Power Distribution Automation Research Articles

Security with Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Grids: A Review

Smart Grids are an area where next-generation technologies, applications, architectures, and approaches are utilized. These grids involve equipping and managing electrical systems with information and communication technologies. Equipping and managing electrical systems with information and communication technologies, developing data-driven solutions, and integrating them with Internet of Things (IoT) applications are among the significant applications of Smart Grids. As dynamic systems, Smart Grids embody symmetrical principles in their utilization of next-generation technologies and approaches. The symmetrical integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and energy harvesting techniques not only enhances the resilience and reliability of Smart Grids but also ensures a balanced and harmonized energy management system. WSNs carry the potential to enhance various aspects of Smart Grids by offering energy efficiency, reliability, and cost-effective solutions. These networks find applications in various domains including power generation, distribution, monitoring, control management, measurement, demand response, pricing, fault detection, and power automation. Smart Grids hold a position among critical infrastructures, and without ensuring their cybersecurity, they can result in national security vulnerabilities, disruption of public order, loss of life, or significant economic damage. Therefore, developing security approaches against cyberattacks in Smart Grids is of paramount importance. This study examines the literature on “Cybersecurity with WSN in Smart Grids,” presenting a systematic review of applications, challenges, and standards. Our goal is to demonstrate how we can enhance cybersecurity in Smart Grids with research collected from various sources. In line with this goal, recommendations for future research in this field are provided, taking into account symmetrical principles.

A Three-Branch RF Rectifier With Extended Input Power Range Based on Automatic Power Distribution Technique

A Three-Branch RF Rectifier With Extended Input Power Range Based on Automatic Power Distribution Technique

Research and application of safety monitoring technology of distribution automation based on SOM neural network

Abstract For automatic situation monitoring in power distribution safety monitoring, data features are mainly extracted by single hidden layer neural network, which makes the standard error of monitoring results larger. Therefore, the research and application of power distribution automation safety monitoring technology based on SOM neural network are proposed. Preprocess the power grid, collect distribution operation data, set multi-dimensional monitoring nodes according to the collected data, build a distribution operation status monitoring model and analyze the data fusion technology of distribution automation safety monitoring according to the model. On this basis, the distribution automation safety monitoring system is defined, the output node correction weight and the reverse output node correction weight are calculated, the SOM neural network identification model is constructed and the research and application of the distribution automation safety monitoring technology are completed under the action of the gravitational function between individuals within the target time. The experimental results show that the change curve of the number of vulnerabilities and the actual number of false positives is consistent, the number of vulnerabilities is small and the monitoring results are more accurate; The state of the safety monitoring equipment of distribution automation is normal. After applying the method in this paper, the change curve is consistent with the actual value, and the delay time is less than 15 ms.

Artificial intelligence and blockchain technology for secure smart grid and power distribution Automation: A State-of-the-Art Review

Artificial Intelligence (AI) integrated with Blockchain distributed ledger technology (BDLT) has become the most attractive research area in the domain of renewable energy and related power automations. However, the increased use of renewable energy-enabled devices raised various challenging problems, such as smart grid-based control management, power distribution, and automations. In this manner, the collaborative approach of blockchain, AI, and wireless sensor networks (WSN) provides a secure platform for control centers to estimate state, which helps to detect and analysis of bad data movement. There are various emerging issues in the field of Blockchain-AI in a renewable environment that poses a serious impact on the technological evaluation, for example, monitoring of contingency, optimal power flow, network reconfiguration, and the commitment of security-constrained units, and control auto-generation. So, in this paper, we perform a systematic review of the state-of-the-art integrated artificial intelligence and blockchain-enabled scheduling, management, optimization, privacy, and security of the smart grid and power distribution automation. One of the focusing aspects of this research is the real-time analysis of the physical layer of the smart grid. However, in this paper, we design a framework of a unified and abstracted state-space, in which the system analysis involves malicious attacks and maintain an effective generalized defense hierarchy in real-time. The current mechanism of analysis of smart grid-enabled physical layer-based malicious attacks is categorized into their associative and targeted components. Thus, we present three different pseudo-smart contracts and digital signatures with consensus policies; that provide an understanding of the new registry of renewable smart grids details, participating stakeholders and their roles, and an updated power distribution automation ledger. We then highlighted the list of emerging power distribution automation-related limitations along with the informational management approaches that present the existing state-of-the-art in this domain, including data-driven, target defense, computation, preservation, etc. Finally, we discuss open research issues and future directions of the smart grid and automation of power distribution security and privacy.

