Power Density Of Batteries Research Articles

Facile one-pot synthesis of bismuth microspheres@N-doped porous carbon composite anodes for high power density and ultralong-life sodium-ion batteries

Facile one-pot synthesis of bismuth microspheres@N-doped porous carbon composite anodes for high power density and ultralong-life sodium-ion batteries

Hybrid electric aircraft design with optimal power management

The aviation industry has continuously improved its fuel efficiency over the last decades with innovations in technology, design and operation. Further improvements are becoming more difficult as current technology reaches complete maturity. Electrification of road vehicles is predicted to completely replace combustion engines in vehicles. As the efficiency and reliability of electric batteries and motors improve, so does the case for electric propulsion systems in aircraft. Jet fuel carries significantly more energy per weight than current state of the technology batteries, making complete replacement of fuel challenging. Hybrid electric propulsion, where both fuel and batteries are used to power propulsion systems could be feasible and improve fuel efficiency. Hybrid electric powertrains use electric power to reduce the power demands from the combustion engine. Electric batteries are discharged and charged during the operation based on power requirements.This paper presents an aircraft design method that includes optimized power management in the design loop. Power management determines battery discharging and charging throughout the design mission to reduce overall fuel consumption. Power management optimization provides the necessary feedback on battery and fuel performance to design battery pack size. This method is applied to regional aircraft, which typically fly the shortest routes of a commercial airline fleet. These short routes have proportionally longer climb and descent segments. These characteristics of regional aircraft routes lead to wider variations in power during operation, where hybrid electric powertrains are the most beneficial.The proposed hybrid electric aircraft design method finds that a serial hybrid electric regional aircraft could achieve significant fuel efficiency improvements to current regional aircraft. This result is in contrast of the current literature, which requires significant improvements to battery energy density, power distribution efficiency and electric motor efficiency to achieve similar fuel performance results. The hybrid electric regional aircraft does not outperform a traditional turboprop aircraft designed with identical objectives. The turboprop aircraft design improves even greater fuel efficiency improvements over current regional turboprop aircraft. This suggests two pathways are possible; the propulsion system of the next generation of regional aircraft could still be non-electric and achieve improved fuel burn improvements considering current technology or serial hybrid-electric powertrains configurations could be adopted in an expanded time horizon if optimistic technology development is done on battery power density to match the possible improvements of the proposed turboprop aircraft.

Construction of Fe–In Alloy to Enable High Activity and Durability of Fe–N–C Catalysts

AbstractThe strategic regulation of the electronic properties and coordination environment of single‐atom sites through the integration of metal nanoclusters emerges as a promising route to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance of Fe–N–C materials. Here, a catalyst (FeIn–NC) is successfully developed in which Fe–N–C materials encapsulate Fe–In alloy nanoclusters, and it shows excellent ORR activity and durability under alkaline conditions, with a high half‐wave potential of 0.924 V (vs RHE) and a zinc–air battery power density of 202.1 mW cm−2, superior to commercial Pt/C catalysts. Theoretical calculations unravel that the synergistic interaction between the Fe–In alloy and the FeN4 single‐atom site modifies the electronic structure and charge distribution at the FeN4 site, thereby enhancing the electrocatalytic activity and durability of the ORR. Potential‐dependent microkinetic modeling (MKM) further discloses the ORR mechanisms on the identified FeN4 sites. This work provides a viable strategy for the ORR improvement of Fe–N–C materials via p‐block metal‐based alloy nanoclusters.

Salt-Assisted Recovery of Sodium Metal Anodes for High-Rate Capability Sodium Batteries.

