Power Distribution Method Research Articles

Dynamic balancing method of power distribution and consumption tasks based on state iterative prediction and resource peaking shifting

In the context of the new power system, the widespread access to massive distributed new energy sources has led to the power distribution and consumption tasks characterized by multiple time scales, wide random distribution, and large demand differences, resulting in unpredictable resource peaks in the tasks computing resource demand curve. In view of this situation, a method of forecasting and dynamic balancing of computing resource demand for power distribution and consumption tasks based on state iteration was proposed: firstly, the tasks computing resource demand model was established under the analysis of the attributes and parameter demand of the power distribution and consumption tasks scenario. Secondly, on the basis of the short-term effectiveness prediction of the traditional Markov model, the first-order difference of the state is used for data training to track the state fluctuation, and the historical state and the predicted state are used for state iteration, so as to avoid the convergence of long-term prediction. Finally, a dynamic balancing model is established according to the time-scale characteristics of cyclical and non-cyclical tasks, and the optimal configuration of load imbalance is achieved through the identification and adjustment of historical data and burst data. The simulation results show that the improved Markov model based on first-order difference and state iteration has the short-term accuracy of the traditional model and the long-term traceability of data fluctuations. The dynamic balancing model can combine the characteristics of historical data and burst data to effectively reduce the imbalance of resource demand, and show good ability to cope with resource imbalance deviation.

Control Method of Load Sharing between AC Machine and Energy Storage Bank in the DC Grid

The article presents the issues related to load-power sharing in direct-current grid and a novel control method has advantages over known solutions. Unlike many similar-sounding papers, this article shows an attempt at creating fully controllable non-isolated system that allows for load-power sharing between a permanent magnet alternator equipped with machine-side converter (MSC) and a dual active bridge (DAB) tied to batteries or supercapacitor. The current-based load-power sharing is an essential feature of parallel-connected direct-current generators, and all types of voltage sources, in this way are contributing power to the system. To keep the optimal efficiency of the alternator, the rotational speed changes rely on proper mapping of the driving combustion engine. System components include a self-excited synchronous generator (SESG), operating at variable shaft speed, as well as batteries and supercapacitors that provide electricity for sudden electrical-load changes on the distribution grid. The core of the presented system is in a power-distribution method that consists of a programmed-controller structure allowing precise current distribution. A novelty of the proposed method is the use of a cascaded system of current and DC voltage regulators that allows for precise power-distribution control. In contrast with previously presented solutions, the proposed system allows for fast and accurate control of currents, loading parallel-connected DC voltage sources for wide-range generator speed changes. In the presented solution, both converters have been equipped with Schottky diodes, preventing the flow of equalizing currents between closed transistors in the parallel mode of operation. An experimental test-stand of the described system is presented with its theoretical basis and experimental results.

Communication-Free Pulsed Power Distribution and Tracking Method for Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control

Communication-Free Pulsed Power Distribution and Tracking Method for Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control

One High Voltage Regulation Method and Related Control Strategy in the DC Transmission System

Background: With the development of power transmission system, the problem of small transmission capacity and low power quality of traditional AC power distribution methods is becoming increasingly prominent. The DC power distribution method promotes its own rapid development because of its suitability of connection between distributed generation and grid, high power quality, large power supply capacity, low line cost and high reliability. Objective: In order to improve the transient performance when the system power fluctuates, a control method that can perform voltage regulation to the DC system is designed in the process of calculating the power command value of each converter station at the system level control. Simulation results show that the designed control method can effectively improve the inertial characteristics and transient response of DC transmission system. Methods: Aiming at the shortcomings of slow response speed and poor stability when the traditional dual closed-loop PI controller is used as a converter level controller, a sliding mode controller is designed. Simulation results show that the designed sliding mode controller can improve transient characteristics of voltage regulation. Results: Voltage control strategy of the DC transmission network based on the converter station is verified. Conclusion: A voltage control strategy based on distributed generation and secondary load switching is designed. The simulation verifies the effectiveness of the designed control strategy.

