the grid (ESOLD). This research uses a collection of meteorological data such as solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed captured every ten minutes for one year for a government building in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The results indicated that the optimal configuration of the proposed system using the MOIAOA method consists of eight photovoltaic modules, two wind turbines, and thirty-three storage batteries, while the fitness value is equal to 0.1522, the LCOE is equal to 2.66 × 10−2 USD/kWh, the GCF is equal to 7.34 × 10−5 kWh, and the ESOLD is equal to 0.8409 kWh. The integration of RESs with an EV-based grid-connected system is considered the best choice for real applications, owing to their remarkable performance and techno-economic development.

Active and reactive energy storage STATCOM distribution system power management

One of the critical factors influencing the overall development of modern power systems is the control of active and reactive power flows in distribution power systems. The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with storage energy is a powerful device that can control active and reactive power flow in a distribution system. A simulation model of power management using STATCOM with energy storage is presented in this paper. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed to manage the powers. The simulation results demonstrate STATCOM's ability to manage the active and reactive power flow in a controlled distribution line, and thus the powers regulated between feeders, by utilizing storage energy.

Optimal power flow of power system with Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation using moth flame optimization with locational marginal price

Consideration of transmission line capacity and the optimal power flow (OPF) determines the locational marginal price (LMP), which in turn determines the performance and profitability of a producing unit. Reducing the total cost of the generators can lead to a drop in the market price of electricity. It is recommended to use numerical and repetition-based approaches for solving power flow equations due to their nonlinear nature. In order to achieve the ideal power flow at an affordable price, this paper employs a Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) to solve the equations. We then enhance the MFO's structure to make it more effective at performing the simultaneous calculations of power passing through transmission lines. One FACTS tool that has been utilized to overcome this problem is the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC). Lastly, the proposed MFO algorithm would include the following parameters in its output: bus voltages, line losses, produced power, total generating expenditures, and generator profits. Testing the proposed method on the IEEE 57-BUS network also shows that it improves upon the OPF problem.

Addressing building related energy burden, air pollution, and carbon emissions of a low-income community in Southern California

This study examines the impact of low-income assistance and electrification programs on a disadvantaged community in Southern California. An urban building energy model is paired with an AC power flow and electric distribution system degradation model to evaluate how the cost of energy, carbon emissions, and pollutant emissions change after applying building weatherization, energy efficiency, and electrification measures to the community. Results show that traditional weatherization and energy efficiency measures (upgrading lighting and appliances, improving insulation to current building code standards) are the most cost-effective, reducing the cost of energy and carbon emissions by 10–20 % for the current community. Heat pump water heaters offer a 40 % average reduction in carbon emissions and almost 50 % decrease in criteria pollutant emissions, but at a cost increase of 17–22 %. Appliance electrification also reduces carbon emissions 5–10 % but increases cost by 7 % to 25 %. For reducing carbon, government programs that support building electrification are most cost-effective when they combine switching from natural gas to electricity with high efficiency system. Electrifying hot water and appliances effectively reduces emissions but must be paired with improved low-income assistance programs to prevent increased energy burden for low-income families. The urban building energy model and electrical distribution simulations used in this study can be replicated in other low-income communities.

Tinjauan Awal Penyulang Palem di PT. PLN (PERSERO) UIWS2JB UP3 Jambi Menggunakan Software ETAP

power flow in an electric power system is an event that flows in the form of active power (P) and reactive power (Q) from a generating system (sending side) through a transmission line or network until it reaches the load side (receiving side). . This power flow analysis has complicated stages if done manually, which requires an ETAP program. ETAP (Electric Transient Analysis Program) is software used to analyze an electric power system. This research was planned in the electrical engineering laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Batanghari University, while the data was obtained from PT PLN (Persero) UIWS2JB Jambi. The ETAP method can simplify the calculation of the power flow in the palm feeder at PT PLN (Persero) Jambi.

Optimal Reactive Power Flow of AC-DC Power System with Shunt Capacitors Using Backtracking Search Algorithm

In this paper, it is proposed that a two-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) be integrated into the power system. Line-commutated converter (LCC)-HVDC is used because of its ability to reduce line losses, which improves overall system efficiency. Shunt capacitors also aid in voltage maintenance by compensating for the reactive power demand. In essence, limiting voltage drops in electrical networks promotes a more efficient power transmission and distribution by lowering resistive losses. In power system investigations, it was discovered that the HVDC link and SCB exist separately. So, for the first time, the backtracking search algorithm (BSA) is used to solve the optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) of a power system with a HVDC link and shunt capacitor banks (SCB). Although BSA simulations on a modified IEEE 30 bus yielded successful results, ABC was also utilized for comparing the outcomes of different methods. Overall, three separate cases of the modified IEEE 30 bus system were examined. When the acquired results are compared to other methods, the suggested algorithm is found to be better at concerning effectiveness as well as performance.

