Power Division Ratio Research Articles

A novel miniaturized microstrip filtering power divider with high selectivity based on composite right/left-handed (CRLH) concept

Abstract This paper proposes a compact microstrip filtering power divider (FPD) with high selectivity and equal power division ratios based on the composite right/left-handed (CRLH) concept. The proposed equal microstrip FPD is designed by cascading two CRLH unit cells and a grounded via hole. The proposed CRLH unit cell is realized by an interdigital capacitor loaded between two transmission lines (TL) on the upper metal layer and the fractal/meander complementary split-ring resonator (FMCSRR) on the ground plane. The grounded via hole has been used to improve frequency selectivity and out-of-band rejection of the proposed microstrip FPD. The equivalent circuit model compared with full-wave simulation results of the proposed microstrip FPD has been provided. The proposed microstrip FPD has been fabricated and measured, and a good agreement has been found between the simulation and measurement results. The proposed microstrip FPD has a passband covering 2.38–2.45 GHz, and its measured 3 dB fractional bandwidth is about 2.9 %. The total size of the proposed microstrip FPD is 0.17 λ g × 0.07 λ g. Compared with other reported FPDs, the presented microstrip FPD has many advantages like compact size, low loss, easy fabrication, extremely sharp rejection skirts around the desired passband and high selectivity.

Integrated terahertz topological valley-locked power divider with arbitrary power ratios

Integrated power dividers (PDs) are essential in terahertz (THz) communication and radar systems, but miniaturization often leads to performance degradation due to fabrication inaccuracies and sharp bends. Topological photonics offers a solution to these issues, yet creating THz power dividers with arbitrary splitting ratios remains challenging. We present a design methodology for on-chip topological THz power dividers with customizable splitting ratios using valley-locked photonic crystals. These crystals feature a tri-layered structure with two distinct valley Chern number layers and an intermediate semimetal layer. Utilizing the Jackiw–Rebbi model, we show that the characteristic impedance of the valley-locked photonic crystals, and thus the power division ratio, can be tuned by adjusting the semimetal layer width. Our approach is validated through simulations and experiments for both equal (1:1) and unequal (4:9) power ratios. This method enables efficient navigation around sharp bends and robust THz on-chip connectivity.

Theoretical design and implementation of equal and unequal split ultra-wide band Wilkinson power divider with Chebyshev impedance transform

Abstract In this study, we designed multi-section UWB Wilkinson power dividers for both equal and unequal power divider. The key innovation is successfully matching these power dividers using the Chebyshev method. The proposed method achieves very low insertion losses and high transmission coefficients across the ports. For the three-section equal power divider, Chebyshev polynomials were used to model the reflection coefficient, and the characteristic impedance for each section was calculated symmetrically. The design achieved a fractional bandwidth of 106% for a 20 dB return loss, with an insertion loss of 0.3 dB. For unequal multi-section dividers, power division ratios of 1.5:1 and 2:1 were chosen. Theoretical microwave calculations were used to determine the input and output transmission line impedances. Chebyshev approximation was then applied to design the three-section unequal power dividers. The return losses for these unequal dividers were measured at 17 dB and 15 dB, with fractional bandwidths of 120% and 126%. Both circuits had insertion losses of 0.25 dB. The consistent results from analytical calculations, simulations, and measurements confirm the effectiveness of the Chebyshev method for both equal and unequal power division.

Exact synthesis of couple‐line based wideband four‐way filtering power divider with unequal power division

AbstractIn this paper, a coupled‐line‐based wideband four‐way filtering power divider (FPD) with unequal power division is presented. It is composed of three groups of coupled lines (CLs), four types of open‐ended stubs, and three kinds of resistors. By setting the CLs in each group with different parameters, unequal power distribution is obtained. Besides, open‐ended stubs with different characteristic impedances are inserted to each output port to generate two extra transmission zeros, at the same time maintaining good impedance matchings. Resistors are inserted to each group of the CLs to improve the isolations. By applying twice parity mode analysis, the exact synthesis of the proposed FPD is first derived. For demonstration, a prototype with power division ratio of 1:1.2:1.5:1.8 is designed and manufactured. Measurement results verified that more than 60% fractional bandwidth (FBW) is obtained under the criterion of 10 dB return loss and 10 dB isolation. Besides, the 3 dB passband FBWs for the four outputs reach 70% with high frequency selectivity and low insertion loss. And more than 15 dB out‐of‐band rejections are achieved for both the lower and upper stopbands.