Rechargeable sodium metal batteries are considered to be one of the most promising high energy density and cost-effective electrochemical energy storage systems. However, their practicality is constrained by the high reactivity of sodium metal anodes that readily brings about excessive accumulation of inactive Na species on the surface, either by chemical reactions with oxygen and moisture during electrode handling or through electrochemical processes with electrolytes during battery operation. Herein, this paper reports on an alkali, salt-assisted, assembly-polymerization strategy to recover Na activity and to reinforce the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) of sodium metal anodes. To achieve this, an alkali-reactive coupling agent 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) is applied to convert inactive Na species into Si-O-Na coordination with a self-assembly GPTMS layer that consists of inner O-Si-O networks and outer hydrophobic epoxides. As a result, the electrochemical activity of Na metal anodes can be fully recovered and the robust GPTMS-derived SEI layer ensures high capacity and long-term cycling under an ultrahigh rate of 30 C (93.1 mAh g-1, 94.8% after 3000 cycles). This novel process provides surface engineering clues on designing high power density and cost-effective alkaline metal batteries.

Recent developments in carbon‐based electrodes surface modification for zinc bromine flow battery

AbstractZinc‐bromine flow batteries (ZBFBs) hold promise as energy storage systems for facilitating the efficient utilisation of renewable energy due to their low cost, high energy density, safety features, and long cycle life. However, challenges such as uneven zinc deposition leading to zinc dendrite formation on the negative electrode and parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction during charging pose risks of membrane puncturing and short circuits, thereby limiting energy density improvements. Additionally, the sluggish and non‐reversible Br2/Br− redox reaction hampers battery power density enhancements. Given that electrode properties significantly influence the rate and reversibility of these redox reactions, modifications to the negative and positive electrodes are crucial. While inert carbon‐based electrodes are favoured for their corrosion resistance and conductivity, their hydrophobic nature and low electrochemical activity restrain the performance of ZBFBs. The authors present a comprehensive review of recent advancements in both negative and positive electrode modifications in ZBFBs. It also puts forward future research directions aimed at overcoming existing challenges, with the ultimate objective of promoting the efficient utilisation of ZBFBs.

Multi-U-Style micro-channel in liquid cooling plate for thermal management of power batteries

In order to cope with the problem of the shortening of automotive power battery life and the reduction of occupant safety due to the large amount of heat generated by automotive power batteries of high-energy–density at high discharge rates, this paper proposes a Multi-U-Style micro-channel in the liquid-cooled plate (Multi-U), based on the heat generation characteristics and temperature distribution of automotive power batteries. The impact of different Multi-U arrangements on the cooling performance of the batteries is explored, and the results indicate that the cooling performance is better with the side face arrangement. Compared to main face 1, the maximum temperature (Tmax) and maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax) of the batteries decrease by 2.40 K and 2.50 K, respectively. In addition, through a comparative analysis with typical serpentine micro-channel chilled plate (SMCP) and parallel micro-channel chilled plate (PMCP), Multi-U exhibits superior overall performance. Furthermore, the influence of equally incremental and decreasing channel width of Multi-U from the center to the periphery on cooling performance of the batteries is explored. It turns out that when the channel width is equally decreasing 1 mm Multi-U (D 1 mm), the heat dissipation is most effective. Finally, the critical parameters of the Multi-U are optimized to improve the power density of batteries. The impact of critical parameters of the Multi-U on the cooling performance of the batteries is studied through orthogonal experiments. The optimal parameter combination is found to be a channel width (W) = 12 mm, channel thickness (H) = 6 mm, inlet mass flow rate (F) = 0.02 kg∙s−1, and inlet coolant temperature (T) = 292.15 K. Compared to the original Multi-U, the Tmax and ΔTmax of batteries decrease by 5.83 K and 0.06 K, respectively, while the pressure drops decrease by 89 %.