Convergence criterion of power flow calculation based on graph neural network

In order to solve the problem of current data-driven power flow calculation methods rarely consider the divergence of power flow, which always maps a false system power flow when a divergence power flow case was given, a data-driven power flow convergence method based on DGAT-GPPool graph neural network classifier is proposed. Firstly, to solve the problem that the classical graph convolution method does not consider the edge attribute, a double-view graph attention convolution layer is constructed based on line admittance. Secondly, to solve the existing pooling method also does not consider the edge attribute and the loss of physical meaning of the coarse graph obtained from pooling, a grid partition pooling layer is constructed based on the electrical distance between nodes. Finally, 10000 system samples containing different network topologies are generated based on the IEEE 14-node system and its extended system, the accuracy reaches 99.3% in the testing set after training, and the effectiveness of the improvements in graph convolution and graph pooling is verified by comparative experiments.

Influence Analysis of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems in a Distributions System in the Context of Permanent Regime Voltage using the Opendss

This paper presents a study of the reverse power flow and the application of battery banks in the network. Five cases were carried out in which the voltage increase was verified in loads that had no PV connected through the system power flow using OpenDSS software . For this, scenarios with different percentages of distribution generation (DG) were simulated. The use of DG improves the voltage stability in the system when it is decentralized in the network, as observed in case 3. In addition, a set of batteries was inserted to present the increase of the average voltage, and the possible problem that may occur from voltage sinking. This is proven by increasing the batteries in the system, increasing the time lag of the voltage drop. To mitigate the sinking problem, energy storage should be allocated to locations where the voltage drop is greatest, as evidenced by the increased voltage level with the use of only one battery in the system.

Incorporating a Load-Shifting Algorithm for Optimal Energy Storage Capacity Design in Smart Homes

In today’s power system landscape, renewable energy (RE) resources play a pivotal role, particularly within the residential sector. Despite the significance of these resources, the intermittent nature of RE resources, influenced by variable weather conditions, poses challenges to their reliability as energy resources. Addressing this challenge, the integration of an energy storage system (ESS) emerges as a viable solution, enabling the storage of surplus energy during peak-generation periods and subsequent release during shortages. One of the great challenges of ESSs is how to design ESSs efficiently. This paper focuses on a distributed power-flow system within a smart home environment, comprising uncontrollable power generators, uncontrollable loads, and multiple energy storage units. To address the challenge of minimizing energy loss in ESSs, this paper proposes a novel approach, called energy-efficient storage capacity with loss reduction (SCALE) scheme, that combines multiple-load power-flow assignment with a load-shifting algorithm to minimize energy loss and determine the optimal energy storage capacity. The optimization problem for optimal energy storage capacity is formalized using linear programming techniques. To validate the proposed scheme, real experimental data from a smart home environment during winter and summer seasons are employed. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm in significantly reducing energy loss, particularly under winter conditions, and determining optimal energy storage capacity, with reductions of up to 11.4% in energy loss and up to 62.1% in optimal energy storage capacity.

A Study on Power Flow Analysis in Power Systems with the Participation of Double-Fed Induction Generators based Wind Turbine System

This paper focuses on double-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine system (WTS) and evaluate its effect to the distribution of power flow in power system. The structure of DFIG based WTS will be make detailed, including a rotor, stator and back-to-back converters. Power flows in itself are analyzed in both over and under synchronous operating modes. Control structure of DFIG is shown corresponding to rotor-side controller and grid-side controller to harness wind power and synchronize to the power grid. Operating scenarios that can happen in a proposed grid with the participation of DFIG based WTS are also shown to analyze the distribution of power flows in whole system whenever there are variations of power consumption and power generation. Simulation process will be carried out by MATLAB software to demonstrate proposed operating scenarios. Simulation results will show the power flows in whole system, the power adaptability corresponding to variation of load steps, the decrease of power from DFIG based WTS and the variation of currents at buses. Moreover, power exchange between power source and considered grid and current going through main units also can be determined and provided to dispatch center to ensure system stability.