Design of Photonic Molecule-Based Multiway Beam Splitter/Coupler with Variable Division Ratio

An optical beam splitter is used for dividing an input optical beam into several separate beams with a specific power ratio. Usually, conventional optical beam splitters have bulky dimensions (many optical wavelengths) and a fixed dividing ratio, which significantly limit the design of new miniaturized optical devices and integrated optical circuits. We propose and investigate in detail a novel physical concept of a highly miniaturized (up to two working wavelengths) planar optical resonant splitter/coupler with a switching element comprising a photonic molecule (PM) pair dispersing input optical fluxes in multiple directions with a tailored power ratio. The structural design of the proposed splitter is based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform and composed of high-quality resonators in the form of electromagnetically coupled submicron-sized microcylinders. The control on the power division ratio and the selection of optical beam directions is realized by tuning the photonic splitter structure to the corresponding resonance of the PM supermode. Compared to known analogs, the proposed design is easy and cheap in fabrication. Because of its tiny dimensions, it is suitable for integration into a “System-on-a-chip” platform and can dynamically change the beam power division ratio by input wave-phase manipulation.

Comments on “Uniplanar Compact 180° Hybrid Coupler With Fast and Accurate Wide Power-Division Ratio Switching Ranges and Enhanced Bandwidth”

Comments on “Uniplanar Compact 180° Hybrid Coupler With Fast and Accurate Wide Power-Division Ratio Switching Ranges and Enhanced Bandwidth”

Response to Comments on “Uniplanar Compact 180° Hybrid Coupler With Fast and Accurate Wide Power-Division Ratio Switching Ranges and Enhanced Bandwidth”

Response to Comments on “Uniplanar Compact 180° Hybrid Coupler With Fast and Accurate Wide Power-Division Ratio Switching Ranges and Enhanced Bandwidth”

Miniaturized filtering equal/unequal Wilkinson power dividers

In this paper, two miniaturized Wilkinson power dividers with equal and unequal power division ratios capable of suppressing spurious harmonics over a wide frequency range are presented. First, an asymmetric high-low impedance resonator with coupled open-stubs and folded structure is employed to design the equal power divider. Then, how connecting an inductor in series with the introduced resonator can lead to affecting the transmission coefficient of the power divider branch and achieving an unbalanced power division ratio at output ports, is analytically clarified. In the third step, a combination of the resonator with folded structure and the inductor is utilized to design an unequal 2:1 divider. To validate the performed analysis, two equal and unequal Wilkinson power dividers at 900 MHz are fabricated and measured. Regarding S31, both dividers can suppress the 4th to 13th spurious frequencies and with respect to S21 of the unequal case, the 2nd-harmonic to 14th-harmonic are omitted. The occupied areas of the equal and unequal structures are 7.35 mm × 18.9 mm and 7.5 mm × 17.9 mm, respectively, which indicate almost 84 % size reduction in each case.

Miniaturized equal/unequal Wilkinson power dividers capable of harmonic suppression utilizing microstrip π-shaped resonators modified by lumped elements

In this paper, modified π-shaped resonator composed of both microstrip transmission lines and lumped elements are employed to design a Wilkinson power divider. Utilizing these resonators leads to designing a compact divider featuring a selectable operating frequency with optional power division ratio and very wide-range harmonic suppression. To vary the operating frequency and the power division ratio, the values of just the utilized lumped elements are changed without manipulating the dimensions of microstrip lines. As a design sample, a miniaturized divider capable of operating at four frequencies i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 GHz with optional equal or unequal power division and harmonic suppression ability at each of these frequencies is designed and simulated. Finally, as a feasible sample, another Wilkinson power divider which can optionally operate at 700 MHz with equal power division or 1.2 GHz with unequal power division is designed and implemented. Based on the measurement results, the spurious harmonics from 2nd to 25th in the 700 MHz-divider and 2nd to 15th in the 1.2 GHz-divider are suppressed. Moreover, almost 96% and 93% size reduction at 700 MHz and 1.2 GHz, respectively, are achieved. The S21 and S31of the unequal divider are − 8.8 and − 3.73 dB, which indicate an unequal 3.2:1 power division.