Constructing ZnSe/CoSe2/N-doped carbon composite with multiple heterointerfaces using a solvent-assisted strategy to enhance lithium storage

Interface engineering, as an effective strategy for preparing high power density and long-life battery anodes, can promote the electrochemical performance of materials. Herein, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) derived N-doped carbon nanosheets loaded nanoscale ZnSe/CoSe2 particle composite with multiple heterointerfaces is fabricated by solvent assisted strategy. Wherein the content of water in the solvent is a key factor in establishing a homogeneous heterojunction containing cubic phase CoSe2 (c-CoSe2) and orthorhombic phase CoSe2 (o-CoSe2). The built-in electric field generated by the energy band gap difference between ZnSe and CoSe2 or c-CoSe2 and o-CoSe2, and a strong interaction between ZnSe/CoSe2 particles and N-doped carbon nanosheets, can reduce the migration barrier of Li+ at the interface, accelerate charge transfer, and promote the lithium storage kinetic process. In addition, nanoscale ZnSe/CoSe2 particles coupled with N-doped carbon nanosheets can also generate more active sites, reduce volume expansion, and maintain the structural integrity of the anode material. Based on the above structural advantages, the prepared ZnSe/CoSe2-3# exhibits a high reversible capacity (1188 mAh g−1 after 280 cycles at 0.5 A g−1), and excellent long-term cycling stability (788 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 600 cycles).

V2O5 coral microspheres: High performance electrode material for Li-ion supercapacitor

Energy storage devices forms lifeline for most modern devices. The short life cycle and lower power density of batteries has prompted development of supercapacitors as potential alternatives. Li-ion supercapacitors, is an emerging class of energy storage devices. Natural abundance and availability of variable oxidation states make V2O5 an attractive electrode material. Here, we report synthesis of coral microspheres of V2O5 using low temperature solvothermal technique, as electrode material for Li-ion supercapacitor. The annealing temperature plays a cucial role in formation of microspherical aggregates, dictates their surface area and hence the energy storage performance. Samples annealed at 400 °C showed specific capacitance of ∼360 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g. Our studies suggest that V2O5 based nanostructures holds significant potential for development of hybrid Li-ion supercapacitors.

Electrode/electrolyte interface adjustment through adding mannitol into the solution to improve the re-discharge performance of alkaline Al-air batteries

As a high-power battery system, Al-air batteries exhibit a wide range of potential applications. However, Al-air batteries are susceptible to significant open-circuit corrosion of the aluminum electrodes when removed from the electrolyte during standby, resulting in the formation of a dense film of corrosion products on the aluminum electrode surface. This, in turn, impedes the re-discharge performance of Al-air batteries. Based on an electrode/electrolyte interface adjustment strategy, mannitol is used as the additive to be added into 4 M KOH solution to improve re-discharge performance. Experimental analyses and theoretical calculations reveal that the inclusion of mannitol enhances the re-discharge performance of Al-air batteries through a combination of hydrogen bonding and adsorption. Importantly, it is noted that mannitol has minimal impact on the battery power density. The reason for the improvement is explained reasonably by a proposed mechanism. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of Al-air batteries with high performance.

Controlled construction of core-shell structured Prussian Blue analogues towards enhanced oxygen reduction.

Metal-organic frameworks-based electrocatalysts have been developed as highly desirable and promising candidates for catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which, however, usually need to be prepared at elevated temperatures and may suffer from the framework collapse in water environment largely preventing its industrial application. Herein, we demonstrate a facile low-temperature ion exchange method to synthesize Mn and Fe co-loaded Prussian blue analogues possessing core-shell structured frameworks and favorable water-tolerance. Among the catalysts prepared, the optimal HMPB-2.6Mn shows a high ORR electrocatalytic performance featuring a half-wave potential of 0.86 V and zinc-air battery power density of 119 mW cm-2, as well as negligible degradation up to 60 h, which are comparable to commercial Pt/C. Such an excellent electrocatalytic performance is attributed to the special core-shell-like structure with Mn concentrated in outer shell, and the synergetic interactions between Mn and Fe, endowing HMPB-Mn with outstanding ORR activity and good stability.