Graphical Modular Power Technology of Distribution Network Based on Machine Learning Statistical Mathematical Equation

Abstract The distribution network structure is complex, the equipment is numerous, and the frequency of pattern and mode changes is high. These characteristics lead to certain difficulties in power distribution automation operation and maintenance graph management. This paper adopts the mathematical statistics method of machine learning to analyze the multi-version hierarchical subscription mechanism of the distribution network graph. We conduct a breadth search on the distribution network graph to realize the automatic topology of the network. This paper implements a dynamic display system of distribution network monitoring information. The research results show that the graph-digital-analog integrated system has practical significance for data integration, application integration, and interoperability between systems.

Key technology and application of primary and secondary fusion power distribution switchgear test and detection

In recent years, primary and secondary integration of distribution switchgear has been widely used in the distribution network. In the future, primary and secondary integration will become the mainstream development trend of power distribution switchgear, especially in 2021, the State Grid Corporation of China will issue a new type of primary and secondary integration standardization. The typical design plan of power distribution switchgear have added two configuration methods: electronic transformer and digital transformer. So the traditional independent test method of power distribution automation terminal or power distribution switchgear are no longer applicable to the current new-type primary and secondary fusion standardized power distribution switchgear. At the same time, there is no standard basis for direct reference. This article mainly analyzes the key test items for performance verification of primary and secondary fusion power distribution switchgear, and propose corresponding test detection methods.

Study on 10kV Line Characteristics Based on Medium Voltage Carrier

AbatractUsing medium voltage carrier communication to achieve full coverage of power information acquisition and distribution automation has become a hot spot in the domestic power industry. The characteristics of 10kV line will largely affect the reliability of medium voltage carrier communication, but due to the influence of voltage level and other factors, the research on 10kV line characteristics is not mature. In this paper, a research method of 10kV line characteristics based on medium voltage carrier is proposed. The improved medium voltage carrier communication machine and coupler can realize the collection of 10kV line impedance, attenuation and noise, accumulate useful data for the long-term study of 10kV line characteristics, help to improve the reliability of medium voltage carrier wave communication and assist 10kV line fault monitoring.

Application of Distribution Automation Feeder Terminal in System Information Acquisition Technology and Communication Protocol

The use of advanced technology to realize automatic power distribution is an important technical tool to improve power supply reliability. Feeder automation is the key content of the realization of distribution automation, and it is also the most important link to solve the power quality and reliability of the distribution network. This article mainly studies the information acquisition technology and communication protocol based on the feeder terminal of distribution automation. In order to solve the problems of low data transmission efficiency, single function and improper technological progress in the early power distribution system, the operation requirements of the power distribution system were analyzed, and a new type of feeder automatic power distribution system was proposed. Aiming at the contradiction of the existing system communication protocol and the incompatibility of various manufacturers’ products, this article proposes an efficient, reliable, and universal communication protocol, which is formulated on the basis of IEC60870-5-104 and is suitable for use in the main data transmission between stations and terminals. This article develops a local communication protocol for error correction, and conducts various tests in the information collection terminal. The test research results show that the basic errors of current, active power and reactive power are all in the range of [-0.2%, 0.2%], and the variation of voltage, current and active power are all in the range of [-1%, 1%], it shows that the distribution automation feeder terminal meets the system’s technical requirements for the accuracy and speed of the terminal’s data collection and has strong anti-interference ability.

Self-Adaptive Rectenna with High Efficiency over a Wide Dynamic Range for RF Energy Harvesting Applications

This paper presents a novel simple adaptive and efficient rectenna with automatic power distribution to achieve high radio frequency-direct current (RF-DC) power conversion efficiency (PCE) over a wide range of RF input power. This design employs two rectifier paths operating at low and high-power levels, respectively. Automatic power distribution method exploits the power-dependent input impedance of the rectifier and routes the RF input power into the assigned path according to the input power level. A distinctive enhancement in the rectifier dynamic range is achieved when dividing the high path power equally into two or more parallel diode cells, which helps the high path to camouflage the diode breakdown voltage in case of high input power level. The proposed adaptive design applies two different rectifier topologies, one by using shunt diode topology and the other by using voltage doubler topology at 2.45 GHz. Simulated PCE of this work is kept above 50% over a range of 25.1 dBm from -5.7 to 19.4 dBm of RF input power using shunt diode topology and over a range of 30 dBm from -6.3 to 23.7 dBm of RF input power using voltage doubler topology.

Probe into the Application Core of Power Electrical Automation Technology

This article discusses the related content of power electrical automation component technology, combined with the advantages of power electrical automation component technology, including improving system work efficiency, optimizing technology application mode, and improving the level of power distribution automation. This paper studies the specific application of power electrical automation component technology in converter circuits, full-control power switches, AC speed control technology, general inverters, and the development trend of power electrical automation component technology. The purpose of this article is to improve the application level of power electrical automation components technology and promote the stable development of the industry economy.