Graph Attention Network Enhanced Power Allocation for Wireless Cellular System

The importance of an efficient network resource allocation strategy has grown significantly with the rapid advancement of cellular network technology and the widespread use of mobile devices. Efficient resource allocation is crucial for enhancing user services and optimizing network performance. The primary objective is to optimize the power distribution method to maximize the total aggregate rate for all customers within the network. In recent years, graph-based deep learning approaches have shown great promise in addressing the challenge of network resource allocation. Graph neural networks (GNNs) have particularly excelled in handling graph-structured data, benefiting from the inherent topological characteristics of mobile networks. However, many of these methodologies tend to focus predominantly on node characteristics during the learning phase, occasionally overlooking or oversimplifying the importance of edge attributes, which are equally vital as nodes in network modeling. To tackle this limitation, we introduce a novel framework known as the Heterogeneous Edge Feature Enhanced Graph Attention Network (HEGAT). This framework establishes a direct connection between the evolving network topology and the optimal power distribution strategy throughout the learning process. Our proposed HEGAT approach exhibits improved performance and demonstrates significant generalization capabilities, as evidenced by extensive simulation results.

A novel generalized multi input boosting multi-level inverter (MIB-MLI) for high-frequency AC (HFAC) power distribution

The simplified topology for the high-frequency ac (HFAC) power distribution method with a multi-level inverter (MLI) hybrid switched capacitor (SC) is introduced. Capacitors, switches, diodes, and DC sources are among the components that are reduced in the designed MIB-MLI (Multi Input Boosting Multi-level Inverter). Where asymmetric dc voltage sources are available, such as in renewable energy farm-based ac microgrids and current electric vehicle, this architecture is advantageous. The proposed inverter has the feature of self-balancing the capacitor voltages and voltage boosting by using the series-parallel conversion scheme. The quality of output power is increased when a dc source array is connected with the unidirectional switched converter. Moreover, if a major phase variation betwixt the output current along with the voltage is no more mandatory, multiple alive switches may be recouped with diodes. In the switched capacitor group ripple volatge is reciprocal to the output frequency, so the MIB-MLI is favorable for HFAC implementations. Also, this paper clarifies the operating theory of the complete network and switching condition covered by the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. Mathematical equation related to power loss and capacitor voltages are provided. The modeling and simulation results of the proposed seventeen-level (17-L) inverter are depicted in this paper. The findings have shown that the proposed inverter is superior at HFAC along with the power efficiency of the inverter is adequate with SPWM technique.

Focusability of coherently combined beams propagating downwards in the turbulent atmosphere.

The focusability of coherently combined beams (CCBs) propagating from orbit through the turbulent atmosphere to the ground is studied, where the diffraction, self-focusing and turbulence effects are considered. It is shown that the spot size on the ground of CCBs is much smaller than that of incoherently combined beams (ICBs). The analytical expression of the B integral of CCBs propagating in the turbulent atmosphere is derived, and an effective design rule for the CCB power transportation without filamentation is presented. It is found that the focusability of CCBs propagating in the turbulent atmosphere can be improved by the gradient power distribution method, and the spot size on the ground can always be reduced below the diffraction limit. Furthermore, the optimal gradient power distribution to reach the highest focusability on the ground without filamentation is presented.