Four-way SIW Filtering Power Divider with In- and Out-of-phase Characteristics and Large Power Division Ratio

A novel four-way substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filtering power divider (FPD) with in-phase and out-of-phase characteristics and a large power division ratio (PDR) is presented in this work. The frequency selection and power division functions are effectively realized by employing SIW resonators at the bottom layer and at microstrip sections at the top layer, respectively. Four microstrip lines coupled with SIW cavity through a slotline realize in-phase and two out-of-phase output characteristics and a large PDR of 7:1. To verify the design method, a four-way prototype with PDR of 7:7:1:1 is designed, fabricated, and measured. Results exhibit good filtering performance, large power division ratio, and in-phase and out-of-phase characteristics.

Wideband Filtering Power Divider With Unequal Power Division Ratio and All-Frequency Input Absorptive Feature

Wideband Filtering Power Divider With Unequal Power Division Ratio and All-Frequency Input Absorptive Feature

An Ultra-Compact and Wideband Transformer-Based Coupler With Arbitrary Phase Difference and Arbitrary Power Division Ratio

An Ultra-Compact and Wideband Transformer-Based Coupler With Arbitrary Phase Difference and Arbitrary Power Division Ratio

QoS optimization for full-duplex enabled relaying system with consecutive interference annulment

In this research work QoS optimization issue while power division in with full-duplex enable transfer capability in the presence of a direct connection. A novel system model for power division based relaying system with full-duplex capability and a strategy that employs techniques such as consecutive interference cancellation. They also use the existing system to define the channel capacity alleviation issue. Then, using the suggested repeated power division ratio method and the planned information architecture, the defined issue is solved. FDBPT created a Power dividing based relaying technology with FD Decode and forwarding capability in this research paper, taking into account the existence of a direct connection. Then, to solve the spectrum efficiency optimization model, information decoding strategy based on SIC and MRC algorithms was presented to decipher signals from the destination node. An IPDP methodology was presented in the proposed way to solve the stated enormous performance maximizing issue. The proposed information decoding technique takes into account the benefits of direct connection, FD, and SIC. Furthermore, a number of simulations demonstrate the higher performance of the proposed approach. NS2 simulations are used to attain higher performance than previous techniques.

Design of Pattern Manipulation Surface With Flexible Power Division Ratio and Independent Beam Steering of Two Polarizations

Design of Pattern Manipulation Surface With Flexible Power Division Ratio and Independent Beam Steering of Two Polarizations

Unequal Power Division Ratio Nonreciprocal Filtering Power Divider With Arbitrary Termination Impedance and Center Frequency Tunability

Unequal Power Division Ratio Nonreciprocal Filtering Power Divider With Arbitrary Termination Impedance and Center Frequency Tunability

A fully reconfigurable 1 × 4 power divider with power division reconfiguration and size reduction based on series coupled cascaded transmission lines

This work presents a 1X4 fully reconfigurable power divider with a wide range of power divisions and reduced size, designed for adaptive null forming and beam steering networks in RF front ends. The design is based on the impedance transformation of series-coupled cascaded transmission lines and a reconfigurable isolation network. The impedance of power-dividing arms is transformed by tuning the voltage-dependent equivalent capacitor, controlling insertion loss, and indirectly influencing the power division ratio. Four transmission states with sixteen different power levels are realized. This design approach is validated by fabricating a prototype with four output ports. The measured power division varies from 6.5 dB to 18 dB at the center frequency, and the return loss is greater than -32 dB. Output port isolation is greater than -30 dB, and the phase response at output ports only shows a difference of less than 2 degrees. The power at any output port can be reconfigured independently without affecting the system’s overall performance, achieved through a series-coupled transmission line, contributing to a reduction in size. A size reduction of 37 percent is attained in this design. The proposed power divider can provide a wide range of power levels at all output ports within a narrow band around the center frequency. Hence, the design is suitable for beam steering networks, pattern, and polarization reconfigurable antenna arrays. The design also has extension capability into N-way configurations.