Arduino Based Smart Load control

Power Failure in the power system is mainly due to the overloading. The possible damage to the area is losing a power. The Arduino Uno based load control system is a device which automatically control overload on generator by controlling power and cut-off supply whenever consumers exceeds the amount of power supplied for peak period. This is achieved by Arduino Uno, which detect overload and simultaneously cut-off the supply for the period of generator overloading. In this paper system can be automated into two stages are monitoring function and controlling function. In Monitoring function it has to record the meter reading at different location in the system, for normal as well as overload condition which is required for system planning. Distribution Supervisory control and Data Acquisition System (DSCADA) performs some of these monitoring function and controlling function about switching operation that is controlling of relay circuit breaker. The function Impacts on Consumer as well as reliability. The research work to be aimed at developing local full scale distribution automation system which can be control from secondary distribution substation to the consumer end. Power distribution automation expected for the broad areas. The project aimed at uninterrupted power supply for loyal energy consumer by implementation of this the problem of interruption off power supply due to energy misusing consumer can be avoided. This system provides the reliable operation at consumer end.

Application of IEC61850 in Intelligent Distributed Network Automation

The safe and stable operation of the power grid system is conducive to ensuring the orderly development of China’s economy. Therefore, we must firmly grasp the development trend of the power distribution automation power system, comprehensively grasp and understand its existing problems, and formulate targeted solutions. This paper mainly studies the application of IEC61850 in intelligent distributed network automation. The communication application IEC 61850 of the master station and the terminal in the distribution network automation is the current development direction. The use of object-oriented modeling technology and a unified configuration language can improve interoperability between devices, reduce communication configuration, and reduce the workload of installation and commissioning. The communication service mapping defined by IEC 61850 is completely suitable for distribution network automation communication. Adopt distribution Intelligent control technology and design based on the IEC61850 standard are the development trends of intelligent power distribution terminals. This paper gives the structure of a distributed intelligent distribution automation system. The control mode studied in this paper has an impact on the system’s annual outage time indicators, and the indicator SAIDI is correspondingly increased, and the corresponding proportions are 52.1% and 43.2%. ENS and ASAI are proportional to the optimization level of this indicator, so it can be shown that the construction of distribution network automation can effectively reduce the power outage duration of the entire system, which has a significant effect on improving the reliability of distribution network power supply.

A probabilistic electric power distribution automation operational planning approach considering energy storage incorporation in service restoration

A probabilistic electric power distribution automation operational planning approach considering energy storage incorporation in service restoration

Research on Application of Distribution Automation Terminal Equipment Based on Smart Grid in Power Distribution Automation

With the improvement of people’s living standard, people’s demand for electricity is also getting higher and higher. Nowadays, distribution automation plays a vital role in smart grid, so strengthening the construction of distribution automation is conducive to promoting the efficient operation of power grid and the sustainable development of power industry. The application of smart grid plays an important role in promoting China’s economic recovery and in promoting the upgrading of China’s power system and technological progress. Distribution automation is an important part of the construction of a strong smart grid. It is a key means to further improve the quality of power supply and improve the reliability of power supply. This paper discusses the composition of distribution automation terminal equipment and analyses its application in power distribution network. It is hoped that the application technology of terminal equipment in distribution network can be enhanced and the automation level of distribution network can be improved.

Analysis and Optimization of Automated Power Distribution Within Nigeria

Nigeria currently generates approximately 81,122 MWH (or 3,380 MWH/H) of electricity for national consumption, which is far less than the daily electricity demand of the country, leading to a need for allotted power distribution within the country. A power optimization software owned and patented by RACETT NIGERIA LTD. was used to perform automated distribution of electricity from the National Grid for October 1, 2019. The software automatically calculated and deducted the power transmission loss in transporting the electricity from the generating stations to the distribution companies by the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN). The total power available for distribution was automatically shared to 11 distribution companies based on the established electricity grid percentage allocation. After deducting the distribution losses for each distribution companies, the remaining electricity was distributed among constituent states, and the hours of electricity supplied to each state selected, with priority given to the peak demand period of 8:00 p.m. -11: 00 p.m. The distribution results show that Nigeria is currently able to provide 4 hours of electricity across the nation from 8:00 p.m. - 12:00 a.m. Eight (8) states received electricity for only 4 hours of the day, while some states like Lagos State received as much as 24 hours. The percentage grid allocation to the distribution companies needs to be revised to improve even distribution of electricity across the nation, and transmission and distribution losses need to be drastically reduced. Further analysis revealed that Nigeria presently needs to generate 240,000 MWH (or 19, 583 MWH/H) of electricity in order to provide 24 hours of electricity to every state across the nation. Future work includes power generation analysis to investigate the effect of new generating stations on each electricity distribution region in Nigeria.