Optimal wind power generation system by honey badger algorithm with differential evolution strategies

The purpose of this study is to build an optimal hybrid wind power system consisting of a permanent magnet direct-drive wind power generation unit, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), a power electronic converter, and loads. Moreover, a reasonable control method is designed for each part, and a honey badger algorithm (HBA) with differential evolution strategies is employed to realize the coordinated control of each unit and improve the system stability. The real anti-interference capability of wind power system can be improved by the proposed HBA with differential evolution strategies (IHBA). Firstly, the wind hybrid system model is constructed, in which the wind power generation unit adopts the variable step climbing method to achieve the maximum power point tracking control; the HESS designs the power distribution method based on the bus voltage; the converter supplying energy to the AC load introduces the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy. Secondly, due to the existence of energy exchange in each unit of the system, VSG has more parameters and its control performance is influenced by the system itself, this study proposes HBA with differential evolution strategies for system parameter optimization and constructs an IHBA-VSG model with the objective of minimizing the bus voltage fluctuation value. The IHBA improves original honey badger algorithm by three mechanisms which are time control function, Gaussian variation factor and differential evolution strategy. Finally, the parameters obtained from the HBA with differential evolution strategies optimization search are substituted into the wind hybrid system, and the simulation system is built by MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that when the environment of the system changes or the load on the AC side changes abruptly, the proposed control method can reduce the bus voltage fluctuation by 2.9%− 18.22% compared with the honey badger algorithm Optimized VSG (HBA-VSG), and can reduce the bus voltage fluctuation by 5.09%− 17.98% compared with the traditional droop control without considering the system interaction. This study can effectively improve the stability of wind power generation system and promote the development of new energy industry.

Provision of optimal dispatching scenarios for regional power systems in the face of uncontrollable power shortages

As of 2023, substantiation of the criteria for optimal load balancing of territorial energy islands in the face of uncontrolled power shortages due to unpredictable failure (destruction as a result of military bombardment) of the upper (trunk) level energy infrastructure is relevant. The research aims to substantiate approaches to ensuring the controlled operation of regional power systems under conditions of power shortages. The study applied the theory and methods of mathematical analysis of complex multicomponent systems in the form of mixed Boolean linear programming. A Mathematical Programming Language and modelling methods of the NEOS server based on the Gurobi solver were used to describe the modes of operation of power grids. A proportional power distribution method between load nodes of the post-emergency network configuration was used to determine the direction of electricity transit with the least losses. An algorithm and a program for solving the problem of addressing flows and power losses in multi-node regional power systems are proposed. The optimisation problem is formulated in the form of a mixed Boolean linear programming model with the criterion of minimising the power momentum, considering balance constraints and upper limits on the power between supply and load nodes. The developed transport matrix made it possible to find the optimal power distribution for emergency and post-emergency modes according to the criterion of minimum network losses. Algorithms and scenarios for the response of dispatching services were formed, considering the capacity of power grids and determining temporary power supply schemes, the configuration of which will ensure the “survivability” of energy islands. The levels of efficiency of the Boolean linear programming model associated with the connectivity of the cycles of the transport problem and the order of traversal of its vertices for test examples depending on the constraints imposed on the components of the network structure are established. The process of tracking electricity flows will allow for establishing routes connecting specific electricity supply nodes with load nodes and determining their shares in covering the energy island’s demand under conditions of power shortage

Power distribution methods of ultra-capacitor/battery hybrid power source for vehicular applications

Power distribution methods of ultra-capacitor/battery hybrid power source for vehicular applications

Power distribution methods of ultra-capacitor/battery hybrid power source for vehicular applications

Power distribution methods of ultra-capacitor/battery hybrid power source for vehicular applications

Integrated signal dynamic power distribution method for inter-satellite ranging and communication links in navigation constellation

By utilizing inter-satellite ranging and communication links, the navigation system can operate autonomously. The unbalanced QPSK (UQPSK) signal can transmit two types of data with different rates simultaneously, by leveraging different power configurations for the orthogonal signal. Therefore, the ranging and communication functions can be both considered to improve the application of UQPSK in the navigation inter-satellite links. Based on the analysis of users' demand for communication and ranging performance, and given the transmission characteristics of inter-satellite links, this paper proposes an integrated dynamic signal power distribution method for inter-satellite ranging and communication links in navigation constellation. The parameters that affect the frequency spectrum efficacy are discussed in detail. The numerical results show that the proposed method can greatly improve the utilization efficacy of the spectrum. Moreover, the proposed method is validated by using the global navigation satellite system, which has certain guidance for the multifunctional design of the navigation inter-satellite links.