Uniplanar Compact 180° Hybrid Coupler With Fast and Accurate Wide Power-Division Ratio Switching Ranges and Enhanced Bandwidth

In this article, a uniplanar compact 180 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> hybrid coupler with fast and accurate wide power division ratio (PDR) switching ranges and enhanced bandwidth is proposed. The structure consists of two novel 90 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> couplers, one wideband 90 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> phase shifter (PS), and two tunable p-i-n diode-based PSs. The key uniqueness is that a symmetrical compact wideband 90 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> coupler is presented as the core component. By using two three-folded-coupled lines and one unequal-width three-coupled line section, the proposed compact wideband 90 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> coupler can be fabricated without patterned ground plane or any lumped element. Compared with conventional two-section branch-line couplers, this new coupler not only effectively reduces the circuit size by 57.76% but also improves the bandwidth from 37% to 48.45%. Then, compared with the varactor-based couplers, by adding p-i-n diodes at the end of the quarter-wavelength lines, the proposed 180 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> tunable coupler finally features fast and accurate wide PDR switching ranges and wide bandwidth. Good performances in return loss, isolation, insertion loss, phase differences, and amplitude imbalances can be achieved for all states. For verification, a 90 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> coupler and a tunable 180 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> coupler are designed, simulated, and measured. The measured results match well with the simulated results, validating the proposed design theory.

Cascaded Deep Q-Network for Optimization of Substrate Integrated Waveguide Couplers

In this brief, a method to automatically optimize substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) couplers with different power-dividing ratios is proposed. In the proposed method, a cascade model is presented for the first time. In this cascade model, four-port SIW network is classified into two typical elements: coupling and phase difference. By cascading these typical elements in a certain order, SIW coupler with different power-dividing ratios can be achieved. The order of the basic elements can be automatically decided by using deep Q-network (DQN). A library is built to store the optimization results. From the library, SIW couplers with different power-dividing ratios can be obtained in seconds. To validate the proposed method, multiple four-port directional couplers with different power-dividing ratios are designed. Three directional couplers are fabricated and experimentally verified. Furthermore, this method is also promising for the design and optimization of other circuits.

Microstrip multifunctional reconfigurable wideband filtering power divider with tunable centre frequency, bandwidth, and power division ratio based on three‐parallel‐coupled line section

AbstractA compact microstrip multifunctional reconfigurable filtering power divider (FPD) is proposed based on varactor‐loaded three‐parallel‐coupled line section (TLCS) in this letter. Continuously tunable third‐order filtering power division response with two transmission zeros (TZs) including centre frequency (CF), bandwidth (BW) and power division ration (PDR) is successfully attained by varying the external and internal coupling through loading varactors into a three‐parallel‐coupled line topology. For validation, a prototype is implemented. The results indicate that the CF can be tuned from 0.46 to 0.8 GHz, a tunable 3‐dB BW of 80 to 190 MHz is exhibited with better than 17‐dB return loss and higher than 15‐dB in‐band isolation. In addition to the CF and BW tunability, the power division ratio (PDR) for the presented FPD can also be adjusted from 1:1 to 1:5. Additionally, a compact size is realized with only 0.12λg × 0.16λg.

Efficient mid-infrared dispersive wave generation through soliton breakup and cascaded Raman amplification in an axially varying fluorotellurite fiber

In this paper, we demonstrate efficient mid-infrared dispersive wave (DW) generation through soliton breakup and cascaded Raman amplification in an axially varying fluorotellurite fiber. The input part of the fluorotellurite fiber has two zero-dispersion wavelengths and the remaining part has an all normal dispersion profile. The pump source is a femtosecond fiber laser with an operational wavelength of 1980nm, which is located at the anomalous dispersion region between two zero-dispersion wavelengths and close to the second zero-dispersion wavelength of the fluorotellurite fiber. As the pump light is launched into the fluorotellurite fiber, the pump light (or a higher-order soliton) experiences a temporal breakup and large pulse broadening, which enables nearly complete conversion of input solitonic radiation into resonant nonsolitonic radiation in the DW regime. Meanwhile, the generated DWs are improved by more than two orders of magnitude via cascaded Raman amplification in the fluorotellurite fiber, resulting in the generation of efficient mid-infrared DWs peaked at 2700 nm with an ultrahigh power division ratio of ∼ 85% and a compressible pulse width of ∼ 61 fs. Our work presents a way to realize ultrahigh-efficiency mid-infrared coherent light generation.