A Novel Meter Reading Solution Based on Power Line Carrier Dual Mode Heterogeneous Architecture

In the existing electric information collecting system, the concentrator remote channel uses optical private network, GPRS/CDMA/LTE and other wireless public networks to upload data to the main station. However, due to the installation location, not every terminal can achieve real-time remote signal coverage, seriously affecting the terminal's real-time online rate. At the same time, due to the limitations of various communication methods, resulting in incomplete communication network coverage. In this paper, we designed a novel meter reading solution based on power line carrier dual mode heterogeneous structure, which has management capabilities, high performance, and dedicated features for optimal performance for a wide range of applications such as metering infrastructure (AMI), broadband power line (BPL), power distribution automation, in-building networking, IPTV and coaxial Ethernet support.

Design and implementation of feeder automation

With the development of national economy, the demand for electricity from all walks of life has been gradually increased. People also put forward higher requests to the reliability of power supply. Feeder automation can quickly cut off the faulty line to ensure the safe and stable operation of the line. Under the sustainable development of modern society, people attach a great importance to all aspects of smart power grid construction, which is also significant for the smart grid distribution work. To ensure the reliable and high-quality power supply environment, the scientific and reasonable design and planning of power distribution automation system shall pay attention to arranging power distribution, and the appropriate feeder automation operation mode shall be selected. Only in this way can we ensure that the power outage is short once a fault happening in power grid system. At the same time, the line loss rate can be reduced, the efficiency of power supply can be raised, and issues in power equipment investment can be effectively treated. This paper mainly discusses the design and implementation of feeder automation, puts forward some practical application measures, and provides reference for the stable operation of feeder automation.

Condition monitoring of 11 kV overhead power distribution line insulators using combined wavelet and LBP‐HF features

With the increasing awareness on the reliable distribution of power with good quality, the research in power distribution automation surveillance system has gained prominence. The performance of distribution system is affected significantly by the damaged insulators in numerous ways. With enormous growth in the power distribution network, the traditional methods of examining the lines by manual patrolling and pole climbing to check that in close proximity are not feasible. The blooming field of on-line condition monitoring of electrical equipment aims at predicting the possible failures before they actually occur. The improvement of a proficient, alternative method to assess the condition of insulators in a power distribution system using image processing and machine learning techniques is found to be a satisfactory method. This study presents a system to automatically monitor the insulator of overhead power distribution lines using extraction of features from wavelet transform as well as local binary pattern histogram Fourier (LBP-HF) of the insulators and then subsequent condition analysis done by using support vector machine (SVM). The efficacy of the proposed techniques is validated by the results contained in this study and is found to be suitable for real-time overhead power distribution system monitoring automation.

Improving the AODV Protocol to Satisfy the Required Level of Reliability for Home Area Networks

For decades, the structure of existing power grids has not changed. It is an old structure that depends heavily on fossil fuel as an energy source, and in the future, this is likely to be critical in the field of energy. To solve these problems and to make optimal use of energy resources, a new concept is proposed, called Smart Grid. Smart Grid is an electric power distribution automation system, which can provide a two-way flow of electricity and information between power plants and consumers. The Smart Grid communications infrastructure consists of different network components, such as Home Area Network (HAN), Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). Achieving the required level of reliability in the transmission of information to all sections, including the HAN, is one of the main objectives in the design and implementation of Smart Grid. This study offers a routing protocol by considering the parameters and constraints of HAN, which, by improving AODV routing protocol, achieves the level of required reliability for data transmission in this network. These improvements include: making table-driven AODV routing protocol, extending the routing protocol to compute multiple paths in a route discovery, simplification and providing the effect of HAN parameters. The results of the NS2 simulation indicate that applying this improved routing protocol in the HAN, satisfies the required level of reliability of the network, which is over 98%.

Automated Fault Location and Isolation in Distribution Grids With Distributed Control and Unreliable Communication

This paper presents the analysis and simulation of the performance of fault location and isolation (FLI) in an automated power distribution feeder. This system is composed of two coupled networks: a power system consisting of a distribution feeder with multiple load buses, and an unreliable communication network of the distributed intelligent agents in the system, namely, the substation automation and fault protection units separating segments of the feeder. We provide a complete specification of a distributed algorithm for FLI and an exact characterization of the time from the occurrence of a fault to its location and isolation. Both apply to a distribution feeder with an arbitrary number of buses. These models are then refined into a hybrid simulation that combines three models executing in parallel: a power system model based on dc power flow, a distributed automation system model for the intelligent agents constructed using the IEC 61499 distributed automation standard, and an abstract communication network model that unreliably links the physically distributed agents. The results demonstrate the effect of communication network reliability at two levels of design abstraction, the correspondence of results at the two levels, and the use of a modern cosimulation framework to verify the performance of distributed smart grid automation algorithms.