A novel output power determination and power distribution of hybrid energy storage system for wind turbine power smoothing

This paper deals with the power smoothing of the wind power plants connected to a microgrid using a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). In a HESS, the power should be distributed between the battery and capacitor such that the capacitor supplies the peaks of power and its high-frequency fluctuations, and the battery compensates for the rest. Besides, due to the relatively low lifetime of the batteries compared to the capacitors, it is preferred to transfer power fluctuations to the capacitor as much as possible. In this paper, methods for calculating the output, battery, and capacitor powers are presented. The output power is determined based on the grid restrictions and the battery SOC. The battery and capacitor powers are decided via an adaptive low-pass filter. The cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter is specified by a fuzzy controller such that not only the power spikes and high-frequency fluctuations are transferred to the capacitor but also the battery SOC variations are reduced. The simulation results show that for the presented wind speed profile, the output power determination reduces 13.7% of the HESS exchanged energy compared to the ramp limiting method. Besides, the proposed power distribution method reduces 92.6% of the unbeneficial charges and discharges of HESS and 8% of the battery exchanged energy compared to the condition that the constant cut-off frequency filter is utilised. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed output power determination and HESS power distribution methods. Analysing the methods’ cost proves that although the utilisation of the capacitor bank increases the system initial investment cost, it will return after a while relying on the units’ capacity, power fluctuations, control method etc.

Intelligent decision optimization for energy control of direct current power distribution system with multi-port access for intelligent buildings

The structure of direct current (DC) appliances is simpler and more energy-efficient than that of alternating current (AC) appliances. With the proliferation of novel DC loads (e.g., e-bikes and electric vehicles), DC loads will dominate the loads in buildings. It is necessary to develop a DC power distribution method that better accommodates renewable energy, effectively improves the working efficiency of loads, and significantly enhances energy utilization efficiency. However, there is not yet a unified design for the multi-port converter of DC microgrids. The experience is severely lacking in the overall energy planning for buildings from the perspectives of economy and environmental friendliness. To solve the problems, this paper explores the intelligent decision optimization for energy control in DC power distribution system with multi-port access for intelligent buildings. Firstly, a feature analysis was carried out on the multi-port converter of the DC power distribution system for intelligent buildings. With economy and environmental friendliness as the goals, the authors designed constraints related to energy output power, power balance, and distribution node voltage, and established an intelligent decision optimization model for the energy control of the DC microgrid for intelligent buildings. The model was combined with the multi-attribute decision-making framework into a decision-making framework for the coordinated operation of distributed energy supply units, which is based on the interval evidential reasoning (IER). Finally, the authors proposed an evaluation method for the decision-making of the energy control of DC power distribution for intelligent buildings, based on the Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operator, and the IER-based decision-making framework. The proposed method was proved effective through experiments.

Mode on Power Distribution of a Dynamic Dual Pickup Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles

Power distribution is critical for the dynamic dual receiver coil wireless charging system of electric vehicles. The power distribution method of the existing wireless power transmission technology mainly distributes the power to the load according to the requirements of different resonant frequencies. However, the existing methods have the problems of low accuracy and low power consumption, so it is difficult to implement in practice. This paper presents a new power distribution method, which can dynamically and accurately distribute power to loads. This method can improve the control speed of the receiving circuit without additional circuit on the receiving side, and realize constant power output and efficiency optimization at the same time when there is no communication connection with the transmitter. Therefore, it is easy to realize in the wireless charging system of electric vehicle with dual receiver coil. The experimental results show that the load-side output power of the dynamic radio energy transmission system can be kept constant when moving, and the maximum efficiency of the output system reaches 91.38%. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Discussion on Selection Method of Power Transformation and Distribution and Generator System for Different Grade Data Centers