Analysis of Switched Inductor‐Based High Gain SEPIC for Microgrid Systems

DC microgrids are getting more attention because majority of the renewable energy sources generate DC output voltage and also modern gadgets require DC voltage for its operation. In this work, high gain SEPIC (HGSC) topology is derived from switched inductor voltage boosting cell (SIVBC). The HGSC converter provides continuous source current due to SIVBC and high conversion ratio and achieves maximum efficiency of 97.88% when compared with the existing SEPIC topology. The operating modes, conversion ratio expression, power loss distribution, voltage drop, current stress of the semiconductor devices, and efficiency are also analysed. In DC microgrids, the HGSC intends to track the peak power from solar PV array. An incremental conductance algorithm is employed to track the peak power of the solar PV modules. The power flow in the microgrid system is analysed by employing synchronous reference frame theory‐based current controller. In order to validate the theoretical concepts of the HGSC converter, the hardware model is developed for the load rating of 1,000 W/380 V output voltage.

Ripple-Response Modeling and Design-Oriented Analysis of Output Common Power Flow Regulation in Bipolar SIDO DC–DC Converters

Compared with unipolar SIDO DC-DC converters, the output common power flow in the bipolar SIDO DC-DC converters affects lots of system characteristics in high-frequency (HF) region, which poses great challenges for the modeling and design of the bipolar SIDO converters. In this paper, a ripple-response model of the bipolar SIDO DC-DC converter is proposed to capture the HF characteristics by analyzing the response nature and the sampling process of the multi-piecewise current ripple. Based on the derived model, the design-oriented analysis with the change of some key parameters is presented to guide the system optimal design and power flow regulation. Then, the compensators are optimized to improve the dynamical performance and the HF stability simultaneously. Furthermore, the cross-regulation of the SIDO converter is explored via the common- and differential-mode transfer functions. Particularly, the effect of the output common power flow on the cross-regulation is revealed by identifying the frequency-domain coupling point. These analysis results help to suppress the cross-regulation significantly. Finally, the effectiveness of the model and analysis is verified by experimental results. These results show that the proposed method is more suitable for the bipolar SIDO converters to improve power flow regulation in comparison with the existing ones.

Design and mathematical modelling of Electric Vehicle

A model which is based on design will reduce the development cost of the system. There are different phases associated with complex models for systems like Electric Vehicles, these include Functional Specification definitions, Design specification, Test and authenticate and implementation. The case study done in this paper will be including only first two stages. The results will help to understand how the system designer can take decisions using simulation output. Simulation is a very complicated task which can represent simple design with precision and complex design with great accuracy that is almost near to the practical model. There is a compromise when making decisions with respect to precision and design complexity. It is always recommended to consider accurate models but when parameters are considered it is very difficult to determine parameters preferably in first stage of the model development and even the simulation of these accurate model is very slow. Hence a more detailed level of simulation model is needed. So, the system designer needs a complete overview of system power flow in the initial level of modelling. In the second level there is a need of designing more accurate model of different systems in which choosing an appropriate parameter for energy management system and power converters is needed. In this paper it can be clarified that a detailed design will validate the system’s behaviour with great accuracy and to conduct other adoptions as requires.

Optimal Power Flow of Power System with Static VAR Compensator Using Moth Flame Optimization

Optimal Power Flow of Power System with Static VAR Compensator Using Moth Flame Optimization

Impact study of flexible alternating current transmission system on power flow and power loss in power systems using MATLAB and PSAT

The work presented in this paper is to study the impact of FACTS (flexible alternating current transmission system) on the power flow and power losses of a multi-machine electrical system. In this work, we have calculated the power flow and the active and reactive power losses for a 6-bus 3-machine network system, in the first case where there are no FACTS, and in the second case where there are FACTS (SVC). So, and in the second case we used an SVC ((Static Var Compensator) because it is one of the elements of FACTS, to see their influence on power flow and power losses in electrical systems using MATLAB software (we used the Newton-Raphson method) and using PSAT software (Power System Analysis Toolbox), we calculated the power flow and the active and reactive power losses in the lines, respectively. Finally, we compare the results obtained by the simulation programs MATLAB and PSAT, and see what effect FACTS (SVC) has on the power flow and power loss in our electrical system that we are studying.

Analysis of probabilistic optimal power flow in the power system with the presence of microgrid correlation coefficients

Analysis of probabilistic optimal power flow in the power system with the presence of microgrid correlation coefficients