Improving the Ionic Conductivity and Electrochemical Performance of NASICON Based Ca2+ Doped NZSP Solid-State Electrolyte for Solid State Sodium Batteries

Major efforts have been made in the search of high-energy and power density batteries to keep up with the demands of the rapidly growing portable electronics market and EV industry. Though lithium-ion batteries have dominated this field, sodium ion batteries are increasing in popularity due it’s wide availability and low cost. Conventional Sodium ion batteries with liquid electrolyte usually have several problems, including limited electrochemical window, flammability, and leakages which are a potential safety hazard. One of the most promising approaches to improve the safety of a battery is to replace the liquid ion conducting electrolyte to a solid ion conducting electrolyte. Even so, how to develop such a high-performance solid-state electrolyte (SSE) that is compatible with both the anode and cathode interface is still challenging. Furthermore, low ionic conductivity electrolytes, dendrite formation and poor cycling capabilities are adding on to the challenges. As one means to tackle these challenges and improve the electrochemical performances of the battery, cation substitution can be considered. Here, NASICON (Sodium Super Ionic Conductor) based Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 (NZSP) solid state electrolyte, its phase behavior and its performances in solid state batteries are introduced. Current trends & perspectives on interface engineering and cation substitution of the NZSP electrolyte is also discussed. Although NASICON material lacks mechanical flexibility, it has high ionic conductivity. Substitutions with La3+ and Sc3+ have shown to improve the ionic conductivity of the battery but have also proven to be expensive. In order to make it more feasible, cations such as Ca2+ should be considered. Pure phase NZSP materials with Ca2+ substitution for Zr4+ will be synthesized using solid-state sintering. Along with the Ca-ion substitution, addition of excess sodium into the Ca-ion substituted NZSP system will be performed and a comparative analysis will be conducted. Here, we will analyze the electrochemical performance through XRD Analysis, SEM Analysis, Impedance Spectroscopy and Galvanostatic Charge/Discharge testing. The development of solid-state sodium electrolytes lead to a brighter future where all solid state sodium batteries could be used to power electric vehicles, electronic devices and contribute towards large scale storage and grid applications.

Multifunctional Na2TiO3 Coating-Enabled High-Voltage and Capacitive-like Sodium-Ion Storage of Na0.44MnO2.

Sodium-ion batteries, as an attractive option for large-scale energy storage, still face the problems of low energy density and unsatisfactory rate performance. Among various cathodes, the tunnel-type Na0.44MnO2 with large S-shaped Na+ transport tunnels is one of the promising cathode materials for fast and robust sodium-ion storage, yet suffering from Mn dissolution and structural collapse. Herein, a Na-rich layered oxide Na2TiO3 is first constructed as a multifunctional coating layer on the surface of the Na0.44MnO2 nanorod. Na2TiO3 not only acts as an Na+ reservoir, but also serves as a protective layer to prevent Na0.44MnO2 from electrolyte etching. Besides, the derived Ti-doped Na0.44MnO2 transition layer supplies additional Na+ diffusion pathways along the radial direction of the nanorod with a short migration distance. The optimized 3 wt % Na2TiO3-coated Na0.44MnO2 exhibits enhanced an initial capacity of 127 mAh g-1 at 2-4.5 V. In addition, it shows an ultra-high capacitive-like capacity ratio of 96.7%, hence delivering an excellent rate performance of 80.2 mAh g-1 at 20C. Long-term cycling tests indicate splendid stability against high voltage, achieving 97.7% capacity retention at 20C after 900 cycles. This work provides an effective strategy to improve the rate performance and high-voltage stability of Na0.44MnO2 for high energy and power density batteries.

High power density battery chargers with fast-charging utilizing heat storage

While wide bandgap semiconductor technology, such as gallium nitride, has considerably enhanced power density in mobile battery charger applications, the development of smaller, cost- and resource-effective systems is hindered by thermal constraints arising from miniaturized components and compact housings. This work proposes a transient thermal management system that dynamically adjusts converter output power according to thermal boundaries, utilizing latent and sensible heat storage to enable an initial boosted performance. An analytical and numerical sensitivity analysis of power density limits was conducted to evaluate the impact of thermal and electrical boundary conditions. A 40W hardware prototype of a quasi-resonant flyback converter with transient thermal management was realized using epoxy resin and phase change material filling. The findings show a 40% higher effective power density when charging a conventional 50Wh laptop battery, all within the same thermal boundaries as common operation at constant output power, with a power density measurement accuracy of 5.2%. The system was implemented using PI controller for inner component and surface temperature control. This novel approach to fast-charging highlights the optimization potential of current systems through converter heat storage utilization and provides valuable insights, including analytical and numerical models, for developing chargers capable of overcoming thermal barriers.