Discussion on Selection Method of Power Transformation and Distribution and Generator System for Different Grade Data Centers

Parallel Operation of Permanent Magnet Generators and Diode Rectifiers in Maritime DC Power System Considering Fuel Economy

The dc grid system is attracting attention as a new electric power distribution method for several vessel kinds due to its high fuel efficiency compared with the ac grid. The combination of a wound rotor generator (WRG) and a diode rectifier [diode front end (DFE)] has been typically applied as a generation part of the dc grid. Still, the combination of a permanent magnet generator (PMG) and a DFE has been recently studied to take advantage of their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, robustness, high reliability, and high efficiency. However, although a single-operation mode of the “PMG + DFE” system was analyzed in the literature, research for the parallel operation of the “PMG + DFE” system has not yet been conducted. The “PMG + DFE” system should be operated along the optimal operating line (OOL) in the power–voltage ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) domain to minimize fuel consumption. This OOL in the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> domain includes negative, zero, and positive slopes under light, medium, and heavy loads, respectively. Therefore, if the conventional droop control is applied to this system, it cannot be operated along the OOL. This article introduces modified droop control for operating paralleled “PMG + DFE” system along the OOL in the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> domain. Furthermore, a mode change strategy from the single-operation mode to the parallel-operation mode is proposed. The validity of the proposed modified droop control is verified by computer simulation and a small-scaled experimental test.

Efficiency Improvement of Dual-Receiver WPT Systems Based on Partial Power Processing Control

In wireless power transfer (WPT) system for light electric vehicles (LEVs), adopting dual receivers on the receiver side is an available way to offer a high-current power supply. In this article, the partial power processing (PPP) control method is proposed for optimizing the power loss of the dual-receiver WPT system. With the PPP control method, only one of the active rectifiers will be regulated by the variable angle phase-shift (VAPS) modulation to adjust the required power under different load power demands and misalignment situations. As a result, the switching loss of the two active rectifiers, which accounts for a considerable part of the overall power loss with a high operating frequency, can be dramatically reduced. At last, 24 V-50 A-1200 W LEV wireless charging experimental setup to verify the effectiveness of the proposed PPP control method. Compared with the conventional power distribution method based on impedance matching with VAPS, the proposed PPP control method can increase the efficiency by 6%–7% with misalignment situations, achieving the overall efficiency as high as >92% at the heavy load.

Economic Boundary Analysis of Echelon Utilization of Retired Power Battery Considering Replacement Cost

As a large number of new energy electric vehicles are retired, the sequential utilization of retired power batteries has become one of the important means to improve the economic benefits of batteries, but there is a problem of disunity between available capacity and cycle life. Therefore, a peak-load power distribution method based on the principle of equal life of retired power batteries was proposed, which could effectively avoid the life difference caused by the battery difference and reduce the replacement cost. At the same time, in order to give reasonable investment suggestions for the stepwise utilization of retired power batteries, three economic boundary value models, including the payback period, peak–valley price difference, and investment cost, were constructed based on the leveling cost. Through the simulation of a 60 MW/160 MWh lithium iron phosphate decommissioned battery storage power station with 50% available capacity, it can be seen that when the cycle number is 2000 and the peak–valley price difference is above 0.8 yuan/kWh, it has investment value.

Research on power distribution of battery clusters of electrochemical energy storage system in the frequency regulation process

In recent years, a large number of electrochemical energy storage projects have gradually emerged and capability of battery is also becoming central issue for research. The battery control strategy directly affects the response to AGC (Automatic Generation Control). If the control is improper, it is easy to cause the remaining power of each battery cluster unbalanced and influence the battery life. This article mainly focuses on the research on the distribution of power commands from the battery management system, and proposes a power distribution method. The method was put into practice in an energy storage project which got good results.