Airborne ultrasound catalyzed saltwater Al/Mg-air flow batteries

In this work, we demonstrate an ultrasonic catalysis method for promoting the ORR rate and enhancing discharge performance of saltwater Al/Mg-air flow batteries, in which focused airborne ultrasound (FAU) is utilized. Experimental results show that compared with the batteries not sonicated, the percentage increase of peak power density of batteries catalyzed by FAU can reach 28.61% for the Al-air flow battery and 33.77% for the Mg-air flow one, respectively, when the ultrasonic frequency is 608.4 kHz. The measured optimal peak power densities are up to 18.9 mW cm−2 and 73.4 mW cm−2 for the Al/Mg-air flow batteries catalyzed by FAU, respectively, when the electric catalysts loaded with Pt/C are employed for the cathode. Our numerical simulation indicates that the sound pressure and acoustic streaming on the cathode surface may enhance the oxygen diffusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to utilize the gas-borne ultrasonic catalysis effect to promote the ORR of metal-air flow batteries.

Lithium-Ion Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles: Constraints, Challenges, and Recommendations

Flexible, manageable, and more efficient energy storage solutions have increased the demand for electric vehicles. A powerful battery pack would power the driving motor of electric vehicles. The battery power density, longevity, adaptable electrochemical behavior, and temperature tolerance must be understood. Battery management systems are essential in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. This article addresses concerns, difficulties, and solutions related to batteries. The battery management system covers voltage and current monitoring; charge and discharge estimation, protection, and equalization; thermal management; and battery data actuation and storage. Furthermore, this study characterized the various cell balancing circuit types, their components, current and voltage stresses, control reliability, power loss, efficiency, size and cost, and their benefits and drawbacks. Secondly, we review concerns and challenges in battery management systems. Furthermore, we identify problems and obstacles that need additional attention for optimal and sustainable battery management systems for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. Our last topic will be on issues for further research.

Ion Co-storage in Porous Organic Frameworks through On-site Coulomb Interactions for High Energy and Power Density Batteries.

Fast and continuous ion insertion is blocked in the common electrodes operating with widely accepted single-ion storage mechanism, primarily due to Coulomb repulsion between the same ions. It results in an irreconcilable conflict between capacity and rate performance. Herein, we designed a porous organic framework with novel multiple-ion co-storage modes, including PF6 - /Li+ , OTF- /Mg2+ , and OTF- /Zn2+ co-storage. The Coulomb interactions between cationic and anionic carriers in the framework can significantly promote electrode kinetics, by rejuvenating fast ion carrier migration toward framework interior. Consequently, the framework via PF6 - /Li+ co-storage mode shows a high energy density of 878 Wh kg-1 cycled more than 20 000 cycles, with an excellent power density of 28 kW kg-1 that is already comparable to commercial supercapacitors. The both greatly improved energy and power densities via the co-storage mode may pave a way for exploring new electrodes that are not available from common single-ion electrodes.

Ion Co‐storage in Porous Organic Frameworks through On‐site Coulomb Interactions for High Energy and Power Density Batteries

AbstractFast and continuous ion insertion is blocked in the common electrodes operating with widely accepted single‐ion storage mechanism, primarily due to Coulomb repulsion between the same ions. It results in an irreconcilable conflict between capacity and rate performance. Herein, we designed a porous organic framework with novel multiple‐ion co‐storage modes, including PF6−/Li+, OTF−/Mg2+, and OTF−/Zn2+ co‐storage. The Coulomb interactions between cationic and anionic carriers in the framework can significantly promote electrode kinetics, by rejuvenating fast ion carrier migration toward framework interior. Consequently, the framework via PF6−/Li+ co‐storage mode shows a high energy density of 878 Wh kg−1 cycled more than 20 000 cycles, with an excellent power density of 28 kW kg−1 that is already comparable to commercial supercapacitors. The both greatly improved energy and power densities via the co‐storage mode may pave a way for exploring new electrodes that are not available from common single‐ion electrodes.

The decisive role of electrostatic interactions in transport mode and phase segregation of lithium ions in LiFePO4.

Understanding the mechanism of slow lithium ion (Li+) transport kinetics in LiFePO4 is not only practically important for high power density batteries but also fundamentally significant as a prototypical ion-coupled electron transfer process. Substantial evidence has shown that the slow ion transport kinetics originates from the coupled transfer between electrons and ions and the phase segregation of Li+. Combining a model Hamiltonian analysis and DFT calculations, we reveal that electrostatic interactions play a decisive role in coupled charge transfer and Li+ segregation. The obtained potential energy surfaces prove that ion-electron coupled transfer is the optimal reaction pathway due to electrostatic attractions between Li+ and e- (Fe2+), while prohibitively large energy barriers are required for separate electron tunneling or ion hopping to overcome the electrostatic energy between the Li+-e- (Fe2+) pair. The model reveals that Li+-Li+ repulsive interaction in the [010] transport channels together with Li+-e- (Fe2+)-Li+ attractive interaction along the [100] direction cause the phase segregation of Li+. It explains why the thermodynamically stable phase interface between Li-rich and Li-poor phases in LiFePO4 is perpendicular to [010] channels.

Vanadium Oxide–Conducting Polymers Composite Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Interfacial Design and Enhancement of Electrochemical Performance

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are being intensively developed as potential alternative electrochemical power sources, due to their advantages such as low cost, high safety, abundance of natural zinc resources and appropriate energy density. Among currently investigated prospective cathode materials for AZIBs, vanadium oxide-based composites with intrinsically conducting polymers have shown many advantages, such as high capacity, high power density and long battery life. This review gives a focused view of the design for the boosting of zinc ion storage performance using intrinsically conducting polymers in vanadium oxide-based composites and the mechanism of intercalation processes. The main challenges in interfacial engineering of vanadium oxide-conducting polymers composite structures and the prospects for further development of such cathode materials are summarized and discussed. The review would give rise to a broad interest focusing on the advantageous strategy of the development of vanadium oxide composite cathodes with intrinsically conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) for AZIBs with improved energy density, high-rate capability and stability.

A Paradigm of Calendaring‐Driven Electrode Microstructure for Balanced Battery Energy Density and Power Density

AbstractThe microstructure of an electrode plays a critical role in the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion batteries, including the energy and power density. Using a micrometer‐scale Wadsley–Roth phase TiNb2O7 active material with Li intercalation chemistry as a model system, the relationship between electrochemical performance and microstructure of calendared electrodes with same mass loading but different electrode parameters is studied by both experimental investigation and theoretical modeling, providing a paradigm of calendaring‐driven electrode microstructure for balanced battery energy density and power density. Along with the reduction in porosity, ion and electron diffusion distance decreases, which is beneficial for charge transfer and rate capability. Nevertheless, the narrowed ion diffusion pathway increases the resistance for ion diffusion. The rate capability, volumetric capacity, and materials utilization are thus predominantly restricted by the microstructures of the electrode, providing fundamental insights into electrode microstructure design for different applications. As an example, an optimized TiNb2O7 electrode with compaction density of ≈2.5 g cm‐3 and mass loading of ≈8.5 mg cm‐2 provides the highest specific charge capacity of 271.3 mAh g‐1 at 0.2 C in half cell configuration and 70.4% capacity retention at 6 C in full configuration, enabling balanced energy density and power density of